Telecoms Book 07

Mc lc
Trang Mc lc Li ni u Unit 1 Computer Communications Presentation 1. Passive Voice Presentation 2. The Use of Modal Verbs Unit 2 Public Data Network Presentation 1. Relative Clause Presentation 2. Expressing Contrasting Ideas Unit 3 Public Communication Network Presentation 1. Gerunds (V-ING form) Presentation 2. Expressing Concession Unit 4 Electronic Exchanges Presentation 1. Comparisons of Adjectives Presentation 2. Present Perfect vs Simple Past Unit 5 Transmission Systems Presentation 1. Reduced Adjective Clauses Presentation 2. Double Comparatives Unit 6 Radio Communications Presentation 1. Past Participle Presentation 2. Phrasal Verbs Unit 7 Switching Presentation 1. Time Clauses Presentation 2. Expressing Quantity and Amount Unit 8 Electronical Telecommunications System Presentation 1. Noun Formation Presentation 2. Expressing Purposes and Reasons 1 3 4 8 11 13 17 19 22 25 26 28 32 34 36 40 42 44 48 50 52 56 58 61 65 67
English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.
Further Reading Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 69 71 73
Sch tham kho
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Li ni u
Trong nhng nm u th k 21 ny, ngnh Vin thng in t ang pht trin vt bc, vi nhng pht minh, tin b khoa hc ra i trong tng pht tng giy, gp phn y nhanh tc tng trng v pht trin kinh t trn ton cu v trong tng quc gia. Ting Anh chuyn ngnh Vin thng in t t lu tr thnh mt nhu cu cp thit i vi cc nh qun l, khai thc v cung cp dch v vin thng Vit Nam v l hnh trang khng th thiu i vi cc cn b ang nghin cu v cng tc trong lnh vc ny. Nhm tr gip vic nghin cu v hc tp chuyn mn ca sinh vin ngnh Vin thng in t, c bit l chuyn ngnh K thut Vin thng ca trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti, nhm bin son xin trn trng gii thiu tp bi ging Ting Anh chuyn ngnh K thut Vin thng. Tp bi ging c bin son trn c s tp hp v tuyn chn nhng mng ti chnh thng c nhc n trong ngnh KTVT nh h thng vin thng, h thng mng, truyn dn, chuyn mch v.v. Vi thi lng 75 tit (5 VHT), tp bi ging c thit k vi hai ni dung chnh trong mi bi: Bi c hiu TACN v phn cng c kin thc ng php ting Anh. V vy, nhm bin son khng th cp ht tt c cc chuyn khc nhau ca chuyn ngnh. Tuy nhin, sinh vin c th tm thy trong tp bi ging ny nhng thng tin b ch v lch s pht trin v hnh thnh cng nh hot ng ca mt s h thng chnh trong ngnh Vin thng trn th gii. c bit, tp bi ging cung cp nn tng c bn ca TACN KTVT cng cc thut ng chuyn dng, nhm gip sinh vin hnh thnh k nng ngn ng t hc tp v nghin cu sau ny. y chnh l mc ch bin son ca tp bi ging ny. Nhm bin son bi ging gm: Th.s. Bi Thu Hng, Th.s. Phm Th Thu Thu v Th.s. Nguyn Th Thu Hng (ch bin). Nhn y, chng ti xin by t s cm n chn thnh ti cc gio vin b mn KTVT, phng o to, B mn Anh vn v cc phng ban lin quan gip nhit tnh chng ti c th bin son c mt bi ging c cht lng v sm n tay ngi c. Chng ti cng rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin xy dng t cc ng nghip ci tin v nng cao hn na cht lng ca bi ging ny. Xin chn thnh cm n.
Nhm bin son
unit one
Computer Communications
Part I. Reading Comprehension

Read the passage and do the following tasks.
The present status of telecommunications is a result of a long evolution through more than a hundred years. It is interesting to note that the old telegraph system used digital transmission. When, many years later, telephony was introduced, analogue transmission was used. Telex, on the other hand, worked with a digital technique while video transmission in principle uses analogue transmission. Data communications is digital and a transition is now taking place where all services, voice, text, data and picture will be integrated in a basic digital network. This digital network will be an ideal carrier of data communications and will promote the growth of such communications. The development of data communications depends, to a great extent, on the development of data processing. So far, all the signs indicate a trend towards remote data processing, which means a greater usage of data communications services. Indeed, a marriage of telecommunications and data processing will be the result. This marriage will hopefully result in a number of useful products. Already a range of specialized services is foreseen, in particular in the text and picture communications field. A number of new text services have been, or will be, introduced shortly: Firstly, a lot of interest has been shown in Teletex which is already being introduced in some countries. Teletex is an international service enabling subscribers to exchange correspondence on an automatic memory-to-memory basis, via telecommunications networks. As a successor to Telex, it will use specially adapted word processors and electronic typewriters and enable a 3-page A4 letter to be sent almost instantaneously from one end of the country to the other. In Britain, estimates vary of when Teletex will be forthcoming, but meanwhile, Germany and Sweden already have systems in operation and teletex launches are planned in France, Spain, Belgium and Canada before long. The Telefacsimile service is well established, though faster and more advanced systems (Group 4 types) will be introduced shortly. This service provides for the transmission and reproduction of still pictures and printed matter. Telefax has its biggest market in Japan where the complexity of Japanese script makes this an ideal medium of transmission. Videotex, called Viewdata in the UK, has passed through an experimental and testing stage and is now available in many countries. Videotex is a service enabling a subscriber
to obtain information over the Public Switched Telecoms Network (PSTN) for presentation in alphanumeric and/or graphic from on a VDU-usually a specially adapted TV receiver. This service is marketed under different names in different countries. Prestel in UK, Bildschirmtext in FRD and Telidon in Canada. Videotex subscribers may choose to have an additional service_ electronic mailbox enabling them to send messages directly and instantaneously to one another. The UK Viewdata system, which is an interactive service, should not be confused with Teletext, a one-way information service which TV companies broadcast. (In the UK two systems are available Ceefax and Oracle.) Vocabulary alphanumeric (a) analogue transmission (np) data processing (np) electronic mailbox (np) instantaneous ( a) interactive (a) launch (v) obtain (v) script (n) status (n) still picture (np) transition (n) trend (n) ch s truyn dn tng t x l d liu hp th in t tc thi, ngay tc th hai chiu, tng ng, tng tc tung ra t c, thu c ch vit tay ging ch in v th, tnh trng nh tnh chuyn i, chuyn tip xu hng
Task 1. Answer the following questions about the passage. 1. What kind of transmission was used in telephony service many years ago? ................................................................................................................................... 2. What does a trend towards remote data processing imply? ................................................................................................................................... 3. What are the two features which distinguish Teletex from Telex? ................................................................................................................................... 4. Why is Japan such a big market for Telefax? ................................................................................................................................... 5. What is the other name of Viewdata? ................................................................................................................................... 6. What does PSTN stand for? ...................................................................................................................................
Task 2. Decide if the following statements are True or False. 1. Telex uses digital transmission. 2. The development of data processing does not influence the development of data communications. 3. The ideal carrier of data communications is the digital network in which all services, voice, telex, data and pictures will be integrated. 4. The marriage of telecommunications and data processing is caused by a number of useful products. 5. Teletex is an international service that can help subscribers to communicate on an automatic memory to memory basis. Task 3. Classify the following services by putting a tick under Digital (D) or Analogue (A) transmission. Digital Telegraphy Telephony Telex Video Data Task 4. Use the table below to put together the definitions of products or services as e.g. Name Teletex Classification International service Characteristics/ Functions It enables subscribers to exchange correspondence on an automatic memory to memory basis. Analogue
Teletex is an international service enabling (which enables) subscribers to exchange correspondence on an automatic memory to memory basis.
Name 1. Videotex 2. Lasers 3. PCM 4. Telefax Classification service light sources means of transmission new service Characteristics/ Functions It enables a subscriber to obtain alphanumeric and/or graphic information over the PSTN They produce light of a closely defined wavelength. It involves the sampling and coding of analogue signals. It provides for the transmission and reproduction of still pictures and printed matter.
1. .. .. 2. .. .. 3. .. .. 4. .. .. Task 5. Match the Name, Classification and Characteristics to make similar definitions orally.
1. Electronic mail circuit switched It provides a means of synchronous data network transmission new service It uses one pair for performing all signalling fuctions of one route. They enable PCM transmission to be used further out in the local network It provides a means of asynchronous data transmission
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
CCS (Common Channel Signalling)
SPC (stored electronic program control) system Datex Remote concentrators method of signalling
packet switched It enables videotex subscribers to send messages network directly and instantaneously to one another
Nordic Public Data remote part of It uses data processing and computer techniques Network an exchange switching
Task 6. Translate the first paragraph into Vietnamese. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ................... ......................................................................................................................................
Part II. Language in Use
Presentation 1.
passive voice
Study these sentences. A. International traffic is carried by the Transit Network. B. The Transit Network carries international traffic. Both A and B are correct. The choice (A or B) depends on what you want to emphasize_ International traffic (sentence A) or the Transit Network (sentence B). Now look at these two sentences: C. Additional cables are laid. D. They lay additional cables. C is more expressive than D. The personal subject they in D does not add any information. In fact, it makes the important information more difficult to see. Passives are very common in technical writing when we are more interested in facts, process, and events than in the agents/ people who do the actions. The Passive Voice of sentences is formed as follows: [S + BE + PII (Past Participle)] N.B. - PII of regular verbs is formed according to the rules, i.e. V + ed - PII of irregular verbs has different forms and needs learning by heart. Below are concrete forms of some common verb tenses: Present Simple am/are/is + PII The exchanges are maintained regularly. Present Continuous am/are/is + being + PII A public telephone box is being installed on the corner of the street. Past Simple was/were + past participle When the telephony was introduced, analogue system was used. Past Continuous was/were + being + past participle Unfortunately, the VCTV3 cable was being repaired when that big match was on. Present Perfect Simple have/has + been + past participle
The call has just been passed through the operator. Past Perfect Simple had + been + PII I was told that a range of specialized services had been foreseen in the text and picture communications field. Modal verbs can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ should + be+ PII Local network can be divided into some parts.
PRACTICE Ex.1. Make sentences from the table below. In some cases, you can make both an active and a passive sentence. E.g. You expand the central exchange. Or The central exchange is expanded. Agent a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. You The junction circuits SPC exchanges They We An open-wire line Some people A machine The company The RSS Action expand use serve install route connect set up dig up site switch (active) (passive) Object the central exchange PCM both areas Cabinets Traffic the subscriber all non-local calls the road the new exchange the call in the local area directly to a GSC to the DP via a GSC in order to lay a cable near the old exchange to the designated cabinet Adverbial mainly
PCM- pulse code modulation SPC - system programme controller GSC- group switching centre DP - distribution point
iu bin m xung b iu khin chng trnh ca h thng trung tm chuyn mch nhm im phn phi
RSS - remote subscriber switching chuyn mch thu bao xa ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... Ex.2. Use the appropriate forms of verbs in parentheses to complete the sentences below. 1. In the trunk network, all non-local calls (set up) via a GSC and the main network. ........................................ 2. In the ten-year period 1975-1985, important pilot schemes (implement) in France to assess the value and usefulness of certain networks. ......................................... 3. Indians first earth station (build) at Arvi towards the end of the 1960s and seven others quickly followed. 4. Pumas memory (use) to store messages for later transmission. . 5. Further copies can (make) by reptinting the messages from the memory in the local mode. ......................................... 6. Local Area Network (define) as transmission and switching systems that (provide) high-speed communication between devices located on a single site. ................................. 7. To reduce the number of cables, the local network usually (divide) into three parts. . 8. A series of INTELSAT satellites (launch), the next of which was INTELSAT VI in 1986. . 9. When we plan the facsimile transmission system, care must (take) for the use of new services. . 10. Recently, tests (carry) out with different solutions in most industrialized countries. .
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Presentation 2.
the use of modal verbs
Study these sentences.
A. The main advantage of radio-paging is that you can be contacted wherever you are. B. You must, however, be above, not below ground level, for the signal will not get through if you are underground.
The words in bold cannot function themselves, but must combine with a verb either in Passive Voice as in sentence A or in Active Voice as in sentence B to make sense. Thus, they are called Modal Verbs or Modal Auxiliaries. Modal Verbs include; may, might, must, can, could, will, shall, should, need, ought to Modal Verbs generally express a speakers attitudes, or moods, such as advice, permission, necessity, request, etc. Below are some common uses of Modal Verbs in ESP setting. Expressing POSSIBILITY We use may or might to say that something is possible or it is quite likely to occur. We can use them for the present or future. Could is also used to express a small possibility (s vic cng c th xy ra vi xc sut thp). E.g. The CPU may/ might/ could be located anywhere in the network. That tactic could be useful to promote Telefax market in other countries.
Expressing ADVICE, RECOMMENDATION and PROBABILITY We use should and ought to to say what is the best thing or the right thing to do (giving advice). There is no difference in meaning. E.g. LANS ought to / should be designed on optical fibre. VNPT should enforce stricter laws on network exploitation.
Besides, ought to and should are used to express probability (kh nng, xc sut c th xy ra). Expressing NECESSITY or OBLIGATION We use must, need (and have to) to say that something is necessary or someone is obliged to do something. In writing there is slight difference between these words. In speech there is a certain difference. Must is normally used when the speaker personally feels something is important for others to do and need is used when the situation makes something necessary to do.
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E.g.
You must install the equipment before the new exchange is put into operation. (speaker imposes his opinions/ wants on others) The equipment needs/ has to handle information in different forms. (it is the principle)
Expressing PERMISSION We use can and may to give and ask for permission. E.g. You can/ may only export this electronic equipment if you get a special licence.
Expressing ABILITY We use can to say that someone has an ability to do something. E.g. No one can tap LANs.
For ability in the past, we use could (or were/ was able to). E.g. Thanks to the automatic exchange, Almond B. Strowger could/ was able to contact his clients directly and develop his business.
PRACTICE
Complete the following sentences with appropriate modal verbs. 1. The report ______ be finished by 6 oclock. 2. Your telephone _____ be installed by Friday. 3. This equipment ______ be exported to certain countries. (obligation) (probability) (permission)
4. You _______ wear protective clothes at all time when working in a satellite station. (advice) 5. We ______ not deliver until we receive the parts. 6. A LAN _____ be installed in most modern offices. (ability) (possibility)
7. The participants _____work out operational systems suitable to their own administration. (obligation) 8. Optical fibres ______ come down in price as production expands. (probability)
9. Whatever the answers are, Videotex is here to stay and we ________adapt to it in an appropriate way. (obligation) 10. According to the schedule, all high-rise buildings in this region _________ be provided with TV cables by mid 2008. (probability)
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Unit two
Public Data Network
Part I. Reading comprehension

