Chapter I 1.

Introduction Most people try out smoking when they are young ; many youths think smoking is a good grown-up habit. Furthermore many young people begin smoking as an act of rebellion and independence. Young smokers start smoking at their age of 12 or 13 just to get a taste of, what it is like. Some of them find it disgusting and unhealthy and some of them find it cool. Smoking is a habit but curable. Considered as curable but few people try to control themselves from doing it. People, students and even professionals are often tempted to smoke. For some, smoking relieves tension; superiority among others, curiosity, satisfaction, and a form of self -deceptions but the adverse consequences of smoking is ones own health. Smoking exist everywhere even in school campuses that conclude to be huge problem.

Many people tried self -discipline to control the temptation of smoking. Others would try re- lifestyle and refocus their attention just to stop themselves from doing it. But worse, others doesnt know what to do and they simply give in. Others on the other hand, would smoke not because they doesnt know what to do but simply because they wont get belong to the in group. Because of smoking, few qualified people get to be successful. It's because of smoking is one of the reason that word's mortality rate. Smoking could never be eradicated unless we try to start the battle against it and heart attack in those with heart disease. Studies have indicated that some student does smoking during their 1

vacant time than studying their lessons. Smoking in college especially in nursing students is becoming popular substitute for learning. There are some factors of smoking which has the social approval from parents, faculty and friends. Some studies shows that student with low self esteem is actually more likely to smoke than student with high self esteem because of the negative evaluation that they might receive from the people around them.

The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years, although its physical, psychological and cultural expressions can begin earlier and end later. Adolescence is a stage of significant growth and potential but it is also considered to be a time of great risk. A lot of adolescents are facing pressures to use alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs and to start sexual relationships, thereby putting themselves at high risk for intentional injuries and infection from sexual transmitted diseases. ( Kipke 1999, 2. )

Adolescence

is

time

when

young

people

undergo

physical,

psychological, socio-cultural and cognitive development (Di Clemente et al 2009, 4). It is a time when many physical, psychological and behavioral transformations happen and when adolescents develop a lot of the habits, behavioral patterns and relationships they will take into their adulthood (Committee on Adolescent Health Care Services and Models of Care for Treatment 2008, 17). Studies on humans and non human primates show that adolescence is a period for undertaking important development tasks like maturing physically 2

and sexually; acquiring skills necessary to perform adult roles; gaining more independence from parents, and establishing social ties with members of the same and opposite gender (Kipke 1999, 2).

Adolescence is a period the young person is trying to achieve a personal identity so it is a time he or she may experiment with different behaviors (Haven 1996, 14). The adolescent period is a stage when the adolescent takes on new roles and experiment with independence. They seek for identity, learn to apply values gained in early childhood and build skills that will help them in adulthood. (UNICEF 2002, 1.)

According to the World Health Report (1999) a considerable number of deaths would be prevented and tobacco related deaths would be halved if most of the adult smokers quit smoking over the next 20 years. People who begin smoking early have a greater risk of lung cancer compared to those who begin smoking at a later age as a result of the cumulative exposure. (Colditz & Hunter 2000, 7.)

Tobacco is known to be the only legal consumer product that can cause harm to everyone exposed to it and kills most of those who use it as intended. Tobacco is also considered as the single most preventable cause of death in the world. The use of tobacco is widespread due to low prices, strong marketing, lack of education about its negative effects, and poor public policies against its use. (WHO 2008, 8.) 3

Tobacco contains many chemicals which are known to cause cancers. (Report on Carcinogens 2005, 408). Tobacco kills more than the combination of AIDS, legal drugs, illegal drugs, road accidents, murder and suicide. (Mackay & Eriksen 2002, 36).

These are the factors that influence people to smoke; 1.) Emotions2.) Pleasure3.) Social Pressure 4.) Habit 5.) Addiction 6.)Smoking Is Everywhere' 7.) Smoking Is A Lesser Evil 8.) To Alleviate Stress And 9.) Negative Feelings.

