Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTJ\IENT
ETIIICS
Comes from the Greek word Ethos means moml duty
-It is about making choices that arc best for the individual or society at certain times and p>lfticular situation, Jnd then e\Jlll.llln);
such and outcomes
MORALITY
Derived from the Greek word Momlis which means socbl consensus about mora! conduct for human bClII.!;S :Jnd
society
[t is a specific way of behavior of accomplishing ethical pmctices
[I is the right or wrong, good or evil, proper or improper, cruel or benevolent acts
Professional Ethics
. is a branch or moral sciencc conccrned with the obligations that a member of the profession owes to the public
Health care Ethics- is the division of ethics that relates to human health
Bio-ethics- is a specific domain of ethics that focuscs on moml issues in the field of health care
A. TELELOGICAL APPROACH
S. DEONTOLOG1CAL APPROACH
-.j.. Based on the theory that there is a supreme or divine being that sets dOl\II the rulcs to IlrO\'idc gui d�ncc to
moral decisions.
NURSING ETHICS
.j... Is the examination of all ethical and bio-ethical issues from the prospective of nursing theory and nursing ethics
( Johnston)
-i- Is the field of nursing that focused on the needs and experiences Gf practicing nurses, the e)."(lloration of its
meaning and that of ethical practice in terms of the perception oflhese nurses (Vercoe)
AUTONOMY
Comes from the Greek word Autos meaning self and Monos me'H1illg governance, It involves self.. detel'lnin:uion
and freedom to choose and implement one's decision, frec from dc(cit, durcss, constraint 01' (oelTion,
VERAClTY
The truth, accuracy or pCfcision of something
The truthfulness or honesty of a person
Beneficence
It promotes doing acts of kindness and mercy that directly benetlt the p:'lticnt.
-i- The right to review his records concerning his medical care and have Ihese e)."pJained to him except when
restricted by law
... The right to be informed of business relationship among the hospital, educational institution, health care
providers that may influence the patient's treatment and care
.... The right to consent or decline to participate in experimental rese:Lrdl :lffcClill:': his Glre
'* The right to reasonable continuity of care when apl)ropriate and be informcd of other care options \\ hen
NONMAlEFICENCE
Principle of
"DONO HARM"
JUSTICE
The right to be treated justly, fairly and equally
Guarantees that the state shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health de\eloplllent and
shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and social services available to all people at affordable cosIo There
shall be priority for the needs of the underprivileged, the sick the elderly .Hld thc disabled, the women and the
children.
The st:'lte shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers, estalJlish :lnd maintain :'In effl.'ctjve food :lnd
drug regulatory system, and undertake appropriate health manpower development and rcse:u'ch responsive to
the country'S health needs and problems. It shall establish a special agency for disabled persons for their
rehabilitation.
Terri Schiavo'S stom.ach feeding tube w.as removed upon his husband's request to the court as she "as in ,I
CO]'\"FIDENTIALlTY OF INFORMAnON
may only be revealed when:
PATIENT'S RESPONSIBILITIES
Pro\iding information
Complying with Instructions
Informing the physician of refusal to treatment
Paying Hospital charges
Following hospital rules and regulations
Showing respect and considerations
Pro\-ide nursing care through utiliz:oItion of the nursing process. Nursing care includes, but not limiled 10,
tr2ditional and innovative approaches, theupeutic use of self, executing heliith care techniques and Ilrocedures.
comfort measures, health teachings, and administration of written prescription for treatment, thcnlllies, oral,
fOplcal and parenteral medications, internal eX:'lInination during labor in the absence of antenat:ll blecdinl: ;lIul
de livery In c:lse of suturing of perineal [accration, s[lccial traininl: shall be provided :Iccordinl: to protocol
.
established.