Public Data Networks are designed for data transmission only. They therefore avoid the limitations of speed of transmission over the switched public telephone or telex network. The Nordic Public Data Network is a circuit-switched type of digital network and its basic purpose is to provide a means of synchronous data transmission. The network consists of a number of components which are interconnected shown in Figure 1.The Data Switching Exchange (DSE) controls the set-up and clear-down of data calls, and monitors the connections and functions of the network. This exchange, which is capable of handling 100 calls per second, may be supplemented at a later date with a Special Service Centre (SSC) for the introduction of certain new facilities. The DSE is connected to a Data Circuit Concentrator (DCC). The purpose of the concentrator is to collect traffic from a number of individual subscriber circuits. This traffic is passed via Time Division Multiplexed high-speed links (TDM) to the exchange. These TDMs, which consist of time division multiplexed streams (64Kbps), also transfer traffic between the DCC and one of the multiplexors (RMX). The multiplexors (RMX and DMX) connect several suscriber lines either directly to the DSE or to the DCC which passes traffic to the DSE. Between the RMX and the DMX and the Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), the Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE) is located in the subscribers premises. It primarily provides the standardized interface between the DTE and the network. Lastly, the DTE, which consists of a printer or alphanumeric visual display terminal or a computer, provides the subscriber with data reception facilities.
DSE TDM
D C C
TDM
R M X
DCE
DTE
SSC
D M X
DCE
Figure 1. The Nordic Public Data Network
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Vocabulary clear-down (n) concentrator (n) interconnect (v) monitor (v) primarily (adv) route (n/v) s gii phng, s xo b b tp trung ni vi nhau gim st ch yu, ban u nh tuyn
trung tm dch v c bit special service center (np) dng, lung stream (n) b sung supplement (v) ng b, theo cc hng synchronous (a) time division multiplexed high ng truyn tc cao ghp knh phn chia thi gian speed link (np)
Task 1. Match the components with their appropriate functions. Some components have more than one function. Components 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DCC RMX/DMX DSE DCE SSC TDM DTE NPDN Functions a. introduction of new facilities b. provision of data reception facilities c. collection of traffic from subscriber circuits d. connection of subscriber lines e. transfer of traffic f. control of set-up and clear-down g. provision of interface between DTE and network h. monitoring of network connections and functions i. provision of a means of synchronous data transmission. Task 2: Answer the following questions about the text. 1. What is the basic purpose of NPDN? ................................................................................................................................... 2. What is the capability of the DSE? ................................................................................................................................... 3. What does the NPDN consist of? ...................................................................................................................................
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4. Where is the DCE located? ....................................................................................................................... 5. What does the DTE consist of? ........................................................................................................................... Task 3: Decide if the following statements are True(T) or False(F). 1. Public Data Networks (PDN) can avoid the limitations of speed of transmission over the switched public telephone because they are designed to monitor the set-up and clear-down of data calls. 2. PDN consists of some components such as DSE, DCC, DCE which are interconnected. 3. The TDM high-speed links can transfer traffic between a concentrator and multiplexors. 4. The DCE is located in the subscribers place. 5. The traffic is passed to the DSE from the DCC.
Task 4. Below are some of the facilities a subscriber in the Nordic Public Data Network
can have. Match them with the appropriate descriptions. Facilities Description
1. Abbreviated address call a. On dialling, the subscriber is always connected to a pre-determined number 2. Direct call 3. Closed user group 4. Outgoing calls barred 5. Group number 6. Connect when free 7. Charge advice Answer: 12b. The same number is used for several equivalent terminals. The connection is made to a free terminal c. A number of subscribers are protected against calls from subscribers outside the group d. The subscriber cannot call other subscribers e. The subscriber uses only 2-digit numbers for a limited number of other subscribers. f. The subscriber is informed of the cost of a call on completion of a call. g. A call to an engaged connection is put in a queue and established when it becomes free. 34567-
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Task 5. Translate the first paragraph starting 'Public Data Networks ... into Vietnamese. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ........ ....... Task 6. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Tng i chuyn mch d liu c kt ni vi mt b tp trung chuyn mch d liu. ....... 2. Thit b d liu u cui l mt thit b bao gm mt my in hay b thit b u cui hin th ch- s hay mt my tnh. ....... 3. Gi trc tip c th c m t l khi quay s, thu bao thng c kt ni vi mt s in thoi c xc nh trc ................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................... 4. Khi b kha cuc gi th thu bao khng th gi cho cc thu bao khc c. ................................................................................................................................................ 5. Chc nng ca ng truyn ghp knh phn chia thi gian l chuyn tip lu lng in thoi gia b tp trung mch s liu v mt trong cc b ghp knh. ................................................................................................................................................ ...............................................................................................................................................
Presentation 1.
relative clauses
Study these sentences. A. The sampling rate is determined by using Shannons Theory which states that the sampling frequency must be double the maximum frequency of the signal.
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B. Many large companies, or groups working on the same site, are being faced with the choice of continuing with their own PABXs, which may be electromechanical or electronic, or of installing a LAN. The clauses in bold modify the noun or noun phrase preceeding them in the main clauses. In sentence A, the sub-clause modifies Shannons Theory while in sentence B, the sub-clause modifies PABXs. Thus, they are called Relative Clauses or Adjective Clauses. In ESP documents, Relative Clauses are widely used as they help make the sentences more conscise and the content more comprehensible.
In Relative Clauses, the relative pronouns are who, which and that. Who is used for
people and which for things. That can be used for both people and things. These pronouns can function as subjects or objects in the clauses. E.g. This was confirmed by Shannon who/ that developed a theory which states a Subj. formula for finding the correct sampling frequency. The digital camera which/ that I bought the other day is a Sony Cyber-Shot. Obj. In case who, which and that are used as the object of a preposition, the preposition can preceed who and which, or end the sub clause. However, the former way is more preferable in ESP. E.g. The principles of these two types of switching are illustrated in the following figures in which we follow the speech paths of two subscribers through a small exchange = The principles of these two types of switching are illustrated in the following figures which we follow the speech paths of two subscribers through a small exchange in Other pronouns, such as whose (for possession), when (for time), where (for place) are also used in Relative Clauses, but not commonly in ESP. Relative Clauses are usually of two kinds; Defining and Non-defining Clauses.
Defining Relative Clauses Defining clauses give important information which denotes exactly what is being referred to. In many cases, the main clause does not make full sense without the sub clause. E.g. The conventional electronical communications services are based on the telephone and the telegraph systems which independently run through the utilization of the subscriber telephone network and telegraph relay switching network. In the early 1970s Britain launched its Prestel system which is now offered as a regular service by British Telecom.
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Non-defining Relative Clauses Non-defining relative clauses add extra information. They are separated by commas in writing and by a pause in speaking. We could miss out the relative clause and the meaning would still be clear. E.g. Northern Telecom Ltd. and Mitel Corp., which are two Canadian manufacturers, captured 28% of the 2.8 billion- dollar market in BPX systems sold in the US in 1983. N.B. - That cannot be used to introduce a non-defining clause. - A relative clause introduced by which may modify the idea of the whole preceding clause. E.g. Optical fibres are smaller, lighter and easier to install than coaxial cables, which is perfect for an office environment. In this sentence the word which refers to the whole preceeding clause, Optical fibres are smaller, lighter and easier to install than coaxial cables. PRACTICE Ex.1. Underline Relative Clauses in the following sentences and state whether they are defining (D) or non- defining (Non-D) clauses. 1. The growing need for data communication is reflected in the number of modems installed, which has recently increased at a rate of 30% per annum. 2. The concept of the wired city in which any one can instantly talk to almost anyone else by using the telephone or some other form of electronic device has become a reality in countries such as these. 3. A technician who wants to move up to Junior Engineer will have to attend in-house training at one of the 13 Telecoms Training Centers. 4. Each industrial location is connected to the station via high-speed data switches which also provide facilities for interconnecting other regions and other multi-service networks. 5. Business users, who often have their own powerful data processing resources, frequently require more sophisticated services which cover a variety of uses. Ex.2. Now join these pairs of sentences, using Relative Pronouns. 1. a. The switching matrix consists of a number of connection points. b. The connection points are made up of a horizontal and a vertical wire joined by a relay. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 2. a. Two types of switching equipment predominate in Sweden.
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b. These two types are crossbar equipment and digital system. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 3. a. This technique appears to be very attractive. b. A lot of money has been invested in this technique. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 4. a. The first rotary switch was invented by Almon Strowger. b. This switch is still in use today. c. Strowger was an undertaker in Kansas City. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 5. a. The analogue signals are transmitted to the exchange. b. The analogue signals are in the 300-3400 Hz range. c. And these signals are sampled using PAM. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................
Presentation 2.
expressing contrasting ideas
Study these sentences. A. In the century since the birth of the telephone, the world telecommunications network has evolved both in size, slowly at first and then with astonishing speed, and in the techniques used to transmit information. The development has, however, been very uneven for, by 1983, three quarters of the total number of telephone sets had been installed in just nine countries. B. In contrast to LAN suppliers, the effort of PABX suppliers has been placed, for the main part, on replacing electromechanical systems with modern, electronic PABXs where the customers requirements have been almost exclusive for voice-only systems. It can be easily noticed in sentences A and B with words/ phrases in bold that there is a sharp difference between the two clauses in one sentence, or between the two successive sentences. In detail, sentence A points out that the development of the world telecommunications network is uneven, though such development is fast (from the previous sentence). Sentence B distinguishes LAN suppliers from PABX suppliers.
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Various words/ phrases can be used to contrast ideas, differentiate states. Below are the most common ones. Notice the use of commas in the sentences. But But is a conjunction which contrasts in one sentence. E.g. At the beginning of 1982 the USSR was estimated to have had 25 million telephone sets, but East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia had just over 3 million each. However, nevertheless, in contrast, on the other hand However is a conjunction which is used to express contrast in formal speech or writing. It is most commonly used at the beginning of a sentence but it can also come in the middle or at the end. E.g. - However, these PAM pulses are not transmitted directly over lines since they would become distorted. = These PAM pulses , however, are not transmitted directly over lines since they would become distorted. = These PAM pulses are not transmitted directly over lines since they would become distorted, however. In contrast, on the other hand are most commonly used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. E.g. - Prestels data banks are owned by British Telecom. In contrast, Teletel is open to independent companies. - Teletel provides electronic mail facilities. Prestel, on the other hand, has been slow in offering this service to the general public.
While/ whereas While and whereas are used in formal speech and writing. They compare two facts and emphasize the difference between them. E.g. Two Canadian manufacturers, Northern Telecom Ltd and Mittel corp., will capture 28% of the 2.8 billion dollar market in PBX systems sold in the US in 1983 while Japanese and European countries will grab an additional 22%.
PRACTICE Use these words: different, unlike, in contrast, however, on the other hand, but, while, whereas to complete the following sentences.
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1. Videotext has an interactive capability. _________, Teletext simply provides
information
2. Teletext is _________ from Telex in that it is faster and offers more services. 3. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) give less powerful signals but are much cheaper and
last longer. Lasers, ________ , produce light of a closely-defined wavelength and suitable for monomode fibres.
4. Telidon offers more sophisticated graphics. Prestel, ________, has the advantage of
several years operating experience.

