Lecture Notes-Multiple Antennas For MIMO Communications - Channel Correlation

Hon Tat Hui Multiple Antennas for MIMO Communications - Channel Correlation
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1 Introduction
The performance of a multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) is critically dependent on the availability of
independent multiple channels. It is well known that
channel correlation will downgrade the performance of a
MIMO system, especially its capacity. Channel correlation
is a measure of similarity or likeliness between the
channels. In the extreme case that if the channels are fully
correlated, then the MIMO system will have no difference
from a single-antenna communication system.
Multiple Antennas for MIMO
Communications - Channel Correlation
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The capacity of a MIMO system not only depends on the
number of channels (N M), but also depends on the
correlation between the channels. In general, the greater
the channel correlation, the smaller is the channel
capacity. The channel correlation of a MIMO system is
mainly due to two components:
(1) spatial correlation
(2) antenna mutual coupling.
2 Types of channel correlation
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2.1 Spatial correlation
In a practical multipath wireless communication
environment, the wireless channels are not independent
from each other but due to scatterings in the propagation
paths, the channels are related to each other with different
degrees. This kind of correlation is called spatial
correlation. For a given channel matrix H, the spatial
correlation between the channels are defined as:
{ }
{ } { }
*
,
* *
, 1,2, ,

, 1,2, ,
ij pq
ij pq
ij ij pq pq
E hh
i j N
p q M
E hh E h h
=

=
(1)
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The spatial correlation depends on the multipath signal
environment. Multipath signals tend to leave the
transmitter in a range of angular directions (called angles
of departure, AOD) rather than a single angular direction.
This is the same for the multipath signals arriving at the
receiver (called angles of arrival, AOA). Usually, the
spatial correlation increases when AOD and AOA are
reduced and vice versa.
Scatterers
Transmitting
array
x
y
=AOD
Scatterers
Receiving
array
y
x
|
| =AOA
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Example 1
Find the spatial correlation,
11,21
, of the channels h
11
and h
21
of a MIMO system with N = 2 and M = 1. All the antennas
are dipole antennas. The channels are random with a
Gaussian distribution (zero mean and unit variance). Assume
that the AOA at the receiver is 360 on the plane (H-plane)
perpendicular to the dipole antennas and the radiation patterns
of the dipole antennas are omni-directional. Furthermore,
assume that the incident fields at the receiver are polarization
matched.
h
11
h
21
V
in
V
o1
V
o2
d
r
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Solutions
As there is only one transmitting antenna, the AOD is not
relevant for the calculation of the spatial correlation.
We define a channel as the open-circuit voltage V
o
developed
at a receiving antenna to the excitation voltage V
in
at a
transmitting antenna. Therefore,
1 2
11 21
,
o o
in in
V V
h h
V V
= =
Note that V
o1
and V
o2
are random complex numbers because
the channels h
11
and h
21
are random. However, V
in
is
deterministic. Thus the correlation coefficient
11,21
can be
written as:
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{ }
{ } { }
{ }
{ } { }
11 21 01 02
11,21
11 11 21 21 01 01 02 02
* *
* * * *
E h h E V V
E h h E h h E V V E V V
= =
As the AOA at the receiver is 360 on the H-plane and the
incident field is polarization matched to the dipole antennas,
the multipath signals at the receiving antennas are as
illustrated on the next page. Note that although the far fields
come from the same scatterers (aligned in a circular form),
the far fields received by dipole 1 and dipole 2 have a phase
difference between because their spatial locations are not the
same. Hence we denote them by E
1
and E
2
, respectively.
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Scatterers in the far-
field region of the
receiver
plane waves
from the
transmitter
Receiving dipoles
(top view)
E
1
, E
2
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{ }
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
01 02 1
0 0
2
2
0 0
1
*
*
1
m
m
E V V E z dzd
I
z dzd
I
t
t
| |
| |
| |
=
|
\ .
| |

`
|
\ .

