1.

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of Recycled Aggregate
Recycling is the act of processing the used material for use in creating new product. The usage of natural aggregate is getting more and more intense with the advanced development in infrastructure area. In order to reduce the usage of natural aggregate, recycled aggregate can be used as the replacement materials. Recycled aggregate are comprised of crushed, graded inorganic particles processed from the materials that have been used in the constructions and demolition debris. These materials are generally from buildings, roads, bridges, and sometimes even from catastrophes, such as wars and earthquakes. Figure 1.1: Recycled Aggregate

1.2 Historical Background

The applications of recycled aggregate in the construction areas are wide and they had been used long time ago. Wilmot and Vorobieff (1997) stated that recycled aggregate have been used in the road industry for the last 100 years in Australia. They also stated that the use of recycled aggregate for the construction and rehabilitation of local government roads has a great improve in the last five years. C & D Recycling Industry, the fact file stated that from the time of the
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Romans, the stones from the previous roads were reused when rebuilding their vaunted set of roads. It also stated that since the end of world war two, the recycling industry had been well established in Europe. According to Seecharan (2004), the Detroid News stated that in 1980s, the old concrete crushed into a powder was a popular road builder at Michigan, USA.

1.3 Applications of Recycled Aggregate

Traditionally, the application of recycled aggregate is used as landfill. Nowadays, the applications of recycled aggregate in construction areas are wide. The applications are different from country to country. Concrete Kerb and Gutter Mix

Figure 1.2: Application of Recycled Aggregate as Road Kerb (Source: Building Innovation & Construction Technology, 1999) Figure 1.3: Recycled Aggregate as Backfill Materials Granular Base Course Materials Embankment Fill Materials

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Figure 1.4: Typical Paving Blocks Figure 1.5: Recycled Aggregate as Backfill Materials Paving Blocks Backfill Materials Building Blocks

Figure 1.6: Recycled Aggregate used as Building Blocks

1.4 Advantages
There are many advantages through using the recycled aggregate. The advantages that occur through usage of recycled aggregate are listed below. Environmental Gain The major advantage is based on the environmental gain. According to CSIRO , construction and demolition waste makes up to around 40% of the total waste each year (estimate around 14 million tones) going to land fill. Through recycled these material, it can keep diminishing the resources of urban aggregated. Therefore, natural aggregate can be used in higher grade applications.

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Save Energy The recycling process can be done on site. According to Kajima Technical Research Institute (2002), Kajima is developing a method of recycling crushed concrete that used in the construction, known as the Within-Site Recycling System. Everything can be done on the construction site through this system, from the process of recycled aggregate, manufacture and use them. This can save energy to transport the recycled materials to the recycling plants. Cost Secondly is based on the cost. The cost of recycled aggregate is cheaper than virgin aggregate. It depends on the aggregate size limitation and local availability. This is just around one and half of the cost for natural aggregate that used in the construction works. The transportation cost for the recycled aggregate is reduced due to the weight of recycled aggregate is lighter than virgin aggregate. Concrete Network stated that recycling concrete from the demolition projects can saves the costs of transporting the concrete to the land fill. Job Opportunities There will be many people involved in this new technology, such as specialized and skilled persons, general workers, drivers and etc. Sustainability The amount of waste materials used for landfill will be reducing through usage of recycled aggregate. This will reduce the amount of quarrying. Therefore this will extend the lives of natural resources and also extend the lives of sites that using for landfill. Market is wide The markets for recycled concrete aggregate are wide. According to Environmental Council of Concrete Organization, recycled concrete aggregate can be used for sidewalk, curbs, bridge substructures and superstructures, concrete shoulders, residential driveways, general and structural fills. It also mentioned that recycled concrete aggregate can be used in sub bases and support layers such as unstabilized base and permeable bases.

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1.5 Disadvantages
Although there are many advantages by using recycled aggregate. But there are still some disadvantages in recycled aggregate. Lack of Specification and Guidelines There is no specification or any guideline when using recycled concrete aggregate in the constructions. In many cases, the strength characteristic will not meet the requirement when using recycled concrete aggregate. Therefore, more testing should be considered when using recycled concrete aggregate. Water Pollution The recycled process will cause water pollution. The wash out water with the high pH is a serious environmental issue. The alkalinity level of wash water from the recycling plants is pH12. This water is toxic to the fish and other aquatic life.