5. British Telecom, ________ many other associations, has discontinued its telegram
service.
6. Many developed countries are now introducing electronic telex switching networks.
________, some less developed countries have no telex networks at all.

7. Investment priorities in the Third World are focused on telephone sets _______
priorities in the industrialized world are concentrated on all the telecommunication services.
8. For links with Japan, telephone and text transmissions are essential. ______ , the
facsimile transmission of plans, diagrams and Japanese character is equally important.

9. In 1982, there were almost 2,400,000 telephones in India _____ the population by
then was over 700 million. 10. _______ most Videotex services can use the existing analogue network, business users frequently require more sophisticated services which cover a variety of uses.
Unit three
Public Communications Network

Read the passage do the following tasks.
The communications network can be roughly defined as an information transferring system. Currently available electronical communications networks for processing various types of information include a telephone network, telegraph network, and data communications network. In addition, the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a network capable of processing the above integratedly. In the perspective of call types or services, the communications networks can be classified into a public communications network, dedicated communications network and mobile communications network. Also,
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based on the range of communications services offered, the communications networks can be further classified into an intra communications network, local communications network, toll communications network, and international communications network. The instant communications network and dash communications network are available if we classify them in terms of switching processing. As in the above, the communications networks can be classified further according to the needs and requirements of the users. Basically, the communications network consists of a switching system for designating call connection paths according to the subscribers requests and a transmission system for transferring call information to the destinations. It should basically meet the following conditions: 1) It should be capable of connecting calls made by the originating subscribers registered in the system to all the terminating subscribers at any time or pre-set times. 2) It should be capable of meeting the transmission requirements and characteristics. 3) The numbers for designating terminating subscribers should be standardized. 4) It should be capable of carrying out accurate and highly reliable communications. 5) It should have a rational billing system. 6) Its operation should be economical and flexible. To realize the above, the switching system network should be designed and then, set up adequately by considering call quality, call processing capacity, and installation and operation cost, and the relationship between the transmission system and switching system. The above mentioned items can be summarized as call connection and transmission criterial, numbering plan, reliability and billing system. Vocabulary define (v) integratedly (adv) ISDN register (v) reliability (n) requirement (n) standardized (a) terminating subscriber (np) transmission criterial (np) nh ngha t hp, tch hp mng s a dch v ng k tin cy yu cu c chun ho thu bao b gi tiu ch truyn dn
Task 1: Answer the following questions. 1. According to the text, what is the ISDN ? ................................................................................................................................... 2. How many ways are used to classify networks from a communication network?
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................................................................................................................................... 3. What should the operation of the communications network be like? ............................................................................................................................... 4. What should be considered when switching system networks are designed and set up? ................................................................................................................................... Task 2: What do these words in italics in these sentences mean ? 1. The communications network can be roughly defined as an information ......... a. definitely b. totally c. approximately
2. ............ the communications networks can be classified into............. a. divided b. laid out c. presented
3. Basically, the communications network consists of ................. a. makes up of b. includes c. covers
4. ............. set up adequately by considering call quality................ a. correctly b. exactly c. fully
5. The above mentioned items can be summarized ................. a. referred to b. talked about c. considered
Task 3: Fill in the blanks with suitable missing words. The switching system network should be ____________ and then, set up adequately by considering call quality, call processing capacity, and ____________ and operation cost, and the relationship between the ___________ system and switching system. The above mentioned items can be _____________ as call connection and transmission criterial, numbering plan, reliability and ____________ system. Task 4: Translate the paragraph starting The telecommunications networks ........... destination into Vietnamese. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ....................... Task 5: Translate these sentences into English
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1. Nu cn thit th mt mng ni ht m bao gm mt hoc hai h thng chuyn mch c th c thit lp. ................................................................................................................................... 2. p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca vic truyn s liu v cc dch v in thoi mi, ngi ta pht trin v thc hin cc dch v chuyn mch s liu k thut s. ............................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 3. Mng d liu chuyn mch c s dng ni cc ng dy thng tin t cc bn gi n cc bn nhn v sau thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia cc bn vi nhau. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................

