Lecture No. 6 Solid Waste Generation and Collection Rates Chapter 6, p.

125
Waste Generation

Waste handling, separation, storage and processing at the source

Collection Transfer and Transport Separation and processing and transformation of solid waste Disposal

In this lecture: Importance of waste quantities Measures and methods used to quantify waste Waste generation rates Factors that affect waste generation rates Types and quantities of recovered materials Household hazardous wastes Waste characterization rules 1. Importance of Waste Quantities

Compliance with law such as AB939 which mandates 25% reduction by 1995 and 50% reduction by 2000 Equipment selections.

2. Measures and Methods Used to Assess Quantities

MSW should be measured as a weight as opposed to a volume because the weight measurements are consistent and reproducible while the volume can vary considerably attendant to compaction. Ultimately, however, the capacity of a landfill is a volume consideration. Units - lb/capita.day for residential and commercial, a repeatable measure of production for industry and agriculture e.g. lb of manure/chicken.

Lecture No. 6, Solid Waste Generation and Collection Rates, Page No. 2

Estimation of Waste Quantities - Load-count analysis - A landfill without scales may estimate the vehicular capacity and the number of vehicles of that capacity. Example
Given: On a single day you observe the following at a landfill: 10-16 yd3 compactor trucks 18-3 yd3 pickup trucks hauling loose and dry leaves 56-1 yd3 private cars 2-45 yd3 trucks with broken concrete Find: If there are 3.82 lb/cap.day with 2.7 cap/home and all the waste comes from the town, estimate the number of homes in the town. What's wrong with the answer? 1. Compute the total weight Item Number of loads 10 18 Avg. Volume yd3 16 3 Specifica Weight lb/yd3 500 100 Total Weight lb col.2x3x4 80,000 5,400

Compactor truck Pickup trucks with leaves loose and dry private cars broken concrete Total lb/day

56 2

1 45

220 2595

12,320 233,550

331,270

a From T4-1, p70 2. Determine the number of homes lb capita.day residence number of residence = 331,270 x x day 3.82lb 2.7cap number of residence = 32,118 3. What's wrong with the answer? The demolition load, broken concrete may not be representative; calculate the number of houses with the concrete. lb capita.day residence number of residence = (331,270-233,550) x x day 3.82lb 2.7cap number of residence = 9,475 vs. 32,118 with the broken concrete

- Material Balance (eq. 6-1, 6-2, 6-3)

Lecture No. 6, Solid Waste Generation and Collection Rates, Page No. 3 Accumulation = inflow - outflow + generation dM dt = Min - Mout + rw Note: Always write rw as positive in the parent equation and make a negative substitution as required in the final analysis. example **Problem 6-3, p.153 example Given: Problem 6-1, p153 Note: Paper is 32% of the waste produced and all of it goes to the fireplace except magazines. Find: Materials flow diagram and amount of solid waste disposed of during the day.
1. Material Flow Diagram

2. Amount of solid waste disposed of during the day. a. Waste produced = 20lb in the door -7lb food consumed -5lb food stored Waste produced = 8 lb/day b. Bottles and Cans recycled = 8lb/day x .20 Bottles and Cans recycled = 1.6lb/day c. Paper goods = 8lb/day x .32 Paper goods = 2.56lb/day d. Magazines stored = 2.56lb/day x .05 Magazines stored = .13lb/day e. Paper good combusted = 2.56lb/day x .20 (20% burned) Paper good combusted = .51lb/day f. solid waste disposed of = 8 lb/day - 1.6lb/day -.51lb/day -0.13lb/day solid waste disposed of = 5.76 lb/day

Statistical Analysis - First determine (p.929) if the data are normally distributed or skewed by plotting on log normal, probability paper. Arithmetic probability paper is arithmetic on the ordinate axis, logarithmic probability paper is logarithmic on the ordinate axis. If the data plots as a straight line on arithmetic paper , it is normal; departure from a straight line is an indication of skewness. If it is skewed, plot the data on logarithmic paper; the implication being that the log of the values is normally

Lecture No. 6, Solid Waste Generation and Collection Rates, Page No. 4 distributed which may or may not be the case. If the data is distributed normally, normal statistics such as mean, standard deviation, variance can be applied. example
Given: The weekly volume of MSW from the local Von's is: 10, 6, 7, 3, 15,10,18,5 yd 3. Find: Mean, standard deviation coefficient of variation p. 921 1. Mean xbar = x/N = (10+6+7+3+15+10+18+5)/8 = 74/8 xbar = 9.25 2. Standard Deviation (x-xbar)2 (10-9.25)2+(6-9.25)2+...+(5-9.25)2 s= = N-1 7 s = 5.11 Note: Using N in the denominator gives 4.79 3. Coefficient of Variation (relative measure of dispersion, typically 10-60% in solid waste) CV = 100s/xbar = 100(5.11)/9.25 CV = 55.24 **included in the syllabus package is a sheet of log normal paper