1.6 Indian Status

There is severe shortage of infrastructural facilities like houses, hospitals, roads etc. in India and large quantities of construction materials for creating these facilities are needed. The planning Commission allocated approximately 50% of capital outlay for infrastructure development in

successive 10th & 11th five year plans. Rapid infrastructural development such highways, airports etc. and growing demand for housing has led to scarcity & rise in cost of construction materials. Most of waste materials produced by demolished structures disposed off by dumping them as land fill. Dumping of wastes on land is causing shortage of dumping place in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to start recycling and re-use of demolition concrete waste to save environment, cost and energy. Central Pollution Control Board has estimated current quantum of solid waste generation in India to the tune of 48 million tons per annum out of which, waste from construction industry only accounts for more than 25%. Management of such high quantum of waste puts enormous pressure on solid waste management system.

In view of significant role of recycled construction material and technology in the development of urban infrastructure, TIFAC has conducted a techno-market survey on 'Utilization of Waste from Construction Industry' targeting housing /building and road segment. The total quantum of waste from construction industry is estimated to be 12 to 14.7 million tons per annum out of which 7-8 million tons are concrete and brick waste. According to findings of survey, 70% of the
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1. INTRODUCTION
respondent have given the reason for not adopting recycling of waste from Construction Industry is "Not aware of the recycling techniques" while remaining 30% have indicated that they are not even aware of recycling possibilities. Further, the user agencies/ industries pointed out that presently, the BIS and other codal provisions do not provide the specifications for use of recycled product in the construction activities.

In view of above, there is urgent need to take following measures:

Sensitization/ dissemination/ capacity building towards utilization of construction & demolition waste.

Preparation and implementation of techno-legal regime including legislations, guidance, penalties etc. for disposal of building & construction waste.

Delineation of dumping areas for pre-selection, treatment, transport of RCA. National level support on research studies on RCA. Preparation of techno-financial regime, financial support for introducing RCA in construction including assistance in transportation, establishing recycling plant etc.

Preparation of data base on utilization of RCA. Formulation of guidelines, specifications and codal provisions. Preparation of list of experts available in this field who can provide knowhow and technology on totality basis.

Incentives on using recycled aggregate concrete-subsidy or tax exemptions.

Realizing the future & national importance of recycled aggregate concrete in construction, SERC, Ghaziabad had taken up a pilot R&D project on Recycling and Reuse of Demolition and Construction Wastes in Concrete for Low Rise and Low Cost Buildings in mid nineties with the aim of developing techniques/ methodologies for use recycled aggregate concrete in construction. The experimental investigations were carried out in Mat Science laboratory and Institutes around Delhi/GBD to evaluate the mechanical properties and durability parameters of recycled aggregate concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate collected from different sources. Also, the suitability in construction of buildings has been studied.

The properties of RAC has been established and demonstrated through several experimental and
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field projects successfully. It has been concluded that RCA can be readily used in construction of low rise buildings, concrete paving blocks & tiles, flooring, retaining walls, approach lanes, sewerage structures, subbase course of pavement, drainage layer in highways, dry lean concrete(DLC) etc. in Indian scenario. Use of RCA will further ensure the sustainable development of society with savings in natural resources, materials and energy.

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2. RECYCLING PROCESS

CHAPTER 2 RECYCLING PROCESS

2.1 Reviews on Recycled Process
This section discusses the recycling process and method.

2.1.1 Recycling Plant Recycling plant normally located in the suburbs of cities due to the noise pollution that make by the equipments that used during recycling process. The machinery used have to fit with the effective mufflers to reduce the noise from the processing activity.

2.1.2 Sources of Recycled Aggregate Traditionally, Portland concrete aggregate from the demolition construction are used for landfill. But nowadays, Portland concrete aggregate can be used as a new material for construction usage. Recycled aggregate are mainly produced from the crushing of Portland concrete pavement and structures building. It stated that the isolated areas of 1 inch of asphalt concrete can be used to produce the recycled aggregate. The main reason that choosing the structural building as the source for recycled aggregate is because there is a huge amount of crushed demolition Portland cement concrete can be produced.

2.1.3 Equipments used during Recycling Process The equipments that used during recycling process are various from the site conditions and also country to country. There are few different types of equipment had been used effectively to break up the Portland cement pavement and structural building.