Studies have identified many predictors of smoking in children including The easiest way to stop the effect of tobacco is to prevent its initiation. (Robin & Sugarman 2001, 143). Quitting smoking is easy, Ive done it thousands of times. Mark Twain

1.1 Adolescence

Adolescence is a time when young people undergo physical, psychological, socio-cultural and cognitive development (Di Clemente et al 2009, 4). It is a time when many physical, psychological and behavioral transformations happen and when adolescents develop a lot of the habits, behavioral patterns and relationships they will take into their adulthood (Committee on Adolescent Health Care Services and Models of Care for Treatment 2008, 17). 4

Studies on humans and non human primates show that adolescence is a period for undertaking important development tasks like maturing physically and sexually; acquiring skills necessary to perform adult roles; gaining more independence from parents, and establishing social ties with members of the same and opposite gender (Kipke 1999, 2). During this period, the adolescent establish their emotional and psychological independence, learn to understand and takes charge of their sexuality and think about their future in society. This process is gradual, emotional and at times unsettling. The adolescent may feel sad, disillusioned and hurt one moment; happy, optimistic and in love the next moment. (UNICEF 2002, 4.) Adolescence is a period the young person is trying to achieve a personal identity so it is a time he or she may experiment with different behaviors (Haven 1996, 14). The adolescent period is a stage when the adolescent takes on new roles and experiment with independence. They seek for identity, learn to apply values gained in early childhood and build skills that will help them in adulthood. (UNICEF 2002, 1.)

1.2 Self -Image and Self-Esteem

The physical changes that occur during adolescence can significantly affect the self image of the adolescent. Some adolescents may feel attractive, grown-up, and confident, while others feel self-conscious, ugly and afraid. These physical changes are mixed with psychological and emotional changes. 5

Physical changes affect self-image and behavior while also prompting changes and reactions in others. Changes in a childs physical appearance may for example, evoke different types of behavior from parents, peers and others. (Wolfe & Crooks 2006, 76.)

Adolescents with low self-esteem are considered to be less equipped to refuse invitations to use substances or drugs (Price 2009, 38). Self-concept develops during the adolescent stage and is associated with physical, cognitive and emotional growth. Self-esteem has a strong influence on adjustments across a many aspects of the adolescents life. Self esteem is known to affect educational achievements, social relationships, mental health and ability to deal with stress. 1.3 Addiction To Tobacco

Addiction may be described as continued uncontrollable use of a substance regardless of harmful consequences. Many smokers do not acknowledge that they are addicted to tobacco. Most people think they can quit whenever they want to. Many youth are of the opinion that they have a lot of time to work on quitting. The first step in recovery is acknowledging that there is a problem. (MacDonald 2004, 26-27.)

Addicted smokers experience a strong irresistible or uncontrolled desire to smoke. These irresistible desires to smoke can be aroused by smoking cues, abstinence and stressful situations in the environment. (Di Franza 2010, 381.)

Nicotine is like heroine and cocaine addiction in some ways because it is a psychoactive drug. It is also considered as a reinforcing drug, which is the reason why the smoker finds it hard to quit. Due to the reinforcing effect, most smokers may find it difficult to stop smoking. Cigarette smoking can be described as a physical and psychological addiction. ( Becket 2004, 12.)

Withdrawal symptoms of nicotine include anxiety, sleep disturbances, depression,increased appetite, irritability, cognitive and attention deficits Although withdrawal is associated with the pharmacological effects of nicotine, many behavioural factors can also contribute to the intensity of withdrawal symptoms. Some smokers claim that the smell, and the meer sight of a cigarette and the ritual of obtaining, lighting, handling and smoking the cigarette are all linked to the pleasurable effects of smoking and may worsen withdrawal or cravings. (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2009, 3.)

Nicotine causes reliance by providing centrally mediated reinforcing effects, by controlling elements such as body weight and mood in a manner that is considered useful or pleasing by the tobacco user and by causing a physical reliance such that abstinence may result in unpleasant symptoms ( Jiloha 2008, 129). 1.4 Effects of smoking to the body

Bronchospasm- This term refers to airway irritability or the abnormal tightening of the airways of the lungs. Bronchospasm makes airways smaller and leads to wheezing similar to that experienced by someone with asthma during an asthma attack.

Increases phlegm production- The lungs produce mucus to trap chemical and toxic substances. Small finger like hairs, called cilia, coat the lung's airways and move rhythmically to clear this mucus from the lungs. Combined with coughing, this is usually an effective method of clearing the lungs of harmful substances. Tobacco smoke paralyzes these hairs, allowing mucus to collect in the lungs of the smoker. Cigarette smoke also promotes goblet cell growth resulting in an increase in mucus. Persistent cough- Coughing is the bodys natural response to clear irritants from the lungs. Without the help of cilia (above), a smoker is faced with the difficult task of clearing increased amounts of phlegm with cough alone. A persistent cough, while irritating, is the smokers only defense against the harmful products of tobacco smoke. A smoker will likely have a persistent, annoying cough from the time they start smoking. A smoker who is not coughing is probably not doing an effective job of clearing his/her lungs of the harmful irritants found in tobacco smoke.22

Decreases physical performance- When the body is stressed or very active (for example, running, swimming, playing competitive sports), it requires that more oxygen be delivered to active muscles. The combination of bronchospasm and increased phlegm production result in airway obstruction and decreased lung function, leading to poor physical performance. In addition, smoking has been shown to stunt lung development in adolescent girls, limiting adult breathing capacity. 23,24 Smoking not only limits ones current state of fitness, but can also restricts future physical potential.

