Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo Graduate Texts in Mathematics 73 Editorial Board S.Axler FW. Gehring K.A. RibetThomas W. Hungerford ALGEBRA (3) Springer“Thomas W. Hungerford Department of Mathematics Cleveland State University Cleveland, OH 44115, UsA Editorial Board S. Axler EW. Gehring KA. Ribet Mathematics Department Mathematics Department Mathematics Department San Francisco State East Hall University of California, University University of Michigan Berkeley San Francisco, CA 94132 ‘Ann Arbor, ME48109) Berkeley, CA 94720-3840 Usa usa usa axler@sfou.edu fachring@ ribet @mathberkeley.cdu ‘math [sa.umich edu “Mathematics Subject Classification (2000); 26-01 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Das Hungerford, Thomas W. ‘Algebra Bibliography: p. Algebra Tie Qaissiiss siz 73.15093 ISBN 0-387.90518-9, Print on aides paper. ISBN 3-540.90818.9, (© 1978 Springer-Verlag New York, Ine. llrightsreserved. This work may not be ransated or copied in whole on part without the writen permission ofthe publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 1010, USA), except for bref excepts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electonic adaption, compute. Softvare or by simlr or dissin methodology now known or hereatr developed is frbisden ‘The use in iis publication of ade names, trademark, service marks, and sila terms even if they sre not ieniied as such sno to Be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether nol they are subject propery rights Printed inthe United Stats f America, _(ASCISIA) is1413 SPIN 11013129 Springer-Verlag is apart of Springer Sciences Busines Media springeronine com To MaryPreface to the Springer Edition The reception given to the first edition of Algebra indicates that is has filled a definite need: to provide a self-contained, one-volume, graduate level algebra text that is readable by the average graduate student and flexible enough to accomodate ide variety of instructors aud course contents. Since it has been so well re ed, an extensive revision at this time does not seem warranted. Therefore, ‘no substantial changes have been made in the text for this revised printing. How: ever, all known misprints and errors have been corrected and several proofs have been rewritten. Tam grateful to Paul Halmos and F. W. Gehring, and the Springer staff, for their encouragement and assistance in bringing out this edition. It is gratifying 10 know that Algebra will continue to be available to the mathematical community. Springer-Verlag is to be commended for its willingness to continue to produce high quality mathematics texts at atime when many other publishers are looking to less elegant but more lucrative ventures. Seattle, Washington THOMAS W. HUNGERFORD June, 1980 [Note on the evelfth printing (2003)- number of corrections were incorporated in the Fth Printing, thanks to the sharp-eyed diligence of George Bergman and his stents at Berkeley and ‘Kegin Feng of the Chinese University of Science and Technology. Additional corrections appear in this printing, thanks to Vitor Boyko, Bob Cacioppo, Joe L. Mott, Robert Joly, and Joe BrodyPreface Note: A complete discussion of possible ways of using this text, including sug- ‘ested course outlines, is given on page ‘This book is intended to serve as a basic text for an algebra course at the beginning graduate level Its writing was begun several years ago when T was unable to find ‘8 one-volume text which T considered suitable for such a course. My criteria for “suitability,” which T hope are met in the present book, are as follows, (A conscious effort has been made to produce a text which an average (but reasonably prepared) graduate student might read by himself without undue diff- culty. The stress is on clarity rather than brevity. (ii) For the reader's convenience the book is essentially self-contained. Con- sequently it includes much undergraduate level material which may be easily omitted by the better prepared reader. (iil) Since there is no universal agreement on the content of a first year graduate algebra course we have included more material than could reasonably be covered in ‘single year. The major areas covered are treated in sufficient breadth and depth for the first year graduate level. Unfortunately reasons of space and economics have forced the omission of certain topics, such as valuation theory. For the most part these omitted subjects are those which seem to be least likely to be covered ina one year course. (iv) The text is arranged to provide the instructor with maximum flexibility in the choice, order and degree of coverage of topics, without sacrificing readability for the student. (9) There is an unusually large number of exercises ‘There are, in theory, no formal prerequisites other than some elementary facts about sets, functions, the integers, and the real numbers, and a certain amount of “mathematical maturity.” In actual practice, however, an undergraduate course in ‘modern algebra is probably a necessity for most students. Indeed the book is ‘written on this assumption, so that a number of concepts with which the typical ‘graduate student may be assumed to be acquainted (for example, matrices) are presented in examples, exercises, and occasional proofs before they are formally ‘reated in the text.z PREFACE The guiding philosophical principle throughout the book is that the material should be presented in the maximum useable generality consistent with good pedago= aay. The principle i relatively easy to apply to various technical questions. Itis more difficult to apply to broader questions of conceptual organization. On the one hand, for example, the student must be made aware of relatively recent insights into the nature of algebra: the heart of the matter is the study of morphisms (maps); many xeB, @ "This was first propounded (in somewhat different form) by Bertrand Russell in 1902 as ‘ paradox that indicated the necessity ofa formal axiomatization of set theory. FUNCTIONS 3 By the axioms of extensionality and the properties of equality A=B & ACB and BCA, {A subelass A ofa class B that is itself ase is called a subset of B. There are axioms to insure that a subclass ofa set is a subset. ‘The empty set or nll set (denoted 25) isthe set with no elements (that is, given any x, x ¢ J). Since the statement “x ¢ is always false, the implication (1) is al= ‘ways true when A = 91. Therefore @ C B for every class B.A is said to be a proper subelass of B if A CB but A # Gi and A x B. “The power axiom asserts that for every ser A the class P(A) of all subsets of 4 is itself a set. P(A) is called the power set of 4; it isalso denoted 24, A family of sets indexed by (the nonempty class) Iisa collection of sets Aa, one for each ie I (denoted { 4;| /¢ 1}). Given such a family, its union and intersection are defined to be respectively the classes UArs [xlxe ds for some ies}; and na x]xeAy forevery ie]. 11s 9 se, then suitable axioms insure that U4; and (4, ae actually sts. IF T= (12...) one frequently writes Ay Us U=-- Ud in place of (4 and similarly for intersections. If A 11 B= ©, A and B are said to be disjoint. If A and Bare classes, the relative complement of 4 in Bis the following subclass of B: BoA=(x|xeB and x4] all the classes under discussion are subsets of some fixed set U (called the universe of discussion), then U — is denoted 4” and called simply the complement of 4. ‘The reader should verify the following statements. 41.(YB)= YAN BY and ® AU (QB) = Mia UBD. (Yay = Ar and (QAY = Yar (DeMorgan’s Law, @) AUB=B & ACB ©@ ANB @ 3, FUNCTIONS Given classes 4 and B, « function (or map or mapping) from A to B (written ‘1A —B) assigns to each a A exactly one element b eB; bi called the value of the Function at a or the image of a and is usually written f(a). is the domain of the function (sometimes written Dom f) and B is the range or codomain. Sometimes i is Convenient to denote the effect of the function fon an element of A by a+ f(a). Two functions are equal if they have the same domain and range and have the same value for each element of their common domain,