2.1.3.1 Portland Cement Pavement Recycling of Portland Cement Concrete mentioned that there are few different types of equipment had been used for crushing the Portland cement pavement. The equipments are as below: (1) Diesel pile driving hammer. It is mounting on a motor grader that sticks in the Portland cement pavement on around 30cm grid pattern.
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(2) Rhino horn tooth ripper equipped hydraulic excavator. It is used to remove all the steel reinforcement that remaining in the Portland cement pavement.

2.1.3.2 Structural Building The following methods had been used to crush the structural building. (1) Mechanical by hydraulic crusher with long boom arm. The concrete and steel reinforcements are broken by the crusher through the long boom arm system. This method is suitable for the dangerous buildings.

(2) Wrecking ball. The building is demolished by the impact energy of the wrecking ball which suspended from the crawler crane. (3) Implosion. A design included pre weakening of the structure, the placement of the explosives and the building collapse in a safe manner have to develop.

2.1.4 Transportation After the structural buildings and Portland cement pavements are demolished, the concrete debris has to send to the recycling plants for processing. It is good to use the roll off containers or large dump body trailers to transport the mixed load of construction and demolition debris. This is the most effective and cost effective means of the transportation. It also mentioned that the construction and demolition debris can be transport by the closed box trailers and covered containers.

2.1.5 Crushing Plant Crushing is the initial process of producing the construction and demolition debris into recycled aggregate. The concrete debris is crushed into pieces in this process. Aggregate and Quarry stated that generally the equipments used for crushing process are either jaw or impacted mill crushers. It also stated that all the recycling crushers have a special protection for conveyor belts to prevent damage by the reinforcement steel that in the concrete debris. They are fitted with the magnetic conveyors to remove all the scrap metal.
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According to Recycling of Portland Cement Concrete (n.d.), the equipments used to crush and size the existing concrete have to include the jaw and cone crushers. The concrete debris will break down to around 3 inches by the primary jaw crusher. It also mentioned that the secondary cone crushers will breaks the materials to the maximum size required which vary between and 2 inches.

Figure 2.1: Load into Primary Crusher

During the crushing process, all the reinforcing steels have to remove away. Professor S L Bakoss and Dr R Sri Ravindarajah (1999) stated that there are three methods of sorting and cleaning the recycled aggregate, which are electromagnetic separation, dry separation and wet separation. Electromagnetic separation process is removal of reinforcing steel by the magnet that fitted across the conveyor belt in the primary and secondary crushers. Dry separation process is removing the lighter particles from the heavier stony materials by bowing air. This method always causes lot of dust. Wet separation process is the aquamator, which the low density contaminants are removed by the water jets and float sink tank, and this will produces very clean aggregate. After finish the crushing process, the materials are then sent to the screening plant.

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Figure 2.2: Electromagnetic Separation Process

Figure 2.3: Picking Shed

Figure 2.4: Wet Separation Process (Aquamator)

2.1.6 Screening Plant and Washing Plant Screening is the process that separates the various sizes of recycled aggregate. The screening plant is made of a series of large sieves separates the materials into the size required. Recycling of Portland Cement Concrete stated that the size of screen that used to separate the coarse recycled concrete aggregate and fine recycled aggregate is 3/8 inch. The size of screen

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2. RECYCLING PROCESS
used to separate the coarse recycled aggregate can be under or over inches. It also stated that one more screen should be used to separate those particles that more than the specified size. After the screening process, the recycled are then sent to the washing plant

Figure 2.5: Screening Plant

Figure 2.6: Washing Plant 2.1.7 Stockpile After all the recycling process, recycled aggregate are stored in the stockpile and ready to use. All the recycled aggregate are stored according to the different size of aggregate. The stockpile has to prevent from the contamination of foreign materials. It also mentioned that the vehicles used for stockpiling have to be kept clean of foreign materials.