Adverse lipid profile.Lipids, a form of fat, are a source of energy for the body. Most people use this fat in its good form, called high-density lipoproteins, or HDLs. Some forms of fat, such as low-density lipoproteins (LDLs, triglycerides and cholesterol) can be harmful to the body. These harmful forms have their greatest effects on blood vessels. If produced in excess or accumulated over time, they can stick to blood vessel walls and cause narrowing. Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a process in which fat and cholesterol form "plaques" and stick to the walls of an artery.

Thrombosis- Thrombosis is a process that results in the formation of a clot inside a blood vessel. Normally, clots form inside blood vessels to stop bleeding, when vessels have been injured. However, components of tobacco smoke result in dangerously increased rates of clot formation. Smokers have elevated levels of thrombin, an enzyme that causes the blood to clot, after fasting, as well as a spike immediately after smoking. Constricts blood vessels - It has been shown that smoking, even light smoking, causes the bodys blood vessels to constrict (vasoconstriction). Smoking does this by decreasing the nitric oxide (NO2), which dilates blood vessels, and increasing the endothelin-1 (ET-1), which causes constriction of blood vessels. The net effect is constriction of blood vessels right after smoking and transient reduction in blood supply. Vasoconstriction may have immediate complications for certain persons, particularly individuals whose blood vessels are already narrowed by plaques (atherosclerosis), or partial blood clots, or individuals who are in a hyper-coagulable state (i.e. have sickle cell disease). These individuals will be at increased risk of stroke or heart attack. Increases heart rate- Heart rate is a measure of how fast your heart is pumping blood around your body. Young adult smokers have a resting heart rate of two to three beats per minute faster than the resting heart rate of young adult nonsmokers. Increases blood pressure - Blood pressure is a measure of tension upon the walls of arteries by blood. It is reported as a fraction, systolic over diastolic pressure. Systolic blood pressure is the highest arterial pressure reached during contraction of the heart. Diastolic blood pressure is the lowest pressure, found during the hearts relaxation phase. Nicotine consumption increases blood pressure. Peptic Ulcer Disease - Peptic ulcers are self-digested holes extending into the muscular layers of the esophagus, stomach, and a portion of the small intestine.These ulcers form when excess acid is produced or when the protective inner layer of these structures is injured. Cigarette smoking increases acid exposure of the esophagus and stomach, while limiting neutralizing base production. Periodontal Diseases - These occur when groups of bacteria are able to form colonies that cause infections and diseases of the mouth. Smoking quickly changes the blood supply, immune response, and healing mechanisms of the mouth, resulting in the rapid initiation and progression of infections. In this way, smoking makes the mouth more vulnerable to infections and allows the infections to become more severe. The bacterial plaques of smoking also cause gum inflammation and tooth decay. In addition, smoking increases tooth and bone loss and hastens deep gum pocket formation. 9

Halitosis - This is a fancy word for bad breath. Everybody knows that smoking makes individuals and everything around them smell bad. Bad breath, smelly hair and clothes, and yellow teeth are among the most immediate and unattractive effects of smoking.

Otitis Media - This is inflammation of the middle ear. The middle ear is the space immediately behind the eardrum. It turns received vibrations into sound. The middle ear is very vulnerable to infection. Children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) have more ear infections than those not exposed.65 Tobacco smoke disrupts the normal clearing mechanism of the ear canal, facilitating infectious organism entry into the body. The resulting middle ear infection can be very painful, as pressure and fluid build up in the ear. Continued exposure to tobacco smoke may result in persistent middle ear infections and eventually, hearing loss.66