Presentation 1.
gerunds (V-ing form)
Study this sentence. To realize the above, the switching system network should be designed and then, set up adequately by considering call quality, call processing capacity, and installation and operation cost, and the relationship between the transmission system and switching system. All the words in bold are called Gerund for they are verbs but behave like nouns. They are formed by adding -ing to the verb base. They can function in four cases as follows. As the subject of a clause or a sentence E.g. Radio-paging would be very useful within the plant, and from the warehouse to distribution vehicles. As the object of a clause or a sentence E.g. French telecoms researchers began exploring the subject of electronic switchingin mid- 1960s. After certain verbs * After verbs expressing likes and dislikes such as: like, love, enjoy, fancy, dislike, hate, detest... * After other verbs such as: admit, avoid, deny, finish, forgive , give up, keep, put off, suggest... After prepositions * After most prepositions in reduced clauses
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E.g. After leaving the discriminator, the separated audio and video signals are sent to another unit called the Radio Frequency Modulator. * After adjective + preposition combinations such as: nervous/ worried about bad/good/clever/skilled at sorry/responsible for expert /interested in capable/afraid/frightened/terrified of bored with
E.g. She was interested in applying for the job as a telephone operator. * After verb + preposition combinations such as: apologize for, get used to, consist of, insist on, look forward to, succeed in ...
PRACTICE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form and translate the sentences. 1. Instead of (travel) .to meetings, executives can speak to and watch one another on a TV link without (leave) their office. 2. Further copies can be made by (reprint) the message from the memory in the local mode. 3. Swedish Space Coperation (SSC) is responsible for (maintain) links with industry. 4. The International Programme for Telecommunications Management also deal with (plan) and (programme) .. for future network growth. 5. The (launch) of the first satellite by the Russians in 1957 began the space race. 6. A satellite represents a relatively cheap way of (transmit). information over long distances. 7. (Link) .. up the customers through a series of computer systems to US-based airline computers may seem technically advanced. 8. One link can be used for (signal) many simultaneous transactions and hence is called a common channel. 9. French domestic satellite systems would also be capable of (handle) .. high speed facsimile as well as (contain) a number of telephone channels. 10. After a period of theoretical instruction in E10 design, engineering, administration and maintenaice, the Indian engineers will be assisted by French experts in (apply)..their knowledge to their everyday work.
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Presentation 2.
expressing concession
Relationships between ideas, usually expressed in clauses or phrases, can vary from cause and effect, purposes, time relationship, etc. to concession or opposition. Below are some common conjunctions and phrases that begin a sub clause or a phrase to express unexpected results in two-clause sentences. Notice the position of these sub clauses and the comma used to separate them from the main clauses. Although/ though E.g. Although Chief Executive Barry Douglas has not been in charge for long, there has already been a dramatic upturn. There has already been a dramatic upturn although Chief Executive Barry Douglas has not been in charge for long. Even though is a conjunction which is often used in informal speech instead of although. It puts greater emphasis on the concession between the ideas . Despite/ in spite of * Despite + Noun or Gerund E.g. Despite/ In spite of remarkable losses, the director still managed to reduce production cost. * Despite the fact (that) + clause E.g. Despite/ In spite of the fact that Chief Executive Barry Douglas has not been in charge for long, there has already been a dramatic upturn. N.B. It is only correct to use despite + V-ing when the subject of the Ving form is the same as the subject of the verb in the main clause. E.g. Despite speaking more slowly, I still couldnt understand him. (wrong) (correct) Despite speaking more slowly, he still couldnt make me understand him.
PRACTICE
Ex.1. Rewrite these sentences using the words in the brackets. 1. Despite her using the telephone, she still doesnt know that her speech is broken up into small batches of time. (although) ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 2. Mary got the job as a telephonist even though she didnt expect to. (in spite of) ................................................................................................................................... 3. In spite of not knowing her full name, he managed to search for her telephone number in the telephone directory. (although)
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............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 4. Although most developing countries attach a high priority to telephone networks, they lack money to buy large numbers of multi-million dollar switches. (in spite of) ................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... 5. Although there is a development towards ISDN, a number of specialized networks will have to live side by side for many years to come. (despite) .......................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................
Unit four
Electronic Exchanges
Most of the worlds telephone traffic is still handled by exchanges of electromechanical design, each with thousands of wear-prone exposed moving parts. Analogue exchanges of this type are costly to install and maintain, and are subject to familiar faults such as crossed lines, noise and wrong numbers. Many of the worlds telecommunications administrations have explored other digital solutions. They are designing networks that offer a much higher quality of service than before, using the latest microchip technology with few or no moving parts; less interference than previously; lower installation and maintenance costs; and much faster connection speed for calls and fewer wrong numbers than in the past. The main characteristics of a digital exchange are: 1. Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching. Speech and other signals are digitally encoded and a common method of time division multiplexing is used in both transmission and switching equipment. The main advantage of this system is that the transmission loss encountered by speech becomes more or less independent of both distance and the number of exchanges through which a call is routed. 2. Stored Program Control (SPC) is the application of data processing and computer techniques to an exchange, thus providing a powerful, flexible method of controlling the operation of the exchange.
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3. Common Channel Signalling (CCS) uses just one (go and return) pair of signalling channels, not directly associated with the traffic circuits, for performing all the signalling functions of an entire route which may contain several hundred traffic circuits. 4. Microelectronics technology is the application of solid-state semi-conductor technology to provide components which range in function from a single active element (e.g. a transistor) to large scale integrated circuits. Use of this technology offers small physical size and reliability together with automated design, manufacture and testing. The components are fixed onto printed circuit boards, and if there is a fault, the defective printed circuit board can be taken out and replaced by another in a matter of seconds.
Vocabulary associated (a) circuit board (nph ) decode (v) defective (a) encode (v) fix (v) integrated (adj) single active element (np) transistor (n) wear-prone (n) kt hp bng mch in gii m b li, c li m ho gn, ci t t hp, tch hp phn t kch hot n my bn dn d hng, d mn
Task 1. Fill in the blanks below to compare the difference between eletromechanical exchange and digital exchange.
Classification Transmission type Installation Maintenance Technical comments
Electromechanical exchange analogue transmission a b. high maintenance cost c.................... d. crossed lines e.................... f. rigidity of design g. wrong numbers h........................
Digital exchange digital transmission and switching a. lower installation cost b. c. reliability and easy replacement d.................... e. less interference than prevously f..................... g.................... h. much higher connection speed
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Task 2. Match each of the headings (1-4) with one set of functions (a-d). 1. Stored Program Control a. The application of solid-state semi- conductors to provide greater reliability, smaller size and automated design. b. The application of data-programming techniques to an exchange, providing greater control and flexibility in the operation of an exchange c. The use of one pair of channels not directly associated with the traffic circuits, to perform all signalling functions on a complete route. d. Speech and other signals are digitally encoded and a common method of time-division multiplexing is used. 234-
2. Common Channel Signalling 3. Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching 4. Microelectronics Technology
Answer:
1-
Task 3. Answer the following questions about the passage. 1. What exchanges have thousands of wear-prone exposed moving parts? ................................................................................................................................... 2. What are the disadvantages of analogue exchanges? ................................................................................................................................... 3. What kind of networks are many of the worlds telecommunications administrations designing? ................................................................................................................................... 4. How many main characteristics does a digital exchange have? ................................................................................................................................... 5. What does CCS stand for? ................................................................................................................................... Task 4. Decide if the following statements are True (T) or False (F) or No Information (NI). 1. An electromechanical exchange is a switching centre and the design of which is based on thousands of moving parts. 2. A digital exchange is an exchange which uses a pair of signalling channels. 3. Analogue transmission is a system in which a varying electrical current transmits the callers voice pattern.
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4. A call which is correctly routed is a wrong number. 5. During a telephone conversation, you hear another conversation at the same time, and this is called a crossed line. Task 5. Translate into Vietnamese the paragraphs from The main charateristics of a digital exchange are ........... to the end of the passage. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... Task 6. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Vic s dng cng ngh vi mch in t cho ta kch thc vt l nh v tin cy cngvi vic thit k sn xut v th nghim c t ng ho. ............................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... . 2. Cng ngh vi mch l mt trong nhng pht minh ln ca nhn loi trong lnh vc in t th k 20. ............................................................................................................................................... ........... 3. Trong h thng Kim sot Chng trnh Lu tr (SPC), phn chuyn mch bao gm cc dy dn v cc mi tip xc. ............................................................................................................................................... ........... 4. Phn ny cng cha cc mch thc hin cc chc nng in thoi n gin. ............................................................................................................................................... 5. K thut c in c p dng cho chuyn mch, cn k thut in t c dng cho phn iu khin ca h thng ny. .......
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Presentation 1.
comparisons of adjectives
1. Equality level as + adj + as not as/so + adj + as E.g. The crossbars were not as noisy as Strowger. The number of telephones in the UK is as large as in France.
2. Comparative level Comparatives show how two things are different. The form of the comparatives depends on how many syllables the adjective has. Type of Adjectives Adjectives with one syllable (short adjectives) Adjectives with two or more syllables (long adjectives) Adjectives ending in - y This mobile phone is easier to use than that one. Irregular adjectives Our digital switching centre is better than theirs. The door-to-door service for customers at Stella Co. now is worse than (the service) before. adj-y i + er + than good better adj worse far father/further little less much/many more few fewer The new type of exchange is more more + long adj + than convenient than the old one. less + .. Examples Rules
The number of channels is greater short adj + er + than than the number of repeaters.
3. Superlative level Superlatives are used to compare three or more people or things. The form of superlatives depends on how many syllables the adjective has.
Type of Adjectives Adjectives with onesyllable (short adjectives)
Example That chip carries the smallest electrical circuit.
Rule the + short adj + est
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Adjectives with two or more than two syllables (long adjectives) Adjectives ending in - y Irregular adjectives
Maximo is the most intelligent robot in our lab. D 00208 is the noisiest motor that we are having. The best digital switching centres have a lot of advantages. The present after-sale service for customers in their company is the worst so far.
the most + long adj the least + .. the + adj-yi + est good the best bad the worst far the farthest/ the furthest little the least much/many the most
PRACTICE Ex.1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives in the brackets. 1. In my opinion, Bell is .. inventor of all time. 2. A Strowger exchange is. crossbar central office. 3. A Stronger exchange is not .crossbar. 4. Viettel does not have .subscribers .VinaPhone. 5. Bell made a lot of inventions, but telephone was... (great) (noisy) (reliable) (many) (important)
6. Before inventing the automatic exchange, Strowger found that his business became (profitable) 7. A digital exchange is..a crossbar one. Ex.2. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. in thoi l pht minh quan trng nht ca ng Bell. ...... 2. Lp t mt tng i c in t th t hn lp t mt tng i k thut s. ... ... 3. Tc kt ni ca tng i c in t khng cao bng tc kt ni ca tng i k thut s. (fast)
Presentation 2.
PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE
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A. Strowger's automatic exchanges underwent several modifications. B. The principle has remained the same ever since. In sentence A, the action took place in the past and is now finished. In sentence B, ever since links the past to the present. Hence, the verb in A is formed in the Past Simple while the verb in B is in the Present Perfect. The Present Perfect always connects the past to the present whereas the Past Simple tells us only about the past. Lets compare: We use the Present Perfect We use the Past Simple a. to talk about something which started to talk about something which started and in the past and continues up to the finished in the past. present. These electromechanical exchanges were These electromechanical exchanges in use for 5 years. have been in use for 5 years. (They are still in use now) (They are not in use now) b. when the result of a past action is when the result of a past action is not connected to the present. connected to the present. The man has lost his mobile phone. (He hasnt got it now) c. to talk about an indefinite time up to the present. They have never used this service before. PRACTICE Ex.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. In some cases, both the Present Perfect and Past Simple are possible. 1. Bell..the first words on the phone in 1875. 2. Over the last few years, electromechanical exchanges to disappear. 3. It ..necessary to find a way to link up subscribers. 4. Computers .commercially for the first time in the 1950s. 5. In the early exchanges, all calls .through the operator. (speak) (begin) (become) (be sold) (go) The man lost his mobile phone, but he has found it now. when we say about a definite past time. They used this service 2 years ago.
6. Bell . to experiment with ways in which people could communicate over long distances. (begin) 7. With digital techniques, telephone exchanges.another great change. 8. Strowger .for his idea in 1889. (undergo) (patent) (become)
9. Not long ago it ..possible to make telephone calls across the Atlantic Ocean.
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10.The operator always .calls for Strowger to other undertakers. Ex.2. Use the words given to build up complete sentences. 1. There / be / great / increase / number / subscribers / during / last ten years /.
(connect)
....................... 2. Teletel computer center / Velizy / use / modular minicomputer system / handle / both / switching / database function /. ... ................................... 3. Centre / be design / handle / 300 / simultaneous call / 2.500 subscribers /. ............................................................................................................................................... 4. Number / subscribers / be protected / calls / subscribers / outside / group /. ............................................................................................................................................... 5. Subscriber circuit / consist / telephone / set / customers premises / cable pair /. ..............................................................................................................................................
unit five
Transmission Systems
Part I. Reading Comprehension