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2.2 Comparison of Recycled Aggregate and Natural Aggregate
Texture Recycled aggregate has the rough textured, angular and elongated particles where natural aggregate is smooth and rounded compact aggregate. The properties of the freshly mixed concrete will be affected by the particle shape and surface texture of the aggregate. Through texture, angular and elongated particles require much water than the smooth and rounded compact aggregate when producing the workable concrete. The void content will increase with the angular aggregate where the larger sizes of well and improved grading aggregate will decrease the void content. Natural Aggregate Recycled Aggregate

Figure 2.7: Comparison between Natural Aggregate and Recycled Aggregate

Quality The quality is different between recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate. The quality of natural aggregate is based on the physical and chemical properties of sources sites, where recycled aggregate is depended on contamination of debris sources. It also stated that natural resources are suitable for multiple product and higher product have larger marketing area, but recycled aggregate have limited product mixes and the lower product mixes may restrain the market.
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Density The density of the recycled concrete aggregate is lower than natural aggregate. When compare with natural aggregate, recycled concrete aggregate have lower density because of the porous and less dense residual mortar lumps that is adhering to the surfaces. When the particle size is increased, the volume percentage of residual mortar will increase too. Strength The strength of recycled aggregate is lower than natural aggregate. This is due to the weight of recycled aggregate is lighter than natural aggregate. This is the general effect that will reduce the strength of reinforcement concrete. Location Natural aggregate are derived from a variety of rock sources. The processing plant for natural aggregate depends on the resource. It usually occurs at the mining site and outside the city. Recycled aggregate are derived from debris of building constructions and roads. The locations of recycling plants are depended on where the structures are demolished. The recycling process is often located in the urban area.

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3. PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE

Chapter 3
Properties of Aggregate
3.1 Particle Density and Water Absorption of Course and Fine Aggregate
Particle density is one of the important factors that used to determine the properties of aggregate. It is required when calculate the mix design for concrete In the concrete mix, substituting different density of aggregate would influence the yield, unit mass of concrete and quality of aggregate needed for a concrete volume. The particle density of aggregate is generally affected by the amount of moisture present and the geological properties of aggregate. In this project, particle density of aggregate was carried out to determine the volume and weight of aggregate needed for the concrete mixes.

Water absorption is the amount of moisture absorbed in the aggregate. The water absorption capacity is based on saturated surface dry condition and oven dried condition. The amount of water in a concrete mix has direct effect on the setting time and compressive strength of concrete. It also stated that moisture content of the aggregate had to determine first before preparing a mix design for a particular aggregate. If the moisture content of the concrete is not met the target, then more water have to add to avoid a loss of workability. If the moisture content exceeds the target, then less water should be added.

Fine aggregate has lower density than natural aggregate and recycled aggregate. There is a difference of 25% approx among fine aggregate and natural aggregate. And 5% difference between fine aggregate and recycled aggregate. Density of recycled aggregate is lower than natural aggregate. The recycled aggregate is lighter than natural aggregate. The water absorption capacity of recycled aggregate is higher than natural aggregate and fine aggregate. Water absorption of recycled aggregate is around 4 times of natural aggregate and 1.5 times of fine aggregate. This means that more water needed to be added when using recycled aggregate in the concrete mixing to get an acceptable workability.

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3.2 Sieve Analysis
Sieve analysis is used to find the amount of different size of aggregate used in a concrete mix. It is carried out to let the aggregate pass through a series of sieves. The sieve analysis can be done either by hand or sieve machine. It is recommended that using sieve machine will give more accurate result and can use several sieves in one time. The aggregate was air dried before carried out the sieve analysis.

3.3 Mix Design

Before having any concrete mixing, the selection of mix materials and their required materials proportion must done through a process called mix design. There are lots of methods for determine concrete mix design.

3.4 Mixing of Concrete

The performance of the recycled aggregate concrete was influenced by the mixing. This means that a proper and good practice of mixing can lead a better performance and quality of the recycled aggregate concrete. The quality of the concrete also can influence by the homogeneity of the mix material during the mixing and after the placement of fresh concrete. A proper mix of concrete is encouraged to the strength of concrete and better bonding of cement with the aggregate. Once the concrete mix design was calculated, the mixing of the concrete can be carried out. Before the concrete mixing begins, all of the mix materials were weighted and prepared according to the mix design.

3.5 Curing of Concrete

Curing is an important process to prevent the concrete specimens from losing of moisture while it is gaining its required strength. Lack of curing will tends to lead the concrete specimen to perform less well in its strength required. Inadequate curing will cause the unexpected cracks appear on the concrete.

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4. CASE STUDY

Chapter 4
Case Study
4.1 Introduction
This chapter discuss on the results that obtained from the previous studies carried out at different places. The results are such as slump test, compacting factor test, compression test, indirect tensile test and modulus of elasticity. The initial mix batch will be 100% natural aggregate mix batch. Second mix batch was 80% natural aggregate and 20% recycled aggregate. There was increased of every 20% of recycled aggregate added into every series of mix batch. Too fully compare the different types of full recycled aggregate concrete, there were three mix batches that contained of 100% recycled aggregate. Two batches of 100% recycled aggregate were used different water cement ratio and the remaining one batch was mixed with blended cement.