)
} }
} }
I E
I E
Therefore the open-circuit voltages V

o1
and V
o2
can be
expressed as:
where I(z) is the current distribution on a dipole antennas
when it is in the transmission, E
1
(|) and E
2
(|) are the
incident fields on the receiving dipole antennas. Note that
E
1
(|) and E
2
(|) are random complex Gaussian numbers due
to the random nature of the channels.
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{ }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( ) ( )
{ }
( )
01 02
2 2
1 2 2
0 0 0 0
2
1 2 2
0 0 0
2
2
cos
0 2
0 0 0
0
*
1
* *
1
* *
1
*
r
m
m
jkd
m
r
E V V
I z I z dzdz E E d E d
I
I z I z dzdz E E E d
I
I z I z dzdz E E e d
I
CJ kd
t t
t
t
|
| | | |
| | |
|
| |
' ' ' '
=
`
|
\ . )
| |
' '
=
|
\ .
| |
' '
=
|
\ .
=
} } } }
} } }
} } }

( )
1 0
E E | =
( )
cos
2 0
r
jkd
E E e
|
|
'
'
=
Therefore,
Costant
( )
2
cos
0
0
1
2
r
jkd
J kd e d
t
|
|
t
=
}
E
0
=path gain
from transmitter
to receiver (a
Gaussian random
number with
each scatterer)
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where C is a complex constant with the expression:
( ) ( )
{ } 0
2
0 0
1
* *
m
C I z I z dzdz E E
I
| |
' '
=
|
\ .
} }

{ } { } 01 01 02 02
* *
E V V E V V C = =
By a similar derivation procedure, we can find:
{ }
{ } { }
( )
( )
01 02
0
11,21 0
01 01 02 02
*
* *
r
r
E V V
CJ kd
J kd
CC
E V V E V V
= = =
Hence the correlation coefficient is then:
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Example 2
Similar to Example 10 but now find the spatial correlation,
11,12
, of the channels h
11
and h
12
of a MIMO system with N=
1 and M = 2, i.e., one receiving antenna and two transmitting
antennas. Assume that the AOD at the transmitter is 360.
h
11
h
12
V
in
V
o
V
in
d
t
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Now there is only one receiving antenna, the AOA is not
relevant for the calculation of the spatial correlation. The
channels are now:
11 12
,
o o
in in
V V
h h
V V
'
= =
Solutions
Thus the correlation coefficient
11,12
is:
{ }
{ } { }
{ }
{ } { }
11 12 0 0
11,12
11 11 12 12 0 0 0 0
* *
* * * *
E h h E VV
E h h E h h E VV E VV
'
= =
' '
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{ }
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0 0 1
0 0
2
2
0 0
1
*
*
1
m
m
E VV E z g dzd
I
z g dzd
I
t
t

| |
'
=
|
\ .
| |

`
|
\ .

)
} }
} }
I e
I e
Scatterers in the
far-field region of
the transmitter
plane waves
travelling to
the receiver
transmitting dipoles
(top view)
e
1
, e
2
g=path gain from a
transmitter scatterer to
receiver (a Gaussian
random number with
each scatterer)
e1,e2 =far fields
generated by
transmitting antennas
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{ }
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )
{ }
( ) ( )
{ }
( )
0 0
2 2
1 2 2
0 0 0 0
2
1 2 2
0 0 0
2
2
cos
2
0 0 0
0
*
1
* * *
1
* * *
1
*
t
m
m
jkd
m
t
E VV
I z I z dzdz E ge d g e d
I
I z I z dzdz E ge g e d
I
I z I z dzdz E g e d
I
CJ kd
t t
t
t
'
| |
(
' ' ' '
=
`
|
(

\ . )
| |
(
' '
=
|
(

\ .
| |
' '
=
|
\ .
'
=
} } } }
} } }
} } }

( )
1 0
e e =
( )
cos
2 0
t
jkd
e ee

'
'
=
0
far field amplitude e =
A constant
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Similarly,
{ } { } 0 0 0 0
* *
E VV E VV C
' ' '
= =
{ }
{ } { }
( )
0 0
11,12 0 11,21
0 0 0 0
*
* *
t
E VV
J kd
E VV E VV

