All engineering structures constructed on the earth are resting some kind of interface called Foundation.

The foundation is the part of structures which takes the loads coming from super-structure and transmits it to the ground. Following are the types of foundation for building structures. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Isolated Footing Combine Footing Strip Footing Combine Footing with Beam Block Foundation Pile Foundation Mat Foundation

Most commonly used structural forms for single-storey industrial structures are Portal frames. Generally, the center-to-center distance between frames is 6 to 7.5m, with eaves height ranging from 6 -15 m. Generally, larger spacing of frames is used in the case of taller buildings, from the point of economy. Moment-resisting connections are to be provided at the eaves and crown to resist lateral and gravity loadings.

Portal frames are made in a variety of shapes and sizes. There are generally 3 types of portal frames:1. Steel portal frame

2. Timber portal frame 3. Concrete portal frame

Portal Frames are usually made from steel, but can also be made from concrete or timber. The portal structure is designed in such a way that it has no intermediate columns; as a result large open areas can easily be created within the structure. Portal Frames are generally used for single storey construction which requires a large unobstructed floor space.

CONCRETE PORTAL FRAME

In concrete portal frames, both superstructure and substructure are made of reinforced concrete.

FOOTING DESIGN DETAILS In this case, Dowels of columns are placed inside the footing and extended above from the top of footing. In beginning the column bars are only extended upto the column pedestal level and then afterwards these dowels are lapped to column bars for proper connection. In

this way connection of RC columns of Portal Frame is made to its foundation for safe transformation of loads that are coming over the column which is going to be designed.

STEEL PORTAL FRAME

In this case, steel column is not directly inserted in the footing but a base plate is priory designed and the column is welded with this base plate. Before pouring of freshly prepared concrete in the foundation farm work, bolts are placed in it which are then get tight base plate which is get welded with steel column. This is all about the connection of steel column with its foundation.

References: 1. Jack C McCormmac & James K. Nelson (2006). Design of Reinforced Concrete. 7th ed. USA: Jhon 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 346-384. M. Nadim Hassoun and Akhtem Al-Manaseer (2008). Structural Concrete, Theory and Design. 4th ed. New Jersey, USA: Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc. 416-450. Joseph E. Bowles, RE., S.E. (1997). FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. 5th ed. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.S 135-210. Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin and Charles W Dolan (2010). Design of Concrete Structures. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 559-575. steel-connections.com. (2012). Connection Design. Available:http://www.steelconnections.com/lmc_base.htm. Last accessed 12Jan2013 http://www.microstran.com.au. (2012). Connection Design. Available: http://www.microstran.com.au/coldes.htm. Last accessed 12Jan2013. Joseph E. Bowles, RE., S.E. (1997). FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. 5th ed. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 403-469 Bill . (2012). precast concrete connection between column and footing. Available: http://www.all-concrete-cement.com/precast-concrete-connection-between-column-andfooting.html. Last accessed 12Jan2013.