Sinusitis - Sinusitis is sinus inflammation. Sinuses are spaces in the skull that are in direct communication with the nose and mouth. They are important for warming and moisturizing inhaled air. The lining of the sinuses consists of the same finger-like hairs found in the lungs. These hairs clear mucus and foreign substances and are therefore critical in preventing mucus buildup and subsequent infection. Cigarette smoke slows or stops the movement of these hairs, resulting in inflammation and infection. Sinusitis can cause headaches, facial pain, tenderness, and swelling. It can also cause fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, bad breath, and a decreased sense of smell. Sinusitis is more serious and requires a longer course of medical treatment than the common cold. Long-term smoke exposure can result in more frequent episodes and chronic cases ofsinusitis; and the rate of sinusitis among smoke. Rhinitis - This is an inflammation of the inner lining of the nasal passages and results in symptoms of sneezing, congestion, runny nose, and itchy eyes, ears, and nose, common cold, rhinitis may begin immediately in the regular smoker. Smoking causes rhinitis by damaging the same clearing mechanism involved in sinusitis (above).72 Rhinitis can cause sleep disturbances, activity limitations, irritability, moodiness, and decreased school performance.73 Smoking causes immediate and long-lasting rhinitis. Pneumonia - Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lining of the lungs. This inflammation causes fluid to accumulate deep in the lung, making it an ideal region for bacterial growth. Pneumonia results in a persistent cough and difficulty breathing. A serious case of pneumonia often requires hospitalization. Smoking increases the 10

Oxidative Damage - Oxidants are active particles that are byproducts of normal chemical processes that are constantly underway inside the body. Their formation is called oxidation. These particles are usually found and destroyed by antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, and E. The balance of oxidation and anti-oxidation is critical to health. When oxidation overwhelms anti-oxidation, harmful consequences occur. In addition, a National Cancer Institute study found that beta-carotene supplements, which contain precursors of vitamin A, modestly increase the incidence of lung cancer and overall mortality in cigarette smokers.

2. Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study was to determine the significant factors that influenced the selected teenagers ofBarangay Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan. More specifically, the study sought answer to the following questions:

1. Why do young people smoke a. Low education b. Peer pressure c. Family problem d. Coping with stress 2. What are the factors affecting the smoking behavior of teenagers? a. Home factor b. School Factor c. Social factor d. Mass media 3. Do teenagers feel good about smoking? 4. How does social status affect the smoking behavior of teenagers? 11

5. How do peers influence a typical teenager to smoke?

Significance of the Study

The study will be significant to all. It will show how different factors that surround us can affect each one of us to try everything, because typically we are all explorers. Specifically the habit of smoking. Non-Smokers. They are the primordial beneficiaries of this study. The knowledge to be acquire to this study will help them to know what are the harmful effects when they try to smoke. Students. They will be aware of the factors that influence a man to smoke and will be encourage some of them to quit smoke and take them a tour and a broader look about its effects to health. Parents. The findings of this study will be beneficial for parents . They must know their childrens attitudes, and performance especially on school. This study will also help them to realize the need to establish open communication with their children to bridge the so-called generation gap. Teachers. The result of the study may serve as a guide on adapting different kinds of guiding their students not engaging to smoke. Future Researchers. The researchers ultimately believes that the result of this study will help the other future researchers who have intention of conducting the same study about the topic of smoking.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

12

The study focused on the profile and the answer of the questionnaire that have been given to selected teenagers of Barangay Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan. The respondents of the study were (50) teenagers which are composed of (48) males and( 2) females ages 13 -18 that were selected from the given barangay.

Definition of terms

Smoking . Is the act of emitting smoke; the act of practice of smoking tobacco. Non smoker. One who does not smoke tobacco. Peer Pressure. It refers to the influence of groups or friends on the person. Emotions. feeling stressed, bored, lonely, upset, angry, frustrated or unhappy Pleasure. to add to the enjoyment of something, to take time out or as a reward Social Pressure. to feel part of the crowd if youre not part of the smoking group you are missing out on the best information, non-participation may lead to feelings of alienation; Habit. linking smoking with other activities eg having a cup of coffee, talking on the phone, drinking alcohol. Addiction. to satisfy the craving for nicotine. 'Smoking Is Everywhere'. Children raised in this environment will often see smoking as just another part of becoming an adult and so the cycle continues. Smoking Is A Lesser Evil. smoking is viewed by many as an acceptable alternative to other drugs such as alcohol, cannabis and intravenous drugs 13

To Alleviate Stress And Negative Feelings. Smoking is perceived by many to have a calming effect and may also be seen as an enjoyable activity over which people can retain control no matter how difficult other parts of their lives may be. This is particularly relevant within Indigenous communities where control over many aspects of their life may be difficult. Nicotine. can be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or to facilitate death.

Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies which provided the researcher with deeper and broader understanding of the concept related to smoking. Foreign Literature The strongest factors that influence tobacco users to start are usually social pressures, family members, media and friends (Conrad et. al, 1992). The study examined data from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey between 1997 and 2004.Women who smoke now die at a similar rate for men, the study also found. Previous research from the 1980s showed that women were less affected."Women now lose about 11 years of life expectancy if they smoke," McAfee says. "Men lose about 12 years." He adds that it is presumed that women's smoking

14

patterns are now more similar to men's in terms of picking up the habit at younger ages and smoking a larger number of cigarettes. Despite all the anti-smoking campaigns, cigarette taxes, novel smoking alternatives, and even smoking bans in some areas, millions of people still smoke cigarettes both out of habit and for pleasure. Sadly, many of these people, if asked, would say they do not actually like smoking, but feel as though they are hopelessly addicted with no effective way to quit. But if you or someone you know is serious about quitting smoking, there is hope apart from trying to quit cold turkey, wearing nicotine patches, and taking anti-smoking drugs. Here are five natural approaches to kicking the smoking habit for good (Ethan AH. 2012).

The truth is that most pack-a-day smokers are hooked and cannot figure out how to quit, mainly because most cessation methods don't address the true depth of the addiction, and most are just scams that are marketed by "Big Pharma" to damage your health even further and send any "ex-smokers" right back to the well (S.D. Wells 2012).

Adult smoking has begun to level off, but teenage smoking is on the rise across the nation. It is well documented that smoking shortens a person's life. Tobacco smoking is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally, so programs to reach teens should be as aggressive as the industry's push on children to begin smoking. The most common diseases associated with long term smoking are cardiovascular issues affecting the heart and lungs. Smoking is a major risk factor for

15

heart attacks, strokes, COPD and cancer ( Duke M. 2011).

The "Talk: They'll Listen" campaign failed because its message was only that parents should talk to their kids about smoking; not that children should not smoke, according to the study's authors. The researchers concluded that "no reason beyond simply being a teenager is offered as to why youths should not smoke ( Fraser J. 2006).

According to a 2003 study from the Cancer Council Victoria in Australia, the only anti-smoking ads that actually work on teens show the graphic, gory health consequences of smoking. Teens shown images of a smoker's oozing artery or a blood clot in a smoker's brain were less attracted to smoking, the researchers found.

Local Literature Socialization is the process through which the person acquires the behavior through which persons acquires the behavior and skills that are essential for social existence ( Maguigad. et.al, 2006).

As one grows, he stimulated to respond to his surrounding one way or the other. He is motivated to meet his, physical, mental, emotional and his social needs, and his drives and urges to cope up socialization ( Kapunan 1998).

16

17.3M-estimated number of Filipinos aged 15 and older who smoke, according to the 2009 Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 70-estimated number of carcinogens, or cancer-causing ingredients, contained in a cigarette stick

13.8M-estimated number of Filipinos aged 15 and older who smoke every day (GATS, 2009).

P326.4-Average amount of money spent monthly on cigarettes (GATS, 2009) 10.6-Average number of cigarettes smoked per day by daily cigarette smokers in the Philippines (GATS, 2009).

2M- Estimated reduction in number of smokers in the Philippines by 2016 if tobacco taxes were increased by 10 percent, according to the Department of Health Sources: Isabatas Na! Sin Tax is Anti-Cancer Tax: A Primer for Pro-Health Citizens, Global Adult Tobacco Survey Philippines (2009).

Several government agencies are tasked to monitor and assess the Tobacco Production in the Philippines. According to the report of National Tobacco Authority (2009), the tobacco industry carries a lot of promise as it continues to flourish in spite of the countrys troublesome economy. Report said that tobacco farmers have a bountiful harvest of quality tobacco leaves, which together with the good price this year, brings a lot of hope to those who are dependent in this industry.

17

Foreign Studies Can G. (2009), indicated those students whose siblings smoked were 1.35 times more at risk than those whose siblings did not smoke. Those whose friends smoked were are 2.42 times more at risk than those whose friends did not smoke. Those with poor grades 2.62 more at risk than those with good grades. Subjects whose mothers smoked were 1.57 times more at risk than those whose mothers did not smoke.

Kulbok PA. (2008), concerns for health and addiction, a positive self-image, and perceived confidence, emerged as factors affecting participants decisions not to smoke. The approval of parents and friends, and personal beliefs further reinforced adolescents nonsmoking decisions.

Hayes ER. et. al (2007), peer pressure was the greatest influencing factor to beginning to smoke, and health was the major reason for not beginning to smoke. Addiction and stress maintained smoking.

Weiss JW. et. al (2008), Study showed that anxiety, hostility, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with a higher risk of lifetime smoking for both boys and girls.

Damianaki A. et. al (2008), Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed a positive relationship between current smoking and having brother or sister smoking, having more than three friends who were smokers and last school grade.