Many different transmission systems are used in telecommunications technology. Transmission on open-wire lines was the earliest method used for telephone traffic, and this method is still used in the local networks of many countries. Nowadays, due to the demands on operating reliability, local networks are built up using aerial or underground cables. Between the subscriber and the local exchange, two-wire circuits are used, often placed in symmetric cable pairs. Between the local and transit exchanges either two or four-wire circuits are used. On longer routes, it may be advantageous to use PCM on coaxial cables. These cables are also used for FDM systems transmitting up to 10,800 telephone channels. At regular intervals along the coaxial line, line amplifiers are provided; these are mounted in underground housings and are called intermediate repeaters. In principle, the greater the number of channels is transmitted, the larger the number of repeaters is required.
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Since 1965, satellites have become increasingly important for long distance communication, especially across the oceans. In principle, the satellite operates as an intermediate repeater; signals are received, amplified and transmitted to the ground station on the receive side. Satellites use the same frequency band as radio relay systems. Radio relay links operate with line in sight between the send and receive stations. In principle, the greater the diameter of the parabola in relation to the wavelength is, the higher the degree of directivity becomes. In terminal repeater stations, situated in ground stations and transit exchanges, speech signals are modulated and combined before transmission. Each separate conversation is shifted to a significantly higher frequency range. This is done in a number of steps. First, by selecting suitable modulation frequencies, the conversations can be placed next to each other along the frequency axis. Then, they are transmitted as a group to the receive side where a similar station demodulates the signals and extracts the various conversations before they are transmitted in two or four- wire circuits to another transit exchange. Vocabulary aerial cable (n) amplify (v) axis (n) demodulate (v) diameter (n) directivity (n) extract (v) interval (n) open-wire line(np) radio relay link (n) repeater (n) significantly(adv) wavelength (n) cp treo khuych i trc iu ch, iu tit ng knh nh hng tch ra khong cch ng dy trn v tuyn chuyn tip b lp quan trng, ng k, y n tng bc sng
with line in sight (n) trong tm nhn thng Task 1. Answer the following questions about the text. 1. Why are local networks built up using cables rather than open wire lines? ...................................................................................................................................
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2. What types of cables are used for FDM systems which transmit up to 10,800 telephone channels? ................................................................................................................................... 3. What is another term for intermediate repeaters? ................................................................................................................................... 4. What are the three functions of a satellite? ................................................................................................................................... Task 2. Choose the best answer to fill in the blank in each sentence below. 1. Transmission on open-wire lines ........................... A. was the earliest method used for telephone traffic. B. is used in technology industry. C. is not used in the local networks of many countries. D. use aerial or underground cable. 2. Two-wire circuits are used ............................ A. between the subscriber and transit exchanges B. between the subscriber and the local exchanges C. in symmetric cable pairs D. between the local exchanges 3. It is suggested that PCM is used ...................... A. to transmit up to 10,800 telephone channels B. for FDM systems C. on longer routes on coaxial cable D. because it is good 4. Intermediate repeaters are the other names of ..................... A. underground housing B. regular intervals C. satellites D. line amplifiers 5. When the diameter of the parabola in relation to the wavelength is greater, .................. A. the radio relay has higher degree B. it is easier for directivity C. the degree is higher D. the degree of directivity is lower Task 3. Decide if the following statements are True, False or No Information. 1. Transmission systems are used differently in telecommunications technology in many countries.
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2. Aerial or underground cable is used in the local networks to avoid danger. 3. Coaxial cables are capable of transmitting FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex) systems to telephone channels. 4. Satellites started to become important for long distance communication in 1965. 5. The terminal repeater stations are situated in ground stations. Task 4. Translate the first two paragraphs into Vietnamese. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... Task 5. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Cc linh kin in t c sn xut ti Nht bn v chuyn ti cng Leyport. T , chng c a thng ti nh my lp rp t ti vng ngoi ca thnh ph. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... 2. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhng tin b vt bc trong lnh vc vin thng m ng cho vic gii thiu nhng loi hnh dch v mi v c ci tin. ............................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 3. Nh c cc v tinh vin thng m cc bui truyn hnh giao lu trc tip gia cc a phng khc nhau c th thc hin c. ............................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 4. nhng nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, h truyn dn lu lng in thoi bng dy trn vn cn rt ph bin. ............................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 5. B lp trung gian c lp t dc theo ng cp ng trc khuych i ng dy ny.......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................
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Presentation 1.
REDUCED adjectIVE CLAUSES
Study these sentences. Transmission on open-wire lines was the earliest method used for telephone traffic. = Transmission on open-wire lines was the earliest method (which is) used for telephone traffic. Between the subscriber and the local exchange, two-wire circuits are used, (which are) often placed in symmetric cable pairs. The adjective phrases in bold are initially Adjectives Clauses, which have been reduced/ shortened to make the sentences more concise, more of scientific style. Reduced Adjective Clauses are usually of two types as follows: Active adjective clauses: The active adjective clause starting with who, which, that can be replaced by a Present Participle (V+ ing) of the main verb in that clause. E.g. The subscribers who choose this service do not have to pay for the installation. The subscribers choosing this service do not have to pay for the installation
Users are men or machines which receive information recovered from the receiver. Users are men or machines receiving information recovered from the receiver. Passive adjective clauses: The passive adjective clause starting with who, which, that can be replaced by a Past Participle (PII) of the main verb in that clause. E.g. The customers who are served with this service are often pleased. The customers served with this service are often pleased. These services can be accessed through software which are installed outside the geographical area of test. These services can be accessed through software installed outside the geographical area of test. * Note: It is necessary to distinguish between the regular verbs in Simple Past Tense or in reduced form. E.g. In 1892, three years after patenting his ideas, Almon B. Strowger saw his system installed at La Porte, Indiana. (reduced form)
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The university installed a LAN on the campus about 10 years ago. (Simple Past) PRACTICE Ex.1. Underline the reduced adjective phrases in these sentences and state what type they are of. 1. In terminal repeater stations, situated in ground stations and transit exchanges, speech signals are modulated and combined before transmission. 2. These cables are also used for FDM systems transmitting up to 10,800 telephone channels. 3. Teletex is an international service enabling subscribers to exchange correspondence on an automatic memory-to-memory basis. 4. The main advantage of this system is that the transmission loss encountered by speech becomes more or less independent of both distance and the number of exchanges through which a call is routed. 5. The technique used in this exchange is known as space division switching. Ex.2. Rewrite the following sentences, using a Present Participle or a Past Participle to begin the adjective phrases. 1. Machine-run-information-announcement service is characterized by the machine which acts as information source and by men who serve as users. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... 2. The communications which are carried out through the interface between men and machines, and between machines are expected to become more popular. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... 3. The conventional electronically communications services are based on the telephone and the telegraph systems which independently run through the utilization of the subscriber telephone network and telegraph relay switching network. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... 4. Transmitter is a device or an equipment for converting information which is generated into signals that are transferred via a transmission line. ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................
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5. The main role of the center is to act as an interface for the user, enabling him or her to get into contact with the exact service which is required. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... 6. The center has been designed to handle 300 simultaneous calls which are made from the 2,500 subscribers. ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................
Presentation 2.
DOUBLE COMPARATIVES

In principle, the greater the diameter of the parabola in relation to the wavelength is, the higher the degree of directivity becomes. In principle, the greater the number of channels is transmitted, the larger the number of repeaters is required. The phrases in bold show the consequential relationship between the two clauses in a sentence, which is expressed in a form of comparison called Double Comparative. Form:
[The + (comp.) Adj/Adv + S1 + V1, the + (com.) Adj/Adv + S1 + V2 clause 2]

E.g.
Number of channels
The greater the number of channels is, the larger the number of repeaters becomes.
Number of repeater Diameter of parabola wavelength
The greater the diameter of parabola in relation to the wavelength is, the higher the degree of directivity gets.
Degree of directivity
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Note that when talking about degree or frequency we normally use higher or lower to modify it.
PRACTICE
Make similar sentences for the following relationships.

Frequency
a. ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................

Number of samples/sec (per second)
Number of channels
b. ....................................................................... ....................................................................... .......................................................................
Cost of transmission Degree of network digitalization
c. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
Degree of automation
Number of exchanges
d. ........................................................................... ............................................................................ ............................................................................

Number of manual operators
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Unit six
Radio Communications

Communicating by radio is a method of sending or receiving sounds, pictures and data through the air by means of electro-magnetic waves. We use the airwaves for many purposes: broadcasting most of local and national radio and TV stations, in our mobile radio and telephone services, and communicating on global scale through distant satellites, which act as a kind of reflector in the sky, redirecting the information we send up to them. Another important use of this means of communicating is in shipping. A ship that is in difficulty can call the nearest coast station, giving details of its situation and, if necessary, ask for help. We call this ship-to-shore radio. Radio can ensure greater safety in navigation (for example, to warn of bad weather or of hazards in shipping lanes) and it enables large amounts of information to be sent over land or water without the support of several hundred kilometers of wires and cables. Radio network can, therefore, be cheaper to install but often have fewer circuits than cable links. Radar systems also enable airtraffic controllers to follow and guide the flight paths of planes from take-off to landing. Radio-paging systems enable us to be contacted even though we do not have a telephone within easy reach. It is a way of letting us know that something important has just happened and that we must act quickly. The system works through a pager or bleeper, a small receiver about the size of a packet of cigarettes, which you can keep in your pocket. When people want to contact you, they simply pick up the nearest telephone, dial your personal paging number free of charge, and wherever you are in the coverage area, your pager will bleep. (You must, however, be above, not below ground level, for the signal will not get through if you are underground.) The bleeping informs you that someone is calling you. You can identify up to four callers on some types of equipment. The most modern type of radio-pager displays the number of the telephone the caller is ringing from. The main advantage of radio-paging is that you can be contacted wherever you are, even though you may be a long way from a telephone set.
Vocabulary
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broadcast ( v) coverage area (np) navigation (n) pager (n) radio-paging (n) reflector (n) ship-to-shore radio (np) within easy reach
pht thanh, pht sng vng ph sng hng hi, s i bin my nhn tin nhn tin v tuyn b phn x lin lc v tuyn tu b trong tm tay
Task 1: Read the text and answer the following questions. 1. How does the text define radio communication?
................................................................................................................................... 2. What examples does the text give of radio communications? ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 3. Why can radio networks be cheaper to install? ................................................................................................................................... 4. What equipment does the radio-paging user need? ................................................................................................................................... 5. Where does the user keep this equipment? ................................................................................................................................... 6. Where is it impossible for you to be contacted by radio? ................................................................................................................................... Task 2: What do these words in italics in these sentences mean ? 1. We use the airwaves for many purposes............. a. aims b. fields c. aspects 2. ........... which act as a kind of reflector in the sky.................. a. behave b. work c. play 3. .......... and it enables large amounts of information to be sent over land .... a. makes way b. allows c. lets 4. When people want to contact you,.............. a. reach b. get in touch with c. keep
5. The bleeping informs you that someone is calling you.
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a. tells
b. announces
c. indicates
Task 3: Decide whether the statements are True (T) or False (F). 1. Air waves are only used in broadcasting local and national radio and T.V stations. 2. In difficulty, a ship cannot contact the nearest coast station. 3. Radio network cannot be as expensive as cable links to install. 4. When youre called, the bleeper will give signals. 5. Radio-paging is advantageous because you can be reached wherever you are. Task 4: Translate the third paragraph starting from Another important use......... landing into Vietnamese. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................... Task 5: Translate the following sentences into English. 1. V tinh t xa ng vai tr nh mt b phn x trn bu tri nh hng li nhng thng tin m n nhn c. .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 2. H thng my nhn tin v tuyn vn hnh bng mt my nhn tin, l mt my thu c nh m ngi s dng c th b ti.
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... 3. Ngy nay, my nhn tin b in thoi di ng thay th hon ton.
.....................................................................................................................................
4. Tuy vy, vn c nhng ngi lu gi mt chc my nhn tin nh l mt vt k nim cho thi k u ca cng ngh truyn thng v tuyn.
..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................
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Task 6: Complete the description of the following flow chart by putting the verb in brackets into the correct form ( ____ ) and inserting an appropriate preposition ( ) Component manufacture in Japan ship Technical support services
Training
Leyport Costerutsi truck Assembly in Leyport truck
Marketing
Technical support services
Warehouse in Leyport
Dealers
Customers
The components ________(manufacture) in Japan and ________(ship) to Leyport docks. From here, they ________( transport ) directly to our assembly plant Leyport. Three models ________ (assemble) .. the plant: the 75cc, 125cc and 150 cc motorcycles. When they_______(assemble), they _______(take) .. truck .. the warehouse the suburbs of Leyport . .. here they _______ (distribute) .dealers throughout the country. The technical support services department .. London is available to assist the assembly plant and to help dealers service problems. The training section, which _______(come) under the Personel, _______ (be) also available to train assembly workers. The marketing department ________(liaise) the dealer promotion campaigns .. public.
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PAST PARTICIPLE
Presentation 1.
Study these sentences. A. The main advantage of radio-paging is that you can be contacted wherever you are. B. It is a way of letting us know that something important has just happened. C. Owing to radio transmission, we can have large amounts of information sent over land or water to us. The verbs in bold are in Past Participle form. In sentences A and B, the verbs are part of the main clauses, while in sentence C, the verb is part of the adjective phrase. Lets consider the Past Participle from two aspects as follows: Form All English verbs, except the modal ones, have the Past Participle form (PII). They are grouped into two types in terms of form.
Regular verbs: V+ ED
The PII form of most of the regular verbs is created by adding ed to the verb infinitive. Still, there are cases when: + Verbs ending in e: + d E.g. E.g. to smoke smoked; to live lived; to dance danced. to study studied; to hurry hurried; to marry married + Verbs ending in y preceded by a consonant: y i +ed + Verbs ending by a consonant preceded by a single vowel, the consonant is doubled before adding ed. E.g. to stop stopped; to travel travelled; to knit knitted Irregular verbs: are formed in different ways, thus, should be learnt by heart. However, it is possible to group them as follows: + The Infinitive and the PII are identical. E.g. E.g. E.g. Use to put put; to hit hit; to cut cut to send sent; to build built; to lend lent to be been; to write written; to go gone + The last consonant is changed. + Other forms
Part of the passive voice:
be/get+ PII
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E.g.
The local network is divided into three parts to reduce the number of cables. The postcard usually gets delivered every morning.
Part of the perfect form:
have + PII
E.g. Satellites have become increasingly important for long distance communication since 1965. The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have now begun to disappear. Part of the reduced adjective clauses (ref. to Unit 5) E.g. Almon B. Strowger saw his system installed at La Porte, Indiana. Transmission on open-wire line was the earliest method used for telephone traffic. PII can also be used adjectives with either active or passive meanings E.g. The amplified signals are transmitted to the ground station. This system has been in use widely in developed countries. PRACTICE Underline and explain the use of the Past Participle in the following sentences. 1. The range covered by ground waves and space waves is limited. ..................................................................................................................................... 2. Advances in computer graphics have brought on the new era in the field of cartoon animation. ..................................................................................................................................... 3. Their networks require less cabling than the star networks of PABXs, and LANs offer distributed control rather than the very centralized systems provided by PABXs ..................................................................................................................................... 4. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is only in the last thirty or so years that their influence has affected our everyday life. ................................................................................................................................... 5. Fully realizing the dangerous damages possibly caused by Y2K, many governments and companies all over the world have set up detailed action plans and at the same time invested a large amount of money trying to find measures to prevent and overcome this problem. ............................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... 6. To meet the demand for high reliability, and provide services economically, the public network is being progressively upgraded. ..................................................................................................................................... (passive meaning) (active meaning)
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7. Consumers are still waiting for the widespread use of new services such as the video phone which was first demonstrated 30 years ago. ..................................................................................................................................... 8. Within the core network, a technique known as multiplexing is used so only a small number of physical connections are needed between each telephone exchange. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 9. Each analogue voice signal is sampled at a rate 8000 times a second, with some sample represented by eight bits of digital information. ..................................................................................................................................... 10. Communication network should be capable of connecting calls made by subscribers registered in the system to all the terminating subscribers. .....................................................................................................................................
Presentation 2.
PHRASAL VERBS
The facilities can be set up differently and have different levels of complexity according to the users requirements.
Communications carried out through the interface between men and machines, and between machines are expected to become more popular.
The network consists of a number of components which are interconnected.