4.2 Slump Test

The slump test indicates a decreasing trend of workability when the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The workability is good and can be satisfactorily handle for 0% recycled aggregate to 80% recycled aggregate. There is no problem for the placement and compaction of fresh concrete. The only problem that obtained is the batch with 100% recycled aggregate (with 0.36 water cement ratio). The workability was very low. The reason was because of the high absorption capacity of recycled aggregate. From the result obtained, it shows that the workability was getting lower when more recycled aggregate were used.

4.3 Compacting Factor

The compacting factor indicates a moderate decreasing trend of workability when the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The compacting factor ratio is decreasing as the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. From the result obtained, we can say that the workability is getting lower due to the increasing of recycled aggregate used.

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4. CASE STUDY
4.4 Compression Test Result and Analysis
The compression test indicates that an increasing trend of compressive strength in the early age of the concrete specimens. However, it shows that the strength of recycled aggregate specimens is lower than natural aggregate specimens. The 100% recycled aggregate may achieve high strength by reducing the water/cement ratio. The previous studies also shows that the concrete specimens with more replacement of recycled aggregate will get the lowest strength when compared to the concrete specimens with less recycled aggregate. The percentage of the compressive strength remained when percentage of recycled aggregate replacement increased. The fly ash cement may reduce the compressive strength of the concrete specimen. The compressive strength may drop because of the lower water cement ratio and also the particular size of recycled aggregate used in this batch is smaller than other concrete specimens It is possible to use 100% recycled aggregate with the less water cement ratio in the high strength structures. Also based on the previous studies, it shows that with the more percentage of recycled aggregate, the higher the compressive strength will gained. This means that the structural building can take off the support earlier when using the recycled aggregate.

4.5 Indirect Tensile Test Result and Analysis

The indirect tensile test indicates a decreasing trend of indirect tensile strength when the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The tensile strength is gradually decreasing for the concrete specimens that with the replacement of 0% recycled aggregate to 80% of recycled aggregate. The average tensile strength drops for the concrete specimens with the replacement of recycled aggregate (from 0% to 80%). The concrete specimen of 100% recycled aggregate with fly ash cement had the lowest tensile strength. It is around 64% drop compared to 0% recycled aggregate concrete specimen. The reason is mainly because of the fly ash cement that will reduce the tensile strength of the concrete specimen. According to the previous studies, it can say that the tensile strength is decreasing as the increasing in the replacement of recycled aggregate percentage. But when the water/cement ratio used in the recycled aggregate specimen is lower, the tensile stress will getting higher. More percentage replacement of recycled aggregate used in

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4. CASE STUDY
the concrete specimen, the percentage of tensile strength remained are gradually decreasing. The tensile strength will remain higher when the water/cement ratio is getting lower.

4.6 Modulus of Elasticity Result and Analysis

The modulus of elasticity test indicates a decreasing trend of modulus of elasticity value when the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The variation of modulus of elasticity of

concrete with the increasing of 20% of recycled aggregate shows a decreasing trend occurs when the percentage of recycled aggregate increasing. Consequently, concrete made with recycled aggregate have less modulus of elasticity value than the specimens made with all natural aggregate. The replacement of increase recycled aggregate percentage used in the concrete specimens, the ultimate strength of concrete decreased, while the deformation of the concrete is still remaining the same rate. This figure also shows that the slope is decreasing when the rate usage of recycled aggregate increased.

4.7 Durability
The following parameters were studied to assess the influence of recycled aggregates on durability of concrete: Carbonation

CO2 from the air penetrates into the concrete by diffusion process. The pores (pore size>100nm) in the concrete in which this transport process can take place are therefore particularly crucial for the rate of carbonation. The carbonation tests were carried out for 90 days on the specimens (150x150x150mm) of recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete in carbonation chamber with relative humidity of 70% and 20% CO2concentration. The carbonation depths of recycled aggregate concretes for different grade were found from 11.5 to 14mm as compared to 11mm depth for natural aggregate concrete. This increase in the carbonation depth of RAC as compared to NAC, attributed to porous recycled aggregate due to presence of old mortar attached to the crushed stone aggregate.