'
= = =
' '
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Example 3
Similar to Examples 10 and 11 but now find the spatial
correlation,
11,22
, of the channels h
11
and h
22
of a MIMO
system with N= 2 and M= 2, i.e., two receiving antennas and
two transmitting antennas. Assume that the AOD at the
transmitter and AOA at the receiver are both 360.
h
11
h
22
V
in
V
in
V
o1
V
o2
d
t
d
r
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Now the output voltages at the two receiving antennas V
o1
and V
o2
can be expressed in terms of the channels as:
1 11 12
2 21 22
o in in
o in in
V h V h V
V h V h V
= +
= +
Solutions
Thus the correlation coefficient
11,22
is:
{ }
{ } { }
{ }
{ } { }
11 22 011 022
11,22
11 11 22 22 011 011 022 022
* *
* * * *
E h h E V V
E h h E h h E V V E V V
= =
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where V
o11
and V
o22
are the partial output voltages at antenna
1 and antenna 2 that are due to signals passed through,
respectively, channels h
11
and h
22
. Combining the
expressions in Examples 10 and 11, we have:
{ }
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
011 022
2 2
1 1
0 0 0
2 2
2 2
0 0 0
*
1
*
1
m
m
E V V
E z g d dzd
I
z g d dzd
I
t t
t t
| |
| |
(
| |
=
( |
\ .

(
| |

`
( |
\ .

)
} } }
} } }
I e E
I e E
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As it is assumed that all the fields are polarization matched
to the antennas (all aligned in the zdirection), we have:
{ }
( ) ( )
( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
{ } { }
( )
011 022
2
0 0
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
0 0 0 0
2
0 0
2 2
2 2
cos cos
0
0 0
0 0
*
1
*
* * *
1
*
t r
m
m
jkd jkd
t
E V V
I z I z dzdz
I
E ge d g e d E d E d
I z I z dzdz
I
E g e d E E e d
C J kd J kd
t t t t
t t
|
| | | |
|
| |
' '
=
|
\ .

(
' ' ' '
` ``
(

) )
)
| |
' '
=
|
\ .
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
''
=
} }
} } } }
} }
} }

( )
r
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Similarly,
{ } { } 011 011 022 022
* *
E V V E V V C
' ''
= =
{ }
{ } { }
( ) ( )
011 022
11,22 0 0 11,12 11,21
011 011 022 022
*
* *
t r
E V V
J kd J kd
E V V E V V
= = =
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Notes:
In a MIMO system with arbitrary numbers of transmitting
(M) and receiving (N) dipole antennas and the antenna
separations are d
t
in the transmitter and d
r
in the receiver, the
correlation coefficients can be calculated two-by-two at a
time. The general formula is:
( ) ( )
, 0 0 ij k t r
J kd i j J kd k =

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2.1.1 Generation of a channel matrix H with specified
spatial correlation
If the channel correlation is known, we can use a
method [1] to generate the channel matrix H whose
elements will have the required correlation.
(1) Suppose H has the following form:
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
M
M
N N NM
h h h
h h h
h h h
(
(
(
=
(
(

H
(2)
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(2) Form the following vector vec(H) by stacking
the column vectors of H one-by-one:
11
1
12
2
1
vec( ) (the dimension of vec( ) is 1)
N
N
M
NM
h
h
h
NM
h
h
h
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