18

Moeschberger et. al,. (1997), suggested that smoking behavior was associated with it; older Asian men who were44 years of age were almost 10 times more likely to quit smoking than younger men below 24 years old.

Studies have identified many predictors of smoking in children including parental smoking, parental style, peer influence knowledge and beliefs about smoking, intentions to smoke, availability of cigarettes, school bonding, social support and personality variables such as independence, sensation seeking, rebelliousness, aggressiveness and shyness ( Kandel and Daries 2002).

Local Studies

In the study of ( Imaoku 2008 ), the tobacco farming employment is declining; tobacco-related manufacturing jobs are increasing, but at a much slower pace than increases in manufacturing production volumes and the trend seemed to reverse in the mid-2000s. Overall, the tobacco sector contributes less that 1% to total employment in the Philippines. Moreover, Espino (2008) Philippine tobacco farmers surveyed continue to grow tobacco because they have forty to fifty years of experience growing the crop, and they may not necessarily conduct or rely on a cost-benefit analysis of tobacco growing as the basis for their decision. Chapter III Methodology

19

This chapter presents the methods and procedures that were employed in the conduct study. It includes the research design, data gathering techniques and the sampling procedure.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive method of research in determining the factors influencing teenagers to smoke on a particular Barangay Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan. The descriptive method of research is a fact finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of findings in which the basic caution is that this method has to be something more and beyond just data gathering. The concept of trait being

studied is carefully defined. It describes with emphasis what actually exists such as conditions, practices, situations or any phenomena.

Sampling Procedure

The respondents of the study were all teenagers that will be 13-16 years of age from selected Barangay of San Ildefonso, Bulacan. In the place that weve conducted the research , we have chosen specific persons who had engaged on smoking.

Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study will be the teenagers 13-18 years old from the chosen Barangay Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan. The respondents will composed 50 teenagers, (48) males and (2) females. 20

Data Analysis Scheme

Collected data were gathered and tabulated, tallied, analyzed and interpreted and presented in textual and tabled form. Further, the data were subjected to analysis in area of descriptive statistics. To solve the problems of the study, this the formula used to ensure accuracy and reliability in the analysis and interpretation of data.

Percentage %=f/n x 100 Where: % = percentage f = frequency of respondents N = total number of respondents

Chapter IV Results and Discussion 21

Result of the Study This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data collected and the results of the study about Factors Influencing Teenagers To Smoke And Its Effects.

Table 1. Gender of the Respondent

Gender Male Female Total

No. respondent 48 2 50

Percentage % 96% 4% 100%

In this table 1. shows that males are most abundant in taking cigarettes, 48 respondents or 96% of it say that.

Table 2. Age of the Respondent Age No. of Respondent Percentage %

13

4%

14 15 16 17

4 8 10 12

8% 16% 20% 24%

22

18 Total

14 50

28% 100%

In this table 2 shows that the some smokers begins to smoke at the age of 13 and from the age 13-18 the persons age 18 got the higher percentage whose taking cigarettes .

Table 3. School Level of the Respondent School level Elementary Secondary Tertiary Total No. of Respondent 2 17 31 50 Percentage % 4% 34% 62% 100%

In this table 3 shows that majority of the respondents taking cigarettes is in the tertiary level.

1. How many stick of cigarette did you take per day? Table 4. No. of stick of cigarette taking per day No. of stick of cigarette taking per day 1-5 5-10 10 and above No. Respondent 18 29 13 Percentage% 36% 58% 26%

23

other Total

0 50

0% 100%

In this table 4 shows that 29 smokers among 50 respondents or 58% of it says that they are taking cigarettes 5-10 sticks a day.

2. Are you aware in the effects of cigarettes in your body? Table 5. Awareness in the Effects of Cigarettes Response Yes No Total No. of Respondent 36 14 50 Percentage % 72% 28% 100%

In this table 5 shows that majority of the respondents or 36 in 50 respondents says that they are aware in the effects of cigarette.

3. Does smoking give you a great feeling?

Table 6. Smokers Experiencing a Great Feeling in Cigarettes Smoking

Response Yes

No. of Respondent 41

Percentage % 82%

24

No Total

9 50

18% 100%

In this table 6 shows that 41 smokers or 82% of 50 respondents most say that they are experiencing great feelings when they are smoking. 4. Why did you start to smoke? Table 7. Reasons Engaging People to Smoke Reasons It creates a sociable atmosphere I was curious It relieves my stress Peer pressure Family problem others Total No. of Respondent 12 11 9 15 3 0 50 Percentage % 24% 22% 18% 30% 6% 0% 100%

In this table 7 shows that the peer pressure or influence of friends is the number reason why people engaging to smoke, 15 smokers in 50 respondents or 39% of it says that.

