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Wirote Sarakarnkosol
Middle hydrophilic group surfactant gave higher wetting power than those of end.
or
EO EO EO EO EO
EO EO EO EO EO EO EO EO EO EO
pH of textile application
Strongly alkaline Weakly alkaline Nearly neutral Weakly acid Strongly acid
Mercerization, Causticization General scouring, bleaching,dyeing (Vat, Sulphur) Desizing, Dyeing (Direct, Reactive) Chlorite bleaching, Dyeing (Acid, Disperse) Carbonization
Enzymatic desizing
Not deactivate enzyme Good detergency Should use nonionic wetting agent
to persulphate
Fatty alkyl sulfate, sulfonate and phosphate Ethoxylated fatty alcohol Ethoxylated octyl-/ nonyl- phenol
H2O2 resistance
Hypochlorite resistance
Disodium alkyl diphenyl ether Sodium alkane sulfonate
Chlorite resistance
EO of short chain carbon alcohol EO of alkylphenol EO + anionic surfactant
Resistance to strongly alkaline Small hydrophobic group and good alkaline solubility
Phenol derivative Blends of ethyl hexanol sulfate with organic solvent Short-chain alkylphosphonate esters
Wetting agent for mercerisation soluble in concentrated alkaline Conventional wetting agent (insoluble in concentrated alkaline) poor wetting in neutral still wetting property in alkaline
Rewetting agent
Promote wetting property of substrate after drying Not necessary to good wetting property
Anionic
Scouring agent :
Scouring
Longer chain hydrophobic with remaining soluble Linear hydrophobic part End position of hydrophilic part Cloud point is slightly higher than process temperature (non-ionic) Optimum EO unit (different for hydrophobic part) Ionic head group can increase the detergency of PEO surfactant (e.g. Laureth sulfate) Not adsorb on the fiber
(b) Surfactant is added to the solution. It reduce adhesion of dirt to the surface when deposited with hydrophobic tails on the surface.
(a) Roll-up
(b) Emulsification
(c) Solubilisation
A = Reflectant of soiled fabric after wash B = Reflectant of soiled fabric before wash C = Reflectant of white fabric
Standard soiled solution contained
1 part 3 parts 0.8 part 800 parts Fully hydrogenated tallow Liquid paraffin Carbon black Carbon tetrachloride
Distinguish of term
for help immiscibility liquid/liquid to uniformly distribute in each phase (liquid/liquid) for help uniformly distribute of solid in liquid phase (solid/liquid)
Dispersing agent
Agent
Emulsifying agent
High HLB values use for O/W emulsion Low HLB values use for W/O emulsion Mix of 2 or 3 emulsifiers can gave emulsion stability than those of single use
All
Dispersing agent
Lignin sulfonate
Levelling agent :
Levelness
Unlevelness
Nonionic agents
Usually
form water-soluble complexes with the dye, some degree of solubilisation being involved
Ionic agents
Dye-substantive
Form complexes with the dye and there is competition between the levelling agent and the fibre for the dye competition between levelling agent and the dye for the fibre
Fibre-substantive
Levelling-N R4 O C N H Dye-SO3
-
Levelling-N R4
N H3
Splitting out
O C N H N H3
+
Dye-SO3
O C N H
Dye-SO3
N H3
Nylon
Levelling-SO3
O C N H
Levelling-SO3
+
N H3 Dye-SO3
-
Splitting out
O C N H
Dye-SO3
Levelling-SO3
N H3
Non-ionic levelling agent tend to be separated at high temperature but can increase dyes solubilisation (Low cloud point) Anionic levelling agent can increase the cloud point of nonionic agent Should synergistic mixing together 7-10% of B in A can increase cloud point of A alone (105oC) to 150oC Fully effective at pH >7 (Carefully selection of dyes)
(B) sodiumdodecylbenzenesulphonate
Defoaming agent :