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4. CASE STUDY
Freeze-Thaw Resistance

In the freeze-thaw resistance test (cube method), loss of mass of the concrete made with recycled aggregate was found sometimes above and below than that of concrete made with natural aggregate. The results were so close that no difference in freeze thaw resistance (after 100 cycles) could be found. The literature also found that the effect of cement mortar adhering to the original aggregate in RAC may not adversely affect the properties of RAC.

4.8 Summary
The experimental results show the recycled aggregate will influence much in fresh and hardened properties of a concrete. As the percentage of the recycled aggregate increased, the workability and strength of the concrete will decreased. By comparing the different type of 100% recycled aggregate specimens, it was found that fly ash cement recycled aggregate concrete mix batch were not sufficient to achieve the high strength target. The reduced water recycled aggregate concrete mix indicates a higher strength but the workability is not very satisfied.

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5. CONCLUSION

Chapter 5
Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter was set out to represent the conclusion of this project. Lastly, some testing, investigations and studies were also recommended after the conclusion, to further the strength characteristics of recycled aggregates for the application in high strength concrete.

5.1 Conclusion
Research on the usage of waste construction materials is very important due to the materials waste is gradually increasing with the increased of population and increasing of urban development. The reasons that many investigations and analysis had been made on recycled aggregate are because recycled aggregate is easy to obtain and the cost is cheaper than virgin aggregate. Virgin aggregate need to mine but recycled aggregate can ignore this process. The study shows that when the water/cement ratio was decreased, the compressive strength can reach target strength. This is classified as high strength concrete and they can be applied in the infrastructures, which need compressive strength up to 40MPa. Furthermore, with the cheaper price of recycled aggregate compared to natural aggregate, the builders can carry out the construction task with lesser material costs. Another result found from previous studies is that when reducing the water amount used in recycled aggregate mixes, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are also improved. This will give an improvement in general strength characteristics of structural building. Although recycled aggregate can be applied in the high strength structure, but one issue must not be neglected as recycled aggregate with reduce water content would have low workability. Whenever recycled aggregate is applied, water content in the concrete mix has to be monitored carefully due to the water absorption capacity of recycled aggregate will vary. This type of concrete can only be used under the condition that does not involve a lot of handling works.

5.2 Recommendations for Further Studies

Further testing and studies on the recycled aggregate concrete is highly recommended to indicate the strength characteristics of recycled aggregates for application in high strength concrete. Below are some of the recommendations for further studies: More investigations and laboratory tests should be done on the durability of recycled aggregate.
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5. CONCLUSION
More investigations and laboratory tests should be done on considering recycled aggregate as both fine and coarse fraction. More investigations and laboratory tests should be done on the strength characteristics of recycled aggregate. It is recommended that testing can be done on concrete slabs, beams and walls. Some mechanical properties such as creeping and abrasion were also recommended. More trials with different particle sizes of recycled aggregate and percentage of replacement of recycled aggregate are recommended to get different outcomes and higher strength characteristics in the recycled aggregate concrete. More investigations and laboratory tests should be done on to provide specification and rules for recycling, processing and using recycled aggregate in terms of standard codes.

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REFERENCES

Reference
S. K. Singh, Scientist, Structural Engineering Division, Research Institute, Roorkee

Aggregate Advisory Service, http://www.p2pays.org/ref/17/16595.pdf

Aggregate Advisory Service, http://www.p2pays.org/ref/17/16595.pdf

Bakoss P. S. L. and Ravindrarajah R Sri, 1999, http://www.ipwea.org.au/upload/final_scoping_report.pdf

Building Innovation and Construction Technology, 1999, http://www.cmit.csiro.au/innovation/1999-02/recyclestreet.htm

Environmental Council of Concrete Organizations, http://www.ecco.org/pdfs/ev15.pdf

Fong F.K. Winston, Yeung S.K. Jaime, and Poon C.S. http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/sustainable/fonghongkong.pdf

Concrete Technology Recycled Aggregates for use in Concrete.

www.cement.org/tech/cct_aggregates_recycled.asp http://en.wikipedia.org www.nbmcw.com/.../concrete/576-use-of-recycled-aggregates-in-con. http://www.google.co.in

www.china-xingbang.com/32.htm
http://www.vibrating-screen.org)

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REFERENCES

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