H H
(3)
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(3) Obtain the covariance matrix R
H
of vec(H):
H
=vec( )vec( )
H
R H H
(4) Find the eigenvaluesand eigenvectors of R
H
.
(5) Then the channel matrix H can be expressed as:
1/2
vec( )= H VD r
where r (NM1) is a vector containing i.i.d.
complex Guassian random numbers with a unit
variance and a zero mean, V is the matrix
whose column vectors are the eigenvectors of
R
H
, and D is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal
elements are the eigenvaluesof R
H
.
(4)
(5)
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(6) Hence once the desired correlation is given (by
specifying R
H
), H can be obtained by (5). The
example on next page demonstrates how this is
done.
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Example 4
Write a Matlabprogram to obtain the channel matrix of a 33
MIMO system equipped with dipole antennas with antenna
separations at the transmitter and receiver being 0.2 and
0.15, respectively. Assume that the channels are Gaussian
random channels with a unit variance and a zero mean, and
the antenna mutual coupling can be ignored. Hence calculate
the channel capacity when the SNR = 20dB.
( )
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
, 0,1
ij
h h h
h h h h CN
h h h
(
(
= e
(
(

H
Solutions
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H
=vec( )vec( )
H
R H H
As the channels are Gaussian random number with a unit
variance, the covariance matrix R
H
can be expressed as:
Instead of calculatingR
H
directly using the above formula, it
can be generated by a simple method. Since the antennas are
dipoles, the channel correlation matrix
r
at the receiver (with
a fix transmitting antenna, for example antenna 1) can be
calculated first.
d
t
= 0.2, d
r
= 0.15
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{ } { } { }
{ } { } { }
{ } { } { }
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
11 11 11 21 11 31
21 11 21 21 21 31
31 11 31 21 31 31
0 0
0 0
0 0
* * *
* * *
* * *
1 0.3 0.6
0.3 1 0.3
0.6 0.3 1
r
E h h E h h E h h
E h h E h h E h h
E h h E h h E h h
J J
J J
J J
t t
t t
t t
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(
(
=
(
(

Then calculate the channel correlation matrix

t
at the
transmitter (with a fix receiving antenna, for example antenna
1).
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{ } { } { }
{ } { } { }
{ } { } { }
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
11 11 11 12 11 13
0 0
12 11 12 21 12 31 0 0
0 0
13 11 13 21 13 31
* * *
1 0.4 0.8
* * *
0.4 1 0.4
0.8 0.4 1
* * *
t
E h h E h h E h h
J J
E h h E h h E h h J J
J J
E h h E h h E h h
t t
t t
t t
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(

(
(

Then it can be shown that R

H
is the Kronecker product of
t
and
r
. That is,
H
=
t r
R
In Matlab, the Kronecker product is obtained by the
command kron(
t
,
r
).
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The Matlabcodes are shown below (filename: correlated_H):
cl ear al l ;
M=3; %number of t r ansmi t ant ennas
N=3; %number of r ecei ve ant ennas
k=2*pi ;
dr =0. 15 %l ambda
dt =0. 20 %l ambda
%- - - - - - - - - - - spat i al channel cor r el at i ons gener at i on
f or i =1: N;
f or j =1: N;
pr ( i , j ) =bessel ( 0, k*dr *abs( j - i ) ) ;
end;
end;
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f or i =1: M;
f or j =1: M;
pt ( i , j ) =bessel ( 0, k*dt *abs( j - i ) ) ;
end;
end;
RH=kr on( pt , pr ) ;
[ V, D] = ei g( RH) ;
G=V*sqr t ( D) ;
%- - - - - - - - - - - channel mat r i x gener at i on
snr dB=20;
snr =10^( snr dB/ 10) ;
f or n=1: 5000;
r =sqr t ( 0. 5) *( r andn( N, M) +1j *r andn( N, M) ) ;
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f or j =1: M;
f or i =1: N;
vec_r ( i +( j - 1) *N) =r ( i , j ) ;
end;
end;
vec_H=G*vec_r ' ;
f or j =1: M;
f or i =1: N;
H( i , j ) =vec_H( i +( j - 1) *N) ;
end;
end;
%- - - - - - - - - - - capaci t y cal cul at i on
C( n) =l og2( r eal ( det ( eye( N) +snr / M*( H' *H) ) ) ) ;
end;
cdf pl ot ( C)
Aver age_C=mean( C)
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The average capacity is found to be 12.3 bits/s/Hz. The cdf
of C is shown below.
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
C (bits/s/Hz)
c
d
f
(
C
)
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2.2 Antenna mutual coupling
For MIMO systems, except the spatial correlation will
contribute to the channel correlation, antenna mutual
coupling will also contribute [2], [3]. In the transmitter
antenna array, antenna mutual coupling causes the input
signals being coupled into neighbouring antennas. This
effect can be represented by a mutual coupling impedance
matrix Z
t
(see Lecture Notes on Mutual Coupling in
Antenna Arrays):
1
t s
= v Z v
where v
s
is the input voltage vector with mutual coupling
not taken into account, v is the input voltage vector when
mutual coupling is taken into account, and Z
t
is given by:
(6)
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11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
1
1
1
N
L L L
N
L L L
t
N N NN
L L L
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
(
+
(
(
(
+
(
=
(
(
(
(
+
(

