Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.

se/gr-kurs/MTF071 98

Reynolds Stress Models

Deriving the equation

(January 7, 2005)

Set up the momentum equation for the instantaneous velocity Eq. (1) Time average

which symbolically can be written:

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

A R % 9$ P' Q ! " H I0  G5 4 F  E5 4  D D  A @ ' % 9$ # ' 78 " ! ! !  " 5 4  2  1   6 

AWV 0 ) @  ) 3 ) R 0 ) (

# B C ! " 0   8  ) ) ( 3 % &$  # '  &$ # % ! !  "  0 "   0   

A V ' % #  9$ ! 2 " UT0 ! H S  



The

-equation (Reynolds Stress equation) has the form:

Multiply Eq. (3) with and add them together

and Eq. (4) with Eq. for

 

Do the same procedure for

Subtract Eq. (2) from Eq. (1)

   

Eq. (2) Eq. (3) Eq. (4) , time average

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 99

The turbulent kinetic energy is the sum of all normal Reynolds stresses, i.e.

By taking the trace (setting indices ) in the equation for we get the equation for the turbulent kinetic energy equation:

which symbolically can be written:

Modelling assumptions Now well model the unknown terms in the equation. This will give us the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) where a (modelled) transport equation is solved for each stress. Later on, we will introduced a simplied algebraic model, which is called the Algebraic Stress Model (ASM) Physical meaning:

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

are production terms of

 R ' % 9$ !2 7 S H I0   5 4  6

and

  

# ' !" 0 

    

V ' &$ # % " " ! ! I0 H       3 ( % &$ # ' 9$ # % ! "  0 " !  

V 0  3  R 0  (

 3 ) 3

The

equation

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 100

is the pressure-strain correlation term, which promotes isotropy of the turbulence are dissipation (i.e. transformation of mechanical energy into heat in the small-scale turbulence) of and , respectively.

Production term, RSM, ASM:

Dissipation term:

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

V 0

P  B !" 7  ! "   H R   6

Diffusion term in the

P B  !" 7 V ! "   H R   6

& -equations,

Diffusion term in the

7 ! ) D 0 W "  " H  0 ! S   6 V 0

Production term,

& -equations, RSM, ASM: (94) :

2 7 ! 

  ! "  ! 0 2  0 ) 3   5 5

" ! !  "  3   6

) D V )WV S

A V V 

) @

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 101

Pressure-Strain Redistribution term:

where
)

Wall correction

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

Wall-corrections for

Wall-corrections for

  ! S  

Wall-corrections for

7 7 0 ) 0 ) D 0 3 ) D S 0 A 3 @  S 6 6 V

n s

)@

 ) @ 


S 0

@ ) @
@   

(95)

(96)

Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model is a simplied Reynolds Stress Model

 2  %  "43 (%  ! H  ! Q  !  % UTSR ' 7G" ! H # % PI %  % G !  5  2    2 ' 2 963876"  ' 8) $

  H 6

B C

!"  

) D V 0 S P " 7 V  !    ! ! " " H   P B ! C A  A  @ D P

0
F @

S A  A  F 0 ) D A  A  ! B
D

5  2  ) ' ' 2 963E0 (%  ' 8) $

C 7 A

 A  8 S 0

A B

S A  A   0 ) D A 

5  2    2 963876" $ 5  2  ) ' % (4310 (&$


@

V 5

)
@ @
)

 !  #"   

0 0 V   0

7 3 ) D S 0 ) 3 6 7 ) D 0 S   6 !"  ! 8 0 "    ! "  

The modeled

ASM

The models for diffusion, pressure-strain and dissipation (see Eqs. 94,95,96 and page 101) gives

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 102

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

equation

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 103

The RSM and models are written in symbolic form (see pages 98 & 99) as:

The assumption in ASM is that the transport (convective and diffusive) of is related to that of , i.e.

which gives:

RSM versus ASM Their ability to model turbulence is for many ows is very similar. ASM has (had) an reputation of being simple and easy to implement: true for boundary layer ow where

For elliptic, recirculating ow, ASM is fairly unstable. As a consequence an implementation of ASM is more difcult than of RSM.