The verbs in bold all have the same form: They are a combination of a verb and one (or more) adverb or preposition, without which the meaning of the verb will be different, even senseless in some cases. Therefore, they are called Phrasal Verbs, and the adverbs or prepositions such as in, off, out, etc. are termed Particles.
Phrasal Verbs are formed in some main structures:

Verbs are followed by a particle, and there is no object. E.g. As soon as one of the subscribers hangs up, the physical link is broken and the call is terminated. Verbs are followed by a particle and an object. E.g. The DTE consists of a printer or alphanumeric visual display terminal or a computer. Verbs are followed by an object and a particle. E.g. The DTE provides the subscriber with data reception facilities. Some phrasal verbs can be split and used in both forms. E.g. When reading a text in ESP you need a dictionary to look up new words.
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..
..
to look new words up.
Some verbs are followed by an adverb together with a preposition and an object. E.g. We are looking forward to the purchase of new photocopiers for all offices in the organization. Phrasal Verbs may have literal meanings and/ or non-literal meanings. However, meanings of Phrasal Verbs in ESP are mostly literal, i.e. meaning of the verb and that of the particle(s). Below are some common phrasal verbs given in the book. act as break sth into provide for result in PRACTICE Fill in the gap with the most appropriate phrasal verb given below. Be sure to put it in the right form. break sth up build up result in make up of hang up carry out base sth on set up consist of base sth on classify sth into link up sb/ sth hang up carry out connect sth/ sb to consist of convert sth into get into contact with get through pick up set up
1. The call ends just when one of the subscribers ............................. 2. Local networks are............................... using aerial or underground cable to meet the demand on operating reliability. 3. An electromechanical exchange is a switching centre and the design of which is............................ thousand moving parts. 4. The Nordic Public Data Network.........................components which are interconnected. 5. Communications network should be capable of ..........................accurate and highly reliable communications. 6. The control part is ..............................circuits and programs which take care of the more intelligent functions in the exchange. 7. The switching matrix includes some cross points .................................a series of horizontal and vertical wires. 8. In the trunk network, all non-local calls are...........................via a GSC and the main network. 9. While speaking, none of the subscriber knows that their speech is ............................ into small batches of time. 10. The marriage of the telecommunications and data processing will ............................... a number of useful products.
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Unit seven
Switching

The purpose of every switching system is to establish a temporary circuit or link between the caller and the subscriber being called. This circuit must be terminated when one of the subscribers decides to replace his/ her handset. In handling a telephone call, an exchange performs three essential functions: * it establishes a path enabling a signal to be transmitted between two subscribers * it dialogues with other parts of the network * it processes all other information from the network and decides whether calls can be established or not. Two main types of switching technology have evolved : space division switching and time division switching.The switching matrix consists of a number of crosspoints made up of a series of horizontal and vertical wires at the intersection of which a relay is installed. The relay has two positions: on or off. If two subscribers are to converse, a two-wire channel must be established capable of transmitting a signal in the 300-3,400 Hz band in both directions. The relays are used to direct the calls.The physical path of each conversation can be clearly distinguished. As soon as one of the subscribers hangs up, the physical link is broken and the call is terminated. The technique used in this exchange is known as space division switching. Time division switching has begun to replace space division techniques in nearly all the most modern systems. If we imagine two conversations between four subscribers are taking place, we can see that they no longer share the physical space in the switching matrix unless time slots are allocated to each party. During their conversations, none of the subscribers will, of course, be aware that their speech is being broken into small batches of time. When subscriber A speaks to subscriber B, the analogue signals in the 300 - 3,400 Hz range are transmitted to the exchange, sampled (using Pulse Amplitude ModulationPAM) and then transported on the bus before being reconverted into analogue form and sent on to subscriber B. The sampling rate is determined by using Shannons Theory which states that the sampling frequency must be double the maximum frequency of the signal. In practice, sampling is done at 8 kHz. The time slot between two samples is thus
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125 microseconds (1 second 8000 = 0.000125 second). In other words, the signal is sampled once every 125 microseconds. In the conversation between subscriber A and B, 16,000 samples are transported every second, 8,000 in each direction. When two conversations take place at the same time, 32,000 samples have to be transported per second. This technique, known as time division switching, appears to be very attractive but has one great drawback: the PAM samples can only be transmitted over relatively short distances, and the capacity of the bus is limited. When an exchange handles more than 30 simultaneous calls, the PAM sample itself must be encoded so that it can be transmitted within the exchange without distortion. This is known as digital time division switching for each sample is encoded into eight bits (one byte). Vocabulary analogue signal (np) distortion (n) handle (v) : : : tn hiu tng t s mo m, bin dng x l, gii quyt, thc hin mch tm thi
temporary circuit (n) :
Task 1: Answer the following questions about the passage. 1. What is the objective of every switching system? ................................................................................................................................. 2. Match the exchange functions (a,b,c) with the definitions (i,ii,iii). a. Control b. Subscriber connection c. Signalling i. Establishing a signalling path between subscribers through an exchange. ii. Dialoguing with other parts of the network. iii. Processing network information and deciding whether to establish a call or not. 3. What are the cross points composed of? ............................................................................................................................... 4. What is Shannons Theory ? ............................................................................................................................... 5. What must the PAM be encoded when an exchange handles more than 30 simultaneous calls for? ...............................................................................................................................
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Task 2: What do these words in italics in these sentences mean? 1. If two subscribers are to converse, a two-wire........... a. to ask b. to question c. to communicate 2. ........... the physical link is broken and the call terminated. a. disturbed b. stopped c. interrupted
3. The sampling rate is determined by using Shannons Theory. a. decided b. controlled c. displayed
4. When two conversations take place at the same time ............... a. go on b. occur c. continue
5. ............ but has one great drawback. a. benefit b. disadvantage c. loss
Task 3: Decide whether the following statements are True or False.
1. An exchange establishes a path enabling a signal to be transmitted between

subscribers.
2. The switching matrix includes some cross points made up of a series of

horizontal and vertical wires.
3. The call ends just as one of the subscribers hangs up . 4. While speaking, any subscriber knows that their speech is being broken up into
small batches of time.
5. Time division switching is very attractive and has no disadvantage.

Task 4: Fill in the blanks with no more than 3 words.
1. An exchange performs ............................................... when a telephone call is

handled.
2. Space division switching and ........................................... are two main types of

switching technology which have evolved.
3. The switching matrix composes a number of ..................................... made up of a

series of horizontal and vertical wires at the intersection of which a relay is installed.
4. When two conversations take place at the same time, ....................................... have to
be transported per second.
5. When an exchange handles more than 30 simultaneous calls, the ..................................

must be encoded so that it can be transmitted within the exchange without distortion.
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Task 5: Translate the following paragraph into Vietnamese: When subscriber A speaks to speaker B .................. perceived. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ................................. Task 6 : Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese 1. Khi thu bao A ang ni chuyn vi thu bao B, c hai u khng h bit rng li ni ca h ang b t v thnh tng on nh thi gian. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... 2. K thut chuyn mch bng c in truyn thng ang c thay th dn bng k thut in t v k thut s. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 3. Vi vic c phn ho (equitization) cc cng ty vin thng Vit Nam hin nay, nhu cu cn cc k s gii ngnh k thut vin thng ang rt ln. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 4. Th trng dch v vin thng Vit Nam ang bng n (boost), m ra nhiu c hi cho cc nh cung cp dch v. ............................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. 5. Cc nh cung cp dch v ang cnh tranh gay gt bng nhng chng trnh khuyn mi hu hnh (abundant promotion) nhm thu ht nhiu thu bao hn na. ............................................................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................
Part II. Use of English
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Presentation 1.
Time Clause
Study these sentences. When two conversations take place at the same time, 32,000 samples have to be transported per second. This circuit must be terminated when one of the subscribers decides to replace his or her handset. The When clauses in bold are termed Adverb Clauses, and as they show the time relationships between the two clauses in a sentence, they are preferably called Time Clauses. There are numerous words used to introduce a Time Clause, such as: after, before, while, as, by the time, since, until, as soon as, once, whenever, the first time (that) Each has a meaning that is notably different from others. E.g. We subscribed to the VTV Cable as soon as the line was installed in our area. (almost immediately) Since mobile phones were first introduced in Viet Nam in the 1990s, they have become a more and more favourite means of communication. (starting from the 1990s) The Time Clause can begin a sentence, separated from the Main Clause by a comma (,) or end it without changing the meaning of the sentence. Tenses of the verbs in Time Clauses are normally in Simple Present or Present Perfect even when the clauses refer to actions or intentions in the future. E.g. When the Ministry of Post and Telecoms approves the requests made by VinaPhone, MobiPhone and Vietel, these providers will have new subscription digits; 015, 012, and 016 respectively. Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Phrases can be done ONLY when the subjects (the doers) of the two clauses are the same. E.g.1. After the UK Viewdata has passed an experimental and testing stage, it is now available in many countries.
After passing an experimental and testing stage, the UK Viewdata is now available in
many countries. = The UK Viewdata is now available in many countries after passing an experimental and testing stage.
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Having passed an experimental and testing stage, the UK Viewdata is now available
in many countries. E.g. 2. A single instruction written in a high-level language usually results in several instructions when it is transformed into machine code.
A single instruction written in a high-level language usually results in several

instructions when (being) transformed into machine code. = (Being) transformed into machine code, a single instruction written in a high-level language usually results in several instructions.
PRACTICE Ex.1. Change the time clauses in the following sentences when possible. 1. Our grandchildren may laugh when we explain how we used to stand next to a wall in the kitchen to make a phone call. ... 2. Once mobiles are fitted permanently in a vehicle, they do not rely on separate batteries. ....... 3. Vietnamese viewers in different regions couldnt watch and join in the same live show until satellites were used to broadcast TV programmes only about 10 years ago. ....... 4. Since INTELSAT invested over three billion US dollars in international communication services by satellite in 1983, it has been able to handle two thirds of all international telephone and data communications. ....... ....... ....... 5. Whenever a new version of a game is introduced, it is instantly welcome and tried by lots of crazy young game players. ....... .......
Ex.2. Translate these sentence into English.
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1. K t khi ra i vo nm 1965, v tinh ngy cng tr nn quan trng i vi truyn thng ng di. .......
2. My nhn tin nhanh chng bin mt ngay khi in thoi di ng ra i.