Z
Similarly, for the output signals, they are also modified by

the antenna mutual coupling effect in the receiving
antenna arrays. The actual output voltage vector v
o
is
related to the uncoupled output signal vector v
u
as:
(7)
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1
o r u
= v Z v
where Z
r
is the mutual impedance matrix containing the
receiving mutual impedances (see Lecture Notes on
Mutual Coupling in Antenna Arrays):
12 1
21 2
1 2
1
1
1
N
t t
L L
N
t t
r L L
N N
t t
L L
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(

Z
(8)
(9)
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In (8), v
o
and v
u
are terminal voltage vectors across the
antenna terminal loads. If the uncoupled output voltages
refer to the open-circuit voltages, then v
u
is related to the
open-circuit voltage vector v
oc
as:
L
u oc
in L
Z
Z Z
=
+
v v (10)
In (10), it is assumed that all the antenna elements have
the same internal impedance Z
in
and terminal impedance
Z
L
. Eq. (8) then becomes:
1
L
o r oc
in L
Z
Z Z

=
+
v Z v
(11)
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Combining (6) and (11), we have signal model for a
MIMO system under both spatial correlation and antenna
mutual coupling as:
1 1
oc n
L
o r t s n
in L
Z
Z Z

= +
= +
+
v Hv v
v Z HZ v v
where v
n
is the vector of noise voltages which are assumed
to be not affected by antenna mutual coupling.
(12)
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Example 5
Re-do Example 13 but now take the antenna mutual coupling
into account. It is given that the mutual impedance between
two transmitting antennas are:
d
t
= 0.2, Z
12
= 25.91-j15.34 O, Z
21
= 25.28-j15.78 O
d
t
= 0.4, Z
12
= -0.90-j20.30 O, Z
21
= -1.42-j20.11 O
The mutual impedance between two receiving antennas are:
d
r
= 0.15, Z
t
12
= 17.73-j2.75 O, Z
t
21
= 17.48-j2.94 O
d
r
= 0.30, Z
t
12
= 8.29-j10.44 O, Z
t
21
= 7.96-j10.51 O
The internal impedance of the dipole antennas is:
Z
in
= 39.00+j7.17 O
The terminal load impedance of the dipole antennas is:
Z
L
= 50 O
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Solutions
N= M= 3
d
t
= 0.2, d
r
= 0.15
1.78 0.14 0.52- 0.31 -0.02- 0.41
0.51- 0.32 1.78 0.14 0.51- 0.32
-0.03- 0.40 0.52- 0.31 1.78 0.14
t
j j j
j j j
j j j
+
(
(
= +
(
+ (

Z
1 0.35- 0.05 0.17- 0.21
0.35- 0.06 1 0.35- 0.06
0.16- 0.21 0.35- 0.05 1
r
j j
j j
j j
(
(
=
(
(

