KEY TERM DICCIONARY

KEY TERM DICCIONARY

Leidy Lorena Hernandez Guachavez. Teacher: Anguie Samaniego. Semester: 4 English and French

Faculty of human sciences Department of Linguistics and Languages University of Nario

1.Acquisition

: The stage in a classical conditioning experiment during which the conditioned response is first elicited by the conditioned s

2.Anxiety :We all experience some anxiety sometimes, but many people don't really know what it is. According to one dictionary definition, anxiety can be defined as a strong and unpleasant feeling of nervousness or distress in response to a feared situation, often accompanied by physiological effects such as nausea, trembling, breathlessness, sweating, and rapid heartbeat.

3.Behaviorism: : a major theory within psychology which holds that behaviors are learned through positive and negative reinforcements. (such as personality, learning and emotion). Behaviorism was first developed by John B. Watson (1912), who coined the term "behaviorism," and known as "radical behaviorism." Watson and Skinner rejected the idea that psychological data could be obtained through introspection or by a all psychological data, in their view, was to be derived from the observation of outward behavior. Recently, Arthur W. Staats has proposed a p "paradigmatic behaviorist theory" which argues that personality consists of a set of learned behavioral patterns, acquired through the interac environment, cognition, and emotion.[1] The theory was discussed as a potential "path to the grand reunification of psychology and behavior analys 4.Cognition: This refers to our higher mental processes such as believing, acquiring knowledge and perceiving.

Brown, R., Pressley, M., Van Meter, P., & Schuder, T. (1996). A quasi-experimental validation of transactional strategies instruction with low-ac of Educational Psychology, 88, 1837

5.Cognitive: Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember a cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistic. http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/f/cogpsych.htm

6.Cognitive strategies : Cognitive strategies are one type of learning strategy that learners use in order to learn more successfully. These include repetition,
organising new language, summarising meaning, guessing meaning from context, using imagery for memorisation. All of these strategies involve deliberate manipulation of language to improve learning. Classifications of learning strategies distinguish between cognitive strategies and two other types, metacognitive strategies (organising learning), and social/ affective strategies (which enable interaction).

7.Comprehension strategies : Comprehension strategies are strategies that help students understand and remember material such as texts and lectures. Most
of the research on comprehension strategies has focused on learning from reading texts. Five strategies that have been found to be useful for enhancing comprehension are monitoring, using text structure, summarizing, elaborating, and explaining. http://www.education.com/reference/article/cognitive-strategies/

8.Declarative knowledge: Information in memory. Declarative knowledge is knowing that (e.g., that Washington D.C. is the capital of America), as opposed to procedural knowledge is knowing how (e.g., how to drive a car).
Declarative knowledge is further divided into: Episodic knowledge: memory for episodes (i.e., the context of where, when, who with etc); usually measured by accuracy measures, has autobiographical reference. Semantic knowledge: Memory for knowledge of the world, facts, meaning of words, etc. (e.g., knowing that the first month of the year is April (alphabetically) but January (chronologically). http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/learning/declarative_knowledge.html

9.Delayed production: Consciously deciding to postpone speaking .

10.Extrinsic motivation: Factors external to the individual and unrelated to the Task they are performing. Examples
include money, good grades, and other Rewards.

11.Extroversion : A dimension of personality, characterized by sociability, the tendency to engage in conversation with
others and impulsiveness.

12 Grouping : Classify , Make graphic organizers , Classify words, terminology quantities, or concepts according to their attributes. 13.Interpretation : The student identifies and considers the most relevant information or findings and develops insights. To
make connections and draw conclusions, the student uses structures and strategies, which contribute to the framework for communicating a solution. The student reflects on the quality of the conclusions drawn and may revisit and revise previous steps in the process.

14.Intrinsic motivation :Internal desires to perform a particular task, people do Certain activities because it gives them
pleasure, develops a particular skill, or Its morally the right thing to do.

15.Introversion : A part of the introversion-extroversion personality dimension associated with thepersonality theory of
Eysenck. Introversion is associated with a reluctance to seek the stimulation of social contacts and to be generally more passive and controlled than extroverts

16.Learning strategies :It is a great way , by which the larner can facilite the acquisition storage ,retrieval and use of
information .so you enjoy learning.

17.Long-term memory : Long-term memory is information that one remembers for a comparatively extended period of
time. Along with short-term and working memory, long-term memory helps explain why and how people remember. Researchers divide long-term memory into episodic memory (the memory of particular events in one's life, such as childhood experiences) and semantic memory (recollection of facts). Some researchers also refer to procedural memory, which is the memory of how to do specific tasks. Meaningful information is more likely than unimportant information to transfer to longterm memory. In addition to studying the mechanisms of such transfer, researchers examine how people retrieve long-term memories. Studies suggest that people sometimes recall information by associating it with something else, as when a song reminds one of a past experience. http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/long-term-memory-13

18.Mental processes: The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly. http://www.tuition.com.hk/psychology/o.htm 19. Note-taking: Write down key words and t-lists, etc.concepts in abbreviated verbal, graphic, or numerical form. 20..Motivation : Motivation is the foundation that allows us to start and succeed in learning throughout our lives. The ability of people to learn
, manage obstacles and change depends on a positive attitude towards the resolution of problems .

21.Nonclassroom activities: consisted of social interactions outside the classroom. 22.Organizational Planning : Plan how to accomplish the learning task; plan the parts and sequence of ideas to express. 23.Problem formulation: The student demonstrates clarity about the nature of the problem and identifies potential outcomes. The student develops
strategies for exploring all components of the problem. The student may revisit and revise the problem statement as a result of thinking about potential methods to solve the problem. https://www.epiconline.org/files/pdf/KeyCognitiveStrategies.pdf

24.Procedural knowledge:. The things that we learn when study something. the type of knowledge
someone has and demonstrates through the procedure of doing something. This is in contrast to declarative knowledge, which is a type of knowledge that indicates someone knows about something and can be a more abstract understanding rather than a practical understanding. The term can be used in several different contexts, such as cognitive psychology and intellectual property law, and tends to mean somewhat different things within those contexts. As intellectual property, for example, it typically indicates a bundle of information often considered a trade secret that can be owned by a company. There are three basic uses of procedural knowledge, and each use is typically understood within the context of a different field of study. In cognitive psychology the study of how people understand things and how the mind works to gain, recall, and use knowledge procedural knowledge is typically viewed as the knowledge of how to do something. This is often unconscious knowledge and though someone may demonstrate it, it can be something otherwise not considered by the person. For example, a baker may know when dough is ready by feeling it, but have a hard time explaining http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-procedural-knowledge.htm

25.Retrospective interview : Old studies,old investigations served as a model for teaching. 26.Self-assessment
Check back Keep a learning log .Reflect on what you

Learned. Judge how well one has accomplished a learning task .

27.Selective Attention

:Listen/read selectively scan , find specific info. Attend to key words,

phrases, ideas, linguistic markers, types of information.

28.Short-term memory and working memory: Short-term memory is often used interchangeably
with working memory, but the two should be utilized separately. Working memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize and manipulate information. Short-term memory, on the other hand, refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory. http://www.education.com/reference/article/cognitive-strategies

29.Strategy : Is a series of actions that the student takes to help Complete a learning task. A strategy begins when the
student analyzed the task and identified their strengths to carry it out. Sometimes Strategies are also called action plan. The student is then available to select, organize, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of their actions and decide whether to adjust the action plan.

30.Understanding: : The cognitive condition of someone who understands. It is is the possession ofknowledge coupled with
the capability of reasoning and making judgments relating to the applicability of the knowledge. . http://www.tuition.com.hk/psychology/o.htm