5. Do you aware that smoking is really bad for your health? And why?

25

Table 8.0 Awareness of the Effects of Cigarettes in Health

Response and Reason Yes, Im devastated by the effects Yes, but I try to avoid thinking about it Yes, but Im not really concerned No, nothing happens to my body No, Im not interested No, I have no idea others Total

No. of Respondent 6 12 18 9 3 2 0 50

Percentage % 12% 24% 36% 18% 6% 4% 0% 100%

In this table shows that most of the respondents taking cigarette are aware in the effects of cigarette but they are not concerned on it. 6. Are you able to quit smoking cigarettes?

Table 9.0 Capability of the Smokers to Stop in Smoking Response Yes No No. of Respondent 7 43 Percentage % 14% 86%

26

Total

50

100%

In this table 8.0 shows that 43 smokers or 86% of 50 respondents are not able to quit in smoking.

27

Chapter V

Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter present the summary, and recommendation based on analysis in the previous chapters.

Findings

The study intended to investigate the factors that affect teenager s to initiate smoking. Using the procedure described in the preceding chapter, the answer to the problem raised in this study were ascertained and summarized as follows; Table1. The study proves that male has the high risk-taking incidence of taking smoke than women. Peers has something to do with this result, in order to attain sociable atmosphere one should try what is said to be trend from his peers. Table 2. The study shows that as a person reaches 18 years old. There us a mind set that every legal on their age should be done.

Table 3. The study proves that the school level of a person can increase the higher incidence of teenage smoking. Factors that trigger on this level are peer pressure, coping up stress, media, school problem and home factors.

28

Table 4. The study proves that almost half of the respondents was taking 5-10 cigarettes per day. It shows that there is an addiction running in their circulation. We all knew that one of the main ingredients of cigarette is nicotine.

Table 5.The study shows that almost of the respondents knew that smoking is very harmful to their health. But still they continue smoking because they already addicted to it.

Table 6. The study shows that majority responds yes that smoking really gives a great feeling to them. One of the reason is they taught that smoking creates sociable atmosphere that makes them feel in to a group of people that also engaged on smoking.

Table 7. The study shows that the nos.1 factor that influence a teenager to smoke was peer pressure. The pressure that peers gives can make a nonsmoker to an addict smoker.

Table8. The study shows that some of the respondents knew the harmful effects of smoking, but still they are not really concerned about it. Because that effects can not prior be detect on their young age.

Table 9. The study shows that respondents choose to say no on quitting smoking. This result proven that that smoking is really addictive. And if a person quit it, still theres is no possibility that it can last forever. The great feelings that it can give will be a great factor of continue using it. 29

Conclusion

We conclude that there are many factors influence teenager to smoke. It shows that peer pressure, family problem, socialization and adolescence and sense of well being are the factors. We also found out that that peer pressured has a high chance of initiating to smoke. Most of people who smoke began as a teenager. It makes a sense that its hard to not take smoke. Also plenty of young smokers believe that they can quit any time they want, before those unwanted health consequences kick in, but this perception is not right. As one tried to quit something, the temptations will really arise.

Recommendation

Since prevention is said to be better than cure, it is important to examine the root-cause of the problem. Smoking prevention programs should aim at identifying risk groups and finding measures to protect vulnerable and non smoker from initiation. Teenagers should be counseled on the effects of keeping bad company or group and choose their peers and friends wisely. Programs should aim at helping teenagers gain emotional control so that they dont give into temptations and pressure from peers. Also since teenagers learn by imitation, older siblings and family members should be educated on the dangers of smoking in the presence of teenagers and also about not leaving cigarettes at the disposal of them.