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

)  @

0 V 3   @  3 ) D 0 ) 3

' % &$ 4 0   V 5 V     $ 5 0  V   3   0

)WV 0 A @  ) 3 ) R 0 A (
5

  R 0 ( $  ) R 0 ) (

V 0  3  R 0  (

 

V 0

V  A D S

0 V 0

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 104

Explicit ASM Pope (1975) managed to derive an explicit expression for ASM in 2D (at page 102 it is implicit): Later this was extended to 3D by Gatski & Speziale (1993) This new explicit ASM is considerable more stable from a numerical point of view than the old implicit ASM Simple shear ow

x2 x2

n
U1(x2) x1 x1 s x1

In general the production

has the form (see page 98):

In this special case we get:

The sympathetic term which takes from the rich (i.e. ) and gives to the poor (i.e. ) saves the unfair situation!
LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

) @

Is

zero because its production term

is zero?

Let us study simple shear ow where

!$

3 ! 2 ! 2 3  0 3  S 0  

  ! 2  !  0 2   0 ) 3   3

) 3

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 105

)

and we get:

Note also that the dissipation term for the is zero, but it takes the value for the and equations (see page 98) Curvature effects

A 0 B r B 0

U (r)

A polar coordinate system with locally aligned with the streamline is introduced. The radial momentum equation degenerates to

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

7
(97)

) D 0 7 0 V

S 6 V

6 V

4  0

0 

@ @

has the form (see page 101):

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 106

If the uid is displaced by some disturbance (e.g. turbulent uctuation) outwards to level A, it encounters a pressure gradient larger than at , as , which from Eq.(1) gives . Hence the uid is forced back to . Streamlines are often curved (see gure below) either due to ow phenomena (e.g. separation) or due to curved boundaries (e.g. airfoils) The turbulence is strongly affected by curvature; Reynolds stress models (ASM/RSM) respond correctly to streamline curvature, whereas eddy viscosity models such as dont

y x

streamline

The production terms due to rotational strains (

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

! "   



Weak Curvature:

V 0

  

  

   $
4

 ! "

  4 $

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 107

for ASM/RSM (see page 98) are:

Stagnation ow
x2 y x1 x x2 x1

The model does not model the normal stresses properly,whereas ASM/RSM do. The production for RSM/ASM and model due to and is:
 

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

 ! 0 " 0 5 3  

! " S 0 3    ! " 0 0 3   7 " !    H  3   6 

 

 

 6

S 0


7 !"

 6

  

V 0

H S  V 0 3

3$



0  0  0 

V 0

V 0

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 108

i) simple due to the use of an isotropic eddy (turbulent) viscosity ii) stable via stability-promoting second-order gradients in the mean-ow equations iii) work reasonably well for a large number of engineering ows Disadvantages:

i) isotropic, and thus not good in predicting normal stresses ( ) ii) as a consequence of i) it is unable to account for curvature effects iii) as a consequence of i) it is unable to account for irrotational strains Advantages with ASM/RSM:

i) the production terms need not to be modelled

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models

V 0

Advantages with

V 0

RSM/ASM versus

V 0

 

 

Since

and will not differ drastically and since due to continuity the production term with RSM/ASM will be zero; with , however, the production will be large!

models models (or eddy viscosity models):

 0

Lars Davidson: Numerical Methods for Turbulent Flow http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/gr-kurs/MTF071 109

ii) thanks to i) it can selectively augment or damp the stresses due to curvature effects, buoyancy etc. Disadvantages with ASM/RSM:

i) complex and difcult to implement, especially ASM ii) numerically unstable because small stabilizing secondorder derivatives in the momentum equations (only laminar diffusion) iii) CPU consuming Conclusions Reynolds stress models can model many ows where simple models fail; examples are: i) ows where streamline curvature or curvature of solid boundaries is important ii) ows affected of buoyancy iii) ow near stagnation points iv) rotating ows

V 0

LD Chapter 5: Reynolds Stress Models