3. Generation and Collection Rates

Most studies prior to 1990 reflect the amount of waste collected as opposed to the amount of waste generated. The difference may be in recycling, garbage disposal, composting, fireplaces, donations to the Salvation Army etc. The variation may be from 4-15%. One ton/capita.year 2000 lb/365days/year = 5.48 lb/capita.day. More precisely, 3.82 lb/capita.day for residential and commercial and 6.16 lb/capita.day total (T6-3, p138). The total is augmented by hazardous, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal services wastes and treatment plant sludges. Residential and commercial is typically 60% of the total. example
Given: The Simi Valley Landfill services app. 50,000 homes. Find: What is the weekly output of hazardous waste to the landfill? Assume: 2.35 capita/residence, T6-3, p138 hazardous waste=.0063lb/capita.day HW = 50,000 residence x 2.35 capita/residence x .0063lb/capita.day HW = 740.25 lb/day x 7 days/wk HW = 5181.75 lbs/wk

Special Wastes (T6-4) - batteries - 10household batteries/capita.year - used oil - .80 gal/capita.year

example

Lecture No. 6, Solid Waste Generation and Collection Rates, Page No. 5
Given: A tire recycler has costed out his capital investment and he needs 1000 tires/day, 5 days/week in order to meet his goal of 8% return on investment. Find: How big of a town does he need? From T6-4, p139 .80tire/captia.year 1. Tire needed Tires needed = 1000tires/day x 5days/week Tires needed = 5000 tires/week capita.year People required = 5000 tires/week x x 52weeks/year .80tire People required = 325,000capita

Rate Variation (T6-6, p141) - The larger the data base, the less the variation. - For a residence, peak day factor of 3.0, minimum day factor of .20

example
Given: The projected volume at the transfer station was 325tons/day on St. Patrick's Day which was identified and projected as a peak day. You subsequently discovered that holidays are, in fact, not peak days but minimum days. Find: The normal tonnage Assume that the transfer station approximates a small community. From T6-6, for a small community, peak day 2.0, minimum day = .5 Actual tonnage = 325tons/day x 1/2.0(Peak day) Actual tonnage = 162.5 tons/day Normal day tonnage = 162.5 tons/day x 1/.5(minimum day) Normal day tonnage = 325tons/day Note: The peak would be 650.

4. Factor that Effect Generation Rates

Source Reduction and Recycling. Design with disposal in mind. Public Attitudes and Legislation. If not reimbursed, the public must be recruited to a "tree saving" mentality. Legislation includes bottle laws, AB939, green waste pickups. Geographic and Physical Factors. The bigger the yard and the longer the growing season, the more the waste. Seasonal, fall leaves, Christmas gifts, spring cleanup. Kitchen grinders contribute a minimal reduction. Frequency. More waste is collected if the frequency is increased. Note that more wastes are not generated.

5. Materials Recovered from MSW (T6-7, p147)

12-16% overall total for the US based on weight.

Lecture No. 6, Solid Waste Generation and Collection Rates, Page No. 6

6. Household Hazardous Wastes

.3% in California paint, pesticides, batteries Small amounts but contaminate a potentially salable product.

7. Waste Characterization and Diversion Studies

Identify the sources, characteristics and quantities of generated The survival of MRF may be dependent on knowing what will actually come into the facility.

EXAMPLES 6-3 HOMEWORK Read Chapter 6, Solid Waste Generation and Collection Rates, pp. 125-157 Problems, p.152, 6-2, 6-5, 6-7a, 6-10 and ancillary problems 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D

Lecture No. 6, Solid Waste Generation and Collection Rates, Page No. 7

LECTURE NO. 6 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND COLLECTION RATES ............................................................ 1 1. IMPORTANCE OF WASTE QUANTITIES......................................................................................... 1 2. MEASURES AND METHODS USED TO ASSESS QUANTITIES ................................................... 1 3. GENERATION AND COLLECTION RATES ..................................................................................... 4 4. FACTOR THAT EFFECT GENERATION RATES ............................................................................ 5 5. MATERIALS RECOVERED FROM MSW (T6-7, P147).................................................................... 5 6. HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTES .............................................................................................. 6 7. WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND DIVERSION STUDIES ....................................................... 6