30

Appendices

31

A. Literature Cited Appau I.K (2011). Smoking Habits Among Adolescents. (Unpublished Master Thesis), Turku University Of Applied Science. Can, G.; Topbas, M.; Oztuna, F.; Ozgun, S.; Can, E. & Yavuzyilmaz, A. 2009. Factors Contributing To Regular Smoking In Adolescents In Turkey. Journal Of School Health Vol 79 No.3, 93-97 Damianaki, A.; Kaklamani, S.; Tsirakis, S.; Clarke, R.; Tzanakis, N. & Makris, D. 2008. Risk Factors For Smoking Among School Adolescents. Child:Care, Health & Development Vol. 34 No.3, 310-315 Dinapoli, P.P. 2009. Early Initiation Of Tobacco Use In Adolescent Girls: Key Sociostructural Influences. Applied Nursing Research Vol. 22 Issue 2, 126-132 Hayes, E.R. & Plowfield, L. 2007. Smoking Too Young : Students Decisions About Tobacco Use. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing Vol. 32 No. 2, 112-116 Kapunan et. al, (1998) The Psychology Of Adolescence, Rex bookstore, Manila Philippines Kendzor D.E (2005). Weight Concern And Smoking In Children (Unpublished Master Thesis) Louisiana State University And Agricultural And Mechanical College. Kulbok, P.A.; Rhee, H.; Botchwey, N.; Hinton, I.; Bovbjerg, V. & Anderson, N.L. 2008. Factors Influencing Adolescents Decision Not to Smoke. Public Health Nursing Vol. 25 No.6, 505-515 Maguigad et. al,(2006) Sociology and Anthropology, Libro Filipino, Recto Manila MacDonald, P. 2004. Understanding Smoking Behavior In Children And Adolescents. Paediatric Nursing Vol. 16 No. 3, 26-27 Nouran M (2011). Self Rated Health Status And Smoking. (Unpublished Master Thesis), San Diego State University. Protection from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: Policy Recommendation. WHO. Pages 2-7. Weiss, J.W.; Mouttapa, M.; Cen, S.; Johnson, A. & Unger, J. 2011. Longitudinal Effects of Hostility, Depression, and Bullying on Adolescent Smoking Initiation. Journal of Adolescent Health Vol. 48 Issue 6, Weiss, J.W.; Palmer, P.H.; Chou, C.; Mouttapa, M. & Johnson, C.A. 2008. Association Between Psychological Factors And Adolescent Smoking In Seven Cities In China. International Journal Of Behavioral Medicine Vol 15 No.2, 149-156 WHO. 2007.

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B. References http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/01/23/smokingcessation-life-expectancy/1858913/ http://www.naturalnews.com/038803_smoking_habit_addiction_natural_reme dies.html#ixzz2MfNHO2cD http://www.naturalnews.com/034374_smoking_Big_Tobacco_addictions.html#i xzz2MfO9Vc5e http://www.naturalnews.com/033852_teenage_smoking_health.html#ixzz2MfO bibUC http://www.naturalnews.com/020996_smoking_deceptive_marketing.html#ixzz 2MfPL3fZ1 http://www.naturalnews.com/020996_smoking_deceptive_marketing.html#ixz z2MfPiMeZ9

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C. Permission Letter BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan

February 24, 2013 Mr. Jeronald Sanchez Brgy. Captain, Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan Dear captain, Greetings! As part of our action research in Society and Culture Including Family Planning with Population Education (Soc. Sci. 110/102). We the BSE students of Bulacan Agricultural State College (BASC) will be conducting a research about The Problem Of Smoking Among Teenagers: Initiation Factors And Its Effects. We will be distributing survey questionnaires in Pinaod ,San Ildefonso, Bulacan , because we observed that there are some teenagers in your place that are engaged on smoking. The place is accessible and safe for us to conduct our research. We will be distributing questionnaires to be answered by (50) fifty selected teenagers ages 13-18 years of age on February 25, 2013. In connection with this, we would like to ask permission to allow us to conduct our research on the above mentioned area. Respectfully yours, VANDOLPH V. BERNARDO JAYCEE ORCINE DEZARIE VALMORES PATRICIA SANTOS DOLLY ANN MENDOZA SHARLYN PASCUA BSE-IA 34

D. Questionnaire Part I Profile

BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan

The Problem Of Smoking Among Teenagers: Initiation Factors And Its Effects.

Please provide the necessary information on the space provided.

Name: ____________________________________ (Optional) Age: _______________

Address: __________________________________

Gender: ________

School Level: ______________________

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Part II

Questionnaire

Please answer the questions honestly. Put a check mark () inside the circle.

1. How many stick of cigarette did you take per day?

o 1-5 o 5-10 o 10 above

Others: __________________

2. Are you aware of the effects of smoking to your body?

o Yes o No
3. Does smoking gives you a great feeling?

o Yes o No
4. Why did you start smoking?

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o It creates a sociable atmosphere o I was curios o It relieves my stress o Peer pressure o Family problem o Others: _________________
5. Do you aware that smoking is really bad for your health? Why?

o Yes, Im devastated by the effects. o Yes, But I try to avoid thinking of it. o Yes, And
Im not really concern.

o No, Nothing happened to my body. o No, Im not interested. o No, I have no idea. o Others: _______________________
6. Are you able to quit smoking?

o Yes o No

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