.......
3. Ngy nay khi m th in t rt ph bin th ngi ta rt t khi vit th tay mc d mt l th vit tay chc chn s t ra chn tnh hn.
....... ....... 4. Ch sau khi cp truyn hnh c ko n tn ni th nhng ngi dn khu chung c Linh m mi c th xem c cc knh ca truyn hnh cp. ....... ....... 5. Ph L Nam c coi l Thung lng Silicon ca H Ni khi m ngy cng nhiu ca hng bun bn linh kin in t my tnh khai trng ni ny. ....... .......
Presentation 2.
expressing quantity and amount
There is a sharp difference in the way to express a quantity of Countable Nouns and an amount of Uncountable Nouns. Though the terms amount and quantity can be used interchangeably with both countables and uncountables, their equivalents are not. Study this table. Plural Countable Nouns a (large/ small) quantity/ amount of a (great/ large/ good) number of Uncountable Nouns a (large/ small) amount/ quantity of a (great/ good) deal of
(Source: R. Quirk & S. Greenbaum, A University Grammar of English, 1973) Degrees of indefinite quantity can be presented, using the words (quantifiers) as follows:
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Plural Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
too many all (of) most (of) plenty of a lot of/ lots (not) enough half (of) some a few very few not many hardly any no How many?
too much
a little very little not much
How much?
(Source: L.G. Alexander, Longman English Grammar, 1988, Longman) Or the degrees/ scales are more expressive in the following table:
Approx.
100% 85%
+ Countable Noun
all most many/a lot of some several a few few one of no/ none of
+ Uncountable Noun
all most much/a lot of some ___ a little little ___ no/ none of
5% 0%
If you need to count some uncountable nouns, you must add phrasal quantifiers to the nouns, such as: two pieces of (equipment), an item of (work), a bottle of (oil), a pound of (grease), a litre of (petrol), etc. PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with the quantifiers listed in the above tables. 1. By the year 2020 _____ _____ _____ digital equipment will be used in each family. 2. When I first bought a digital camera I had very _____ knowledge about how to use it. 3. In principle, when a great _____ of channels are transmitted, a _____ _____ _____ repeaters are required. 4. Because the market is so well-penetrated, there is not _____ scope for adding more subscribers to the network. 5. Digitalization of _____ office equipment is a want to _____ offices.
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6. Our office is equipped with two computers, but _______ of them has been out of order for long. 7. The staff at the university is great in number. What a shame when only _____ have a good command of ICT. 8. ______ of them even do not know how to exploit all properties available in their mobile phones. 9. In the recent years, there have been _______ training classes on ICT. No wonder why illiteracy in ICT is increasing. 10. As mobile phones and service charge are going down in price, _______ _____ the staffs at my university own a mobile phone, _______ even have two or more.
unit eight
Electronical Telecommunications System

Read the passage and do the following tasks. The technology of electronical telecommunications has continued to advance rapidly ever since the invention of telegraph and telephone systems that revolutionized the means of communications about a century ago. Today, electronical telecommunications system is regarded as the most economical means available for communicating information and data. Additionally, in parallel with the growth of economic society, the composition of facilities required for electronical telecommunications has become more complex and high-tech oriented in order to meet adequately the increasing demand for high-quality and more advanced telecommunications services. Eventhough the facilities can be set up differently and have different levels of complexity according to the users requirements, they are basically configured as follows:
Information source Transmission line (switching)
Transmitter
Receiver
User
Information
signal
signal
Noise Source
Information
Figure 2: Telecommunications Network Composition
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The most commonly used electronical telecommunications system is a telephony communications system where men are information sources as well as users, and telephones are used as transmitters/ receivers. Currently, machine (tape)-run information announcement service is in great demand. This service is characterized by the machine which acts as information source and by men who serve as users. In addition, machineto-machine communications such as data communications are now in service. As shown in Figure 3a, communications carried out through the interface between men and machines, and between machines are expected to become more popular. The conventional electronical communications services are based on the telephone and the telegraph systems which independently run through the utilization of the subscriber telephone network and telegraph relay switching network. Nowadays, an increasing number of highly sophisticated and powerful means such as data and video communications for transferring various types of information and offering non-telephony services are being installed and operated, revolutionizing our lives. Vocabulary additionally (adv) complexity (n) even though (adv) high-tech oriented (a) in parallel with means (n) revolutionize (v) thm vo phc tp mc d hng cng ngh cao song song vi phng tin cch mng ho
Task 1: What do these words in italics mean? 1. The technology of electronical telecommunications has continued to advance... a. improve b. develop c. promote
2. ............. signals that are transferred via a transmission line a. through b. into c. out of
3. Today, the electronical telecommunication system is regarded as the most economical means available. a. seen as b. shown as c. considered
4. The most commonly used electronical telecommunications system is a ........ a. worldly b. usually c.widely
5. Currently, machine-run information announcement service is in great demand a. occasionally Task 2: Answer the following questions
b. frequently
c. at present
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1. What revolutionized the means of communications about one hundred years ago? ................................................................................................................................... 2. In which communications system are men regarded as information sources as well as users? ................................................................................................................................... 3. Which telecommunications service is in great demand now? ................................................................................................................................... Task 3: Match each of the following terms (1-5) with their definition (a-e) 1. Information source 2. Transmitter 3. Transmission line 4. Receiver 5. User a. A device or equipment for converting information generated into signals that are transferred via a transmission line b. Men or machines that receive information recovered from the receiver. c. A medium for transferring signals from a transmitter to a receiver. Coaxial cables, optical cables, space and wave guides are used widely for this purpose. Signals being sent via a transmission line are subject to interference such as noise. d. Men or machines for generating information to be transferred. Information generated are classified into voice, codes, and video (characters, graphs, pictures) e. A device or equipment used to convert signals that have been received into original signals. Task 4: Translate this paragraph The technology of electrical telecommunications...the users requirements into Vietnamese. ................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................. Task 5: Translate the following sentences into English.
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1. Cc qu trnh trao i (cc cuc giao tip) c tin hnh thng qua giao din gia ngi vi my v gia my vi my s tr nn ngy cng thng dng hn. ............................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 2. Cc dch v vin thng in t thng dng c da trn c s cc h thng in thoi v in tn hot ng mt cch c lp. ............................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... Task 6: Read the following text and complete the systems layout diagram. Each user is connected to the Teletel computer center via the public network. The center then puts the user into direct contact with the various videotex services that are on offer. From a technical point of view, these services can be accessed in three different ways: 1. Through software installed in the Teletel center itself. 2. Through software installed in the geographical zone of the test, but not in the Teletel center itself. The local computers in question are connected to the Teletel center by leased lines. 3. Through software installed outside the geographical area of the test. These remote computers are connected to the Teletel center through TRANSPAC, a packetswitched data transmission network. In group 2 and 3 the user has the impression that he is in direct contact with the requested service, but the Teletel center remains in control of the call and can intervene when requested to connect the subscriber to another service. The Teletel computer center in Velizy uses a modular minicomputer system to handle both switching and database functions. The former involves switching subscribers calls to the place where the software is actually installed. The main role of the center is, of course, to act as an interface for the user, enabling him or her to get into contact with the exact service required, but it also stores statistical data concerning the use of Teletel necessary for activities such as billing. The center has been designed to handle 300 simultaneous calls from the 2,500 subscribers.
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Figure 3
Part II. Use of English
Presentation 1.
noun formation
A great number of nouns in the English language are formed according to one of the following rules: Adding a prefix to the base/ stem (a key/ head noun) E.g. communication (n) printing (n) telecommunication (n) misprinting (n)
Adding a suffix to the base E.g. digital (a) deliver (v)
digitalization (n) delivery (n)
Assigning the base to a different word classwithout changing its form (Zero Affixation) E.g. broadcasting (PI) wave (v)
broadcasting (G) wave (n)
Adding one base to another (compounding) E.g. data (n) + reception (n) switching (PI)+ exchange (n) = data reception = switching exchange
Note: The meaning of a compound noun should be inferred from the meanings of each component from right to left, i.e. from the Head Noun backwards.
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E.g.
a data circuit concentrator: b tp trung mch s liu space division switching: s chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
Below are common noun-forming suffixes with their usual meanings. Suffix -ance -dom -ence -er, -or -ess -hood -ist, -yst -ian -ity -ion -ing -ism -ence -let -ment -ness -(e)ry state domain/condition quality of a person who a thing which female status a person who pertaining to state, quality action/state activity condition, state quality of small, unimportant state, action condition of behaviour action collectivity condition/state the act of Meaning freedom independence programmer, operator compiler, accumulator actress, lioness neighbourhood, boyhood analyst, typist electrician electricity conversion multiplexing magnetism independence booklet, piglet measurement readiness slavery delivery machinery relationship compilation Examples performance
-ship -tion, -ation PRACTICE
Recognize how these nouns/ noun phrases are formed by splitting them into each particle and translate them into Vietnamese. E.g. invention = invent/ ion: pht minh telecommunication service = tele/ communica/ tion + service: dch v vin thng 1. telephony communications system = 2. telegraph relay switching network =
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3. time division multiplexed high speed links = 4. data reception facilities = 5. solid state semi-conductor technology = 6. terminal repeater stations = 7. ship-to-shore radio = 8. air-traffic controller = 9. digital time division switching =
Presentation 2.
expressing purposes and reasons
expressing purposes
Study these sentences. A PABX can normally be easily upgraded through software modifications to provide new facilities for the office of the future. The LAN frees the PABX for other functions. The purpose of every switching system is to establish a temporary circuit or link between the caller and the subscriber being called. The composition of facilities required for electronical telecommunications has become more complex and high-tech oriented in order to meet adequately the increasing demand for high-quality and more advanced telecommunications services. The phrases in bold are used to express the purposes of the action or status denoted in the main clauses preceding them. Popular expressions can be listed as follows: o S + V + to V(inf.) o S + V + in order/ so as to V (inf.) o S + V + for + NP o S + V + so that + S + V (will/ would or can/ could + inf.) o S + V + in order that + S + V (may/ might or shall/ should + inf.)
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o The purpose of + NP + is + to V (inf.) Note: Verb phrases that express purposes such as to V (inf.) and in order to V (inf.) can begin a sentence or end it. E.g. To realize the above, the switching system network should be designed and
then, set up adequately

Expressions of purposes are to answer questions: What for?/ Why?
expressing reasons/causes
Study these sentences. Public Data Networks (PDN) can avoid the limitations of speed of transmission over the switched public telephone because they are designed to monitor the set-up and cleardown of data calls. Strowger, an undertaker from Kansas City, found his business was becoming less and less profitable because the operator always connected calls intended for him to other undertakers. The clauses in bold are used to express the reason/ cause that leads to the status or action denoted in the main clauses. Clauses of reasons are usually introduced by as, because, since, for. They can begin a sentence, separated from the main clauses by a comma (,), or end it. E.g. As the telecoms service providers constantly offer promotion prices, more and more people use mobile phones. = More and more people use mobile phones as the telecoms service providers constantly offer promotion prices. Reasons/ causes can also be expressed by: E.g. because of + NP due to + NP
The shipment of exchange components is late due to a heavy storm off shore. .. because of ..
Compare Purposes with Reasons/ Causes E.g. Why are there more and more people using mobile phones? - because mobile phones are cheap and easy to use. (reasons) - so that people can communicate faster and more conveniently. (purposes) The distinction between Purposes and Reasons/ Causes, therefore, can be modelled like this: Reasons/ causes Action/ Status Purposes
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PRACTICE Complete the following sentences with expressions of purposes or reasons. 1. The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have now begun to disappear. ... 2. A common control system was used in crossed bar exchanges ... 3. Telefax has its biggest market in Japan ... 4. Analogue exchanges are costly to install and maintain ...
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further reading
Reading 1 Development of Telephone Exchanges