MORAL PRINCIPLF,S
I.The Golden Rule
2.Thc 1\\0 fold Efreci
a. Thallhe aclion muSI be morally good
b. Thal lhe good effect most be willed and the bad effecl merely attuned
c. Th:l.llhe good effect musl not come from an evil aclion but from the .action ilself directl)
d. Thllt the good mu�ct be greater th:oln the bad effeci
3. The principle o f t ot:ollily
4. Epikia "Excepllon to the General Rule"
S. One who :oIcts through an :oIgent Is himself responsible
6. No one is obliged to betr.ay himself/herself
7. The end does not justify the means
8. Defects of nature may be corrected
9. If one is willing to cooperate in the act, no injuslice is done 10 him/her
10. A linle more or less does oot change the substance of an 2=1
I I . The gre:uest good for the greatest number
12. No one is held to the Impossible
13. The morality of cooperation
14. Prin ciple relating 10 the origin .and deSlruction ofJife
GENERAL I'RINCIPLES
1. Service To Others
2. Integrity and Objectivity
3. Professional Competence
4. Solidarity 2nd Teamwork
S. Social and Civic responsibility
6. Global Competitiveness
7. Equality of all professions
GUID[L1�'ES TO BE OBSERVED:
2) De: 2 member of accredited professional organiz:ttions (PNA)
b) Strictly adhue: to nursing standards
c) Strl\'e to se:cure equitable: working conditions through appropriate legislations and other means
d) Assert for the implementation of labor and work standards
BOARD OF NURSING
TER;\I OF OHICE:
I. Appoinled for Ihree years, eligible for reappointment. l\iuimullI of rna terms ollly
2. Appointment to "auncy shall be for the: unexpired portion of the term
3. Proper oath of office
REGISTRATION BY RECIPROCITY;
CONDITIONS BEFORE NURSES flEGISTERED IN A FOREIGN COUNTI{Y CAN I'RACTICE IN TilE
PHILIPPINES
I. The requirements for registration in their country arc �ubslantial1y thc sallie in our country
2. Undcr their laws, Filipino nurses are granted the same privilegcs and on the samc basis as their citiJ;cns
DUTIES OF NURSES
I. Do utilize nursing pr(\(css in providing nursing care
2. Undertake nursing lind heliith human resource development training and research
3. Teach, gUide, supervise nursing students
�. Interrelationship or linkage ....ith community resources and health care ttam
5. Educale Individual, family and community
6. Strict or duty- bound adherence to tbe code of elhics
./ Brief llistory:
Act iII'o. 2493 of 1915- first law that has 10 do \\llh Ihe nursing ilractice
Act 2808 of 1919- first true nursing la\\; created the bo:trd of u.aminers
1920- first board exam for nurses
R.A. 877 (June 19, 1953)· Phil. Nursing law established; need for registration iJefore nur�e C:1I1 pf;lctice
R.A. 7164- students who will enroll to the school of nursinc should beiong to the upper 40·Y.. of gr.
HI. Cla�s in
thcir high school
o P.O No. 223 (June 23,1973)- PRe was crcatl'tl
I'RC Resolution No. 200�-17 Series of 2004- re-implemcnted conlin uin� I'rotl'\�it)n:11 ElIul'aliUIi rl'Iluirill� (>0
cretlit units for 3 years for professionals with bachelor'S degree.
UIW is defined as "The sum total of rules and regul:lfions by which society i� governed. It is man 111:l(le :Iud
regulates social conduct in a formal and binding way.
3. When, as independent practitioner, the nurse is primarily responsible for the promotion of health and pre\'ention of
illness
�. "hen as a member of the health team, the nurse collaborates with olher he",lth c:ll'e Ilro.ill(,1'5 for the cur:ltiH',
Ilre\enthe and rehll.bllitll.tive aspects of care, restoration of health, alle\iation of �ufrering, and" hen I'eco"cf) is nOI
possible towards a peaceful death.
2. Establish Linkages with community resources and coordination"ith the health te:llll
3. Provide health education to individuals, families and communities
4. Teach, guide and supervise students in nursing education programs including the administration of nUl'sing scn'icc� in
varied settings such as hospitals and clinics; undcrtake consultation services; ellg:lge in such actili[ics th:lt I·C( luil"c thc
utilization of knowledge and decision-making skills of a registered nurse
5, Undertake nnrsing and health human resource deve[opmclJ{ training lind research, which shall include, bul nOI limited
to, the development of advanced nursing practice
I
LAWS AFFECTING NURSES AND NURSING
What are the sources of law?
STATUTORY LA\V- is composed of enacted law (enacted by congress) and l'egnl:1tol1' 1:111 (1'IIIe� ;ulIl
regulations estllblished by government lIgencies to carry out thcir duties assigned in st:uutory law) Regul:lIory
[all' is also called liS administrative law
COMMON LAw� derives from common usage, custom and judicial decisions Of court rulings. Previous judici;11
decisions or rulings in court cases are used to establish precedents for intel"prel:ltions of both statutory aud
common law
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 180- uphold the exercise of the right to organize of gOI'Crnment employees. Thb b in
accordance with the 1987 constitution that stlltes; "the right of people..to form Ul1ions, associalion�, or societic�
for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged".