Z
NUS/ECE EE6832
42
The Matlab codes are shown below (filename:
mu_correlated_H):
cl ear al l ;
M=3; %number of t r ansmi t ant ennas
N=3; %number of r ecei ve ant ennas
k=2*pi ;
dr =0. 15 %l ambda
dt =0. 2 %l ambda
%- - - - - - - - - - - spat i al channel cor r el at i ons gener at i on
f or i =1: N;
f or j =1: N;
pr ( i , j ) =bessel ( 0, k*dr *abs( j - i ) ) ;
end;
end;
NUS/ECE EE6832
43
f or i =1: M;
f or j =1: M;
pt ( i , j ) =bessel ( 0, k*dt *abs( j - i ) ) ;
end;
end;
RH=kr on( pt , pr ) ;
[ V, D] = ei g( RH) ;
G=V*sqr t ( D) ;
%- - r ecei vi ng and t r ansmi t t i ng mut ual i mpedance mat r i xes cr eat i on
zi n=39. 00+1j *7. 17;
zl =50;
NUS/ECE EE6832
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z12=25. 9059+1j *( - 15. 3365) ;
z21=25. 2796+1j *( - 15. 7831) ;
z13=- 0. 8920+1j *( - 20. 3036) ;
z31=- 1. 4192+1j *( - 20. 1113) ;
zt 12=17. 73449488+1j *( - 2. 74569212) ;
zt 21=17. 47727875+1j *( - 2. 94131405) ;
zt 13=8. 28960286+1j *( - 10. 43902986) ;
zt 31=7. 96114038+1j *( - 10. 50848904) ;
zt =[
1+zi n/ zl z12/ zl z13/ zl
z21/ zl 1+zi n/ zl z21/ zl
z31/ zl z12/ zl 1+zi n/ zl
]
NUS/ECE EE6832
45
zr =[
1 zt 12/ zl zt 13/ zl
zt 21/ zl 1 zt 21/ zl
zt 31/ zl zt 12/ zl 1
]
%- - - - - - - - - - - channel mat r i x gener at i on
snr dB=20;
snr =10^( snr dB/ 10) ;
f or n=1: 5000;
r =sqr t ( 0. 5) *( r andn( N, M) +1j *r andn( N, M) ) ;
f or j =1: M;
f or i =1: N;
vec_r ( i +( j - 1) *N) =r ( i , j ) ;
end;
end;
NUS/ECE EE6832
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vec_H=G*vec_r ' ;
f or j =1: M;
f or i =1: N;
H( i , j ) =vec_H( i +( j - 1) *N) ;
end;
end;
H=( zl / ( zi n+zl ) ) *i nv( zr ) *r *i nv( zt ) ;
%- - - - - - - - - - - capaci t y cal cul at i on
C( n) =l og2( r eal ( det ( eye( N) +snr / M*( H*H' ) ) ) ) ;
end;
cdf pl ot ( C)
Aver age_C=mean( C)
NUS/ECE EE6832
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The average capacity is found to be 9.2 bits/s/Hz. The cdf of
C is shown below.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
C (bi ts/s/Hz)
c
d
f
(
C
)
NUS/ECE EE6832
48
References:
[1] J . W. Wallace and M. A. J ensen, Modeling the indoor MIMO wireless
channel, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, no. 5, pp.
591-599, 2002.
[2] R. J anaswamy, Effect of element mutual coupling on the capacity of fixed
length linear arrays, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 1,
pp. 157-160, 2002.
[3] H. T. Hui, "Influence of antenna characteristics on MIMO systems with
compact monopole arrays," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
vol. 8, pp. 133-136, 2009.

Lecture Notes-Multiple Antennas For MIMO Communications - Channel Correlation

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Lecture Notes-Multiple Antennas For MIMO Communications - Channel Correlation

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Hon Tat Hui Multiple Antennas for MIMO Communications - Channel Correlation

Therefore the open-circuit voltages V

Then calculate the channel correlation matrix

Then it can be shown that R

Similarly, for the output signals, they are also modified by

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