On March 10th 1876, in Boston America, Alexander Graham Bell spoke the first recognizable words over what was certainly his most famous invention, the telephone. Mr. Watson, come here. I want you, he called out to an astonished assistant. It quickly became necessary to link up people using the new invention. This was done through the telephone exchange. In the first simple exchanges, all calls were handled manually by the operator. Using the switchboard in front of her, she plugged the line of the subscriber calling her into the line of the subscriber being asked for. The idea of an automatic exchange was soon suggested. In 1892, three years after patenting his ideas, Almon B. Strowger saw his system installed at La Porte, Indiana. Strowger, an undertaker from Kansas City, found his business was becoming less and less profitable because the operator always connected calls intended for him to other undertakers. Strowgers automatic exchange underwent several modifications over the next fifty years, but the principle has remained the same ever since. It is known as the step-by-step system and there are still thousands of Strowger exchanges in service throughout the world today. The next generation of the exchanges was first developed in Sweden. Crossbar exchanges, as they are called, consist of a series of vertically and horizontally crossed bars. For the first time a common control system was used. This made crossed bar exchanges cheaper than Strowger, for each selector could now carry up to ten calls. They were not as noisy as Strowger, either. These exchanges are electro-mechanically operated, using electromagnets. In 1948, the invention of the transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories led to a revolution in electronics and to the creation of semi-electronic telephone exchanges. The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have now begun to disappear, and since the 1970s they have started to be replaced by exchanges built around electronic components. The latest digital switching centres have several advantages over other types of exchanges, for they provide: a substantial reduction in equipment cost; a large reduction in equipment size; shorter procurement times; shorter installation and
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commissioning times; greater reliability and reduced running costs; new services for the customer; and new facilities for the administration. Answer the following questions. 1. What do Americans call a telephone exchange? .............................................................................................................................................. 2. Who invented the telephone? When and Where? .............................................................................................................................................. 3. What did the first operators have to do? .............................................................................................................................................. 4. Why did Strowger invent the automatic telephone exchange? .............................................................................................................................................. 5. What is crossed bar system? .............................................................................................................................................. 6. What advantages does crossed bar offer over Strowger? .............................................................................................................................................. 7. What important development took place in 1948? .............................................................................................................................................. 8. What are mechanical and electromechanical exchanges being replaced by? ..............................................................................................................................................
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Reading 2 International Telecoms

In the century since the birth of the telephone, the world telecommunications network has evolved both in size, slowly at first and then with astonishing speed, and in the techniques used to transmit information. The development has, however, been very uneven for, by 1983, three quarters of the total number of telephone sets had been installed in just nine countries. These are the U.S.A with 180 million telephones, Japan with 59 million, West Germany with 28 million, the UK and France with 27 million each, Italy with 19 million, Canada with 16 million, Spain with 13 million and Australia with 8 million. In terms of continents, North America had 199 million telephones of all types in 1982 (38.1% of the world total), Central and South America 24 million (4.4%), Europe 203 million (39%), Asia 81 million (15.5%) with Japan accounting for 59 million (11.2% of the world total). Oceania had 1.8% of the total (10 million phones) and, finally, Africa had 6.5 million (1.2% of the world total) The eastern block countries are not included into these figures, but at the beginning of 1982 the USSR is estimated to have had 25 million sets, East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia just over 3 million each and Yugoslavia a little over 2 million. As the ITU declared when organizing World Communication Year: 1983, Communications, which come immediately after food, housing and energy in the list of things which are indispensable for the survival of Humanity, make up the nervous system of todays world and constantly remind us that Humanity is one. As we can see from the statistics, some continents have an extremely small number of telephones, a fact that likely to restrict socio-economic development, while in other countries telephones are so common that normal everyday existence without them seems unthinkable. Countries like Sweden and the USA have almost one telephone set for every inhabitant and their populations instinctively use the telephone in a very wide range of situations. The concept of wired city in which anyone can instantly talk to almost anyone else by using the telephone or some other forms of electronic devices has become a reality in countries such as these. The importance of telecommunication services in the infrastructure of a country is universally recognized. But what is their internal order of importance? Arthur C. Clarke, author of 2001- A Space of Odyssey and the first person to conceive the idea of geosynchronous satellites, tried to answer this question in a recent address. He listed a number of services in the following order: the telephone, radio and TV, telex and, finally, data networks.
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A reliable telephone system must surely have the first priority, said Clarke, for it affects every aspect of life ... personal, business, and government. It will be a long time but not as long as you think, before every body has a telephone. But with a telephone in every village we can have the next beast thing. He pointed our that with the introduction of International Direct Dialing in recent years, the power of the state to control news was broken. Private individuals can now speak to each other across frontiers.
Answer the following questions. 1. Which continent owns the most telephones of all types in 1982? ............................................................................................................................... 2. Where does communications rank in the list of indispensable things for the human beings? ................................................................................................................................... 3. According to the text, what is wired city mean? ................................................................................................................................... 4. What order did Arthur C. Clarke list telex, radio and T.V, data networks and telephones? ................................................................................................................................... 5. Why will data services be widely used in the near future? ..................................................................................................................................
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Reading 3 Local Area Networks (LANs)

Local Area Networks (LANs) may be defined as transmission and transmitting systems that provide high-speed communication between devices located on a single site. This could be an office complex, an individual estate, a college campus or any closely linked grouped buildings in which a variety of workstations need to communicate with each other. A typical LAN may cover a distance ranging from a few metres to around ten kilometers. As much of our daily work in the office involves using different kinds of communication media, LANs have been seen to be particularly useful in the fields of office automation (OA) and distributed data processing (DDP). Several studies have shown that there are four fundamental levels of communication in office systems: 1. Communication within a group, which could be a particular department in a company. The distance of transmission ranges from a few meters to about one hundred meters. 2. Communication with other internal groups or departments in the same company. The transmission distance ranges from a few hundred meters to perhaps two or three kilometers. 3. Communication with branch offices of the same company. The distance here ranges from a few dozen kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. 4. Communication with the outside world. The transmission distance ranges from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers. Typically, we find that about 50% of all office communication circulates within one geographic site and that 70% of all communication circulates within the same company. Only 30% ever goes beyond the company into the outside world, to customers and suppliers for example. Many large companies, or groups working on the same site, are being faced with the choice of continuing with their own PABXs, which may be electromechanical or electronic, or of installing a LAN. Installing a LAN is certainly very expensive but offers a great variety of advantages over a PABX. Suppliers of LANs have been offering systems based on two major classes of architecture; the ring and bus topologies. A third solution that is also sometimes suggested is based on the classic star network, in which a central a processor controls all other nodes in a master/slave manner. The central processing unit (CPU) in ring and bus topologies can be located anywhere in the network, making for truly decentralized processing, whereas it controls every operation in a star network. In contrast to LAN suppliers, the effort of PABX suppliers
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has been placed, for the main part, on replacing electromechanical systems with modern, electronic PABXs where the customers requirements have been almost exclusive for voice-only systems. The late entry of PABX suppliers into the OA market has been seen by many as the chasing of a new expanding market with second best technology. So which is the better for the office, a PABX or a LAN system? A lot obviously depends on the size and specific needs of each company, but LAN topology and architecture seem to be more suitable for levels One and Two because of the very high data rates, high occupancy and transaction levels that are involved in. PABXs, on the other hand, seem to be more suitable for levels Three and Four, where communication over longer distances is required. Other arguments in favour of the PABX are that most people are already familiar with it and know how to use all its facilities. A PABX can normally be easily upgraded through software modifications to provide new facilities for the office of the future. It also offers full access to all national telecommunication services and the electronic PABX gives the user features such as call detail recording. The PABX has single wire connectivity and cabling probably already runs from the PABX to every workstation in the company. A final argument is that most users have limited budgets and prefer to continue with a technology that has been tried and tested, especially as they consider that voice traffic, rather than data, will remain the dominant form of communication. The principal argument in favour of LANs is their ability to handle large amounts of data at high speed. Also their networks, either ring or bus, require less cabling than the star networks of PABXs, and LANs offer distributed control rather than the very centralized systems provided by PABXs. This gives LANs more power and flexibility. It is also easier to share specialized resources with a LAN and different terminals can be connected more economically than on a PABX. Finally, the LAN frees the PABX for other functions. Against the LAN, we can argue that it is costly to install; it is limited in communication distance; there is a lack of privacy and a relatively small bandwidth; and it can only accommodate a limited number of terminals. For some operations a LAN may also be less reliable than a PABX. Since LANs appear to be particularly well suited to the electronic office they will certainly continue to develop in different forms using transmission media (coaxial cable and/or optical fibres) which meet the specific requirements and technical possibilities of individual companies in terms of architecture and investment.
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Answer the following questions. 1. How does the text defined a LAN? ................................................................................................................................... 2. Give four examples of places where LANs could be installed? ................................................................................................................................... 3. What are the two major classes of LAN architecture? ................................................................................................................................... 4. What market have PABX suppliers been aiming at ? ................................................................................................................................... 5. Give five examples of a PABX over a LAN. ................................................................................................................................... 6. Give six examples of a LAN over a PABX. ...................................................................................................................................
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Ti liu tham kho

Alexander, L.G. 1988. Longman English Grammar. Longman. Betty, S.A. 1999. Understanding and Using English Grammar, Third Edition. Longman B mn Anh vn. 2000. Tuyn tp thut ng ting Anh chuyn ngnh in-in t. ti nghin cu khoa hc s 29/CB-2000. Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti. Dave, W. 1995. Collins Cobuild Students Grammar. Harper Collins Publisher. Jeremy, C., Rod Revell, Ian Simpson, Trish Scott & Derek Utley. 1986. English for Telecommunications Industry. Oxford University Press. Nguyn Th Thu Hng & Phm Thu Thu. 2001. Bi ging Ting Anh chuyn ngnh Tin hc. i hc Giao thng Vn ti Robert, J.D.1994. Graded Exercises in English. Prentice Hall. Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. 1973. A University Grammar of English.
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Telecoms Book 07

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English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Further Reading Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 69 71 73

Sch tham kho

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Nhm bin son

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Part I. Reading Comprehension

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

CCS (Common Channel Signalling)

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Part II. Language in Use

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

the use of modal verbs

Study these sentences.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Public Data Network

Part I. Reading comprehension

Figure 1. The Nordic Public Data Network

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Part II. Language in Use

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

expressing contrasting ideas

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

1. Videotext has an interactive capability. _________, Teletext simply provides

several years operating experience.

________, some less developed countries have no telex networks at all.

facsimile transmission of plans, diagrams and Japanese character is equally important.

Public Communications Network

Part I. Reading comprehension

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

3. Basically, the communications network consists of ................. a. makes up of b. includes c. covers

4. ............. set up adequately by considering call quality................ a. correctly b. exactly c. fully

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Part II. Language in Use

gerunds (V-ing form)

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Classification Transmission type Installation Maintenance Technical comments

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Part II. Language in Use

Example That chip carries the smallest electrical circuit.

Rule the + short adj + est

PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE

Study these sentences.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Part I. Reading Comprehension

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

English for Telecoms Industry. English Section. 2007.

Part II. Language in Use