MAGNA CARTA OF PUBLIC ilEALTtl WORKERS ( RA 7305)- has provisions on bcnelils (Iimll1ci;ll and non
financial), rights and responsibilities of public health workrrs. Public health workers include e\er)body IIho
works in governmellt health institutions such as hospitals and laboratories.
SALARY STANDARDIZATION LAW (RA 6758)- provides for the standardiLation of salaries of Ihose I,orl;.ing
in government. One of tbe benchmark positions is Nurse I which is assigned salary grade Ill. (RA ')173 upgr:ulcs
the entry salary of nurses In government to grade 15)
RA 7041 (An Act Requiring Regular Publication of Existing Vacant 1'05itiolis in Government Offires). the
intention of this law is for government offices to be transparent in their recruitment pr:l.ctiCl's. By puhlishing
presence of vacant positions, applicants arc less likely to be subjected to unethical "ractices in gOlefnmenl
practices
ANTI- SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT (RA 7877)- protects employees against sexual harassment. Sexual
harassment is committed by :lIly person who exercises authority, influence or moral ascendancy onr
another..by demanding, requesting or requiring sexual favor regardless of,.helher or not.. Is accepted b) the
object of sexual solicitation
CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OffiCIALS ANI) E:\I['LOYEES ( RA 67[3)
Provides that public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and shallllisch;lrgc
thcir duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act"ith patriotism and j liSticc, lC<ld
modest lives and uphold public Interest over personal interest.
RA 8344 (AN ACT PENALIZING THE R!·"�I'SAL OF HOSPITALS AND MEDICAL CLINICS TO ADMINISTER
APPROPRIATE INITIAL MEDICAL TRl. T AND SUPPORT IN EMERGENCY CASES)
In emergency cases, it is unltwful io. ;.HHiy (including the IIl1tSe) in a hospital or medical clinic to request,
solicit, demand or accept any deposLt or any other form of :ldvance payment as a pre requbite for confinement
or medical treatment of a patient or 10 refuse to administer medical treatment and support as dictated by good
practice of medicine.
WHAT IS LIABILITY'!
Is an obligation or debt that .an be enforced by law. A person who is liable for malpractice is usually required to
pay for damages. Damages refer to compensation ill money reco�'erab!e for a loss of damage.
PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENC�
"NEGLIGENCE" refe.s to the commission or omission of an act, I)UrSuant to a duty, that a reasoll:lbly prudent
person in the same or similar circumstance would or would not to, and acting or the nOll-acting of which is the
proximate cause ofbjury to another person to his property,
I. T�e accident must be a kind which ordinarily docs not occur in the absence
ofsomeone's negligence
2. 1he accident must be caused by an agency or instrumentality within the exclusive control of the dcfend:mt
3. The accident must not have been due to any voluntary action or contribution on the part of the plaintiff (injured party)
MALPRACTICE
Implies the idell of improper or unskillful care of a patient hy a uurse, It also denotes stellping beyolHl one's
authority with serious consequences
EXAMPL£S OF MALPRACTICE;
Misdiagnosis of an illness, failure to diagnose or relay diagnosis
Birth Injuries
Surgical Complications
Prescription errors
Failure to provide treatment
Anesthesia related eompllcations
•
Failure to follow advance direeth'e
Failure of hospital or phannlley to dispense the right medicine. dosage
EXAI\IPLES:
The hospital will be held liable, if, In an effort to cut down Oil npenses it decides to hire underboard nurses or
mid",ives in place of profhsional nurses, and these persons pro\'e to be incompelenl
The surgeon will be held responsible in case a laparotomy pack is lefl in a patient's abdomen
Ii\CO;\lPETENCE
Is the lack of ability, legal qualifications or filness to discharge the required dut)'
Although a nurse is registered, if in the performance of her duty she manifests incompetenc)', there i� ground for
revocation or suspension of her certificate of registration
Telephone Orders
Doctors should limit telephon(' ord('rs to extreme emergency wherc there is no alternative. The use of tcl('phonc
in a non emergcncy as a substitute for the physician himself can lead 10 serious crror and mlly border on
malpractice.
Nurse should read back such order to the physician to mal,e certain the order has been correctly IHilien.
Such order should be signed by the physician within 24 hours
The nurse should sign the physician's name per her own lind note Ih(' timc and order was r('ceivct!
MENTAL COMPETENCY
All pll.tients 3re presumed to
be competent unless declared incompetent by a court of la". Supporting documentatiun uf Ihe p:lticnt'� bchavior"
speech, decision making and physical :md mental status are very useful ill est:Ji.llishinJ: his/her ment:Ll com lJrt�ncy
El\lERGENCY SITUATIO:-i
1\0 consent is necessary because inaction at such time may cause greater injury. If time is avail:lbJe :1I1l1;\1I informctl
consent is possible, it is best that this be taken to protect all the parties concerned.
REFUSAL TO CONSENT
l
A patient who is mentally and lega ly competent has the right to refuse the touching of his body or to submit to a medical
or surgical procedure no matter h �' necessary, nor how imminent the danger to his life or health if he fails to submit to
treatment.
MEDICAL RECORDS
Was created as a means of communication among health care practitiollers. Today medical records sene t\\ 0
important functions: to provide legal documentation, and obtain third party payments (e.g. Medic:lre) Thcy :Ire
good e\'ldence in legal suits but are 1I0t admissible evideuce against the patielil.
.. If information is not charted, it was not done or observed"
WIIAT IS A CONTRACT"!
Is a meeting of minds between two persons where they bind themselves to give something or 10 render some
services. Practically anything could be subjected to a contract as long as these arc not contr:lr)" to 1:111, moral"
good customs, !lublic order :"Ind public policy.
Kinds of Contracts
Formal Contracts- refers to an agreement blw parties and is required to be in " riting. E.g. marriaJ;e contract..
Informal Contracts- one In which concluded as the result of a written document where the law docs not fccluire
the same to be in writing.
Express Contracts- The one ill which Ihe conditions and terms of contract :Ire given orally or in \\'\"itilll; by Ihe
parties concerned. E.g. PDN under the doctrine of " facio ut des" means I do that you may give.
Implied Contraets- one that Is concluded as a result of acts of conduct of the parties to \\hich the 1:1\\ ascriLll's :111
objective intentions to enter into a contract.
Void contracts- one thai is inexistent from the very beginning and therefore rn:ly not be enforced.
Illegal contracts- Olle that is expressly prohibited by law
Illegal Contracts
Those thai are made In protection of the law
Consent obtained by fraud
Those obtained under duress
Those obtained under undue influence
Those obtained through matuial misrepresentation
INTENTIONAL WRONGS
A nurse llIay be held liable for inlentional wrongs
TORTS
A tort Is a legal wrong, committed against a penon or prOperty illdepl'ndent of a contract \\hich rl'lIders thc
penon who commits it liable for damages in a civil action. A person \\ho has been wronged seeks compensation
for the Injury or wrong he has suffered from lhe '" ronl: doer.
FALSE 1:\IPRISONMENT
Is the Infringement of upon an Indh'idual's freedom of mo\emcnt. It is making someone \\rongfull, feel t1l3! he
or she cannot IU\'e tbe place.
b
The unjustifiable detenti n of a person "'ithout a legal warr:mt within boundaries fixed by the defendant by an
act or \'Iotation of duty intended to result in such confinement.
DEFAMATION
Occurs when a person discusses another individual In terms that diminish reputalion.
SLANDER- is oral defamation of a person by speak
ing unprh-lleged or false words by ",hicb hl� rCI)lll3tioil b
damaged
LIBEL- is defamation by wrillen words, cartoons or such repres('ntatiOIiS lhat cause a person to bc a\olti('d.
ridiculed or held in contempt or tend to injure him In his ",ork
Criminal Actions
Dtil with acts or offenses against publie nelfare.
l\lisdemeanor- a general name for criminal offense \\ hkh docs not in I:m amount to frlon).
Felony- a public offense for nbich a cOllvicted person is liable 10 be senl(,llced to death or be imprisoned in a
penittntiary or prison. I! is committed with deceit and bult.
Criminal Negligence
Reckless Imprydencl'- ",hell a person docs an act or falls to do involuntary without malice, from \\hlch dam3gt
results Immediately.
Simplt I mprudtnce- means that the penon or nurse did not use precaution :lllti [11\: d':l.Inagc ,us nOI immedLlIc
or tbe impending danger \las not evident or manifest
Criminal Intent
Is the stale of mind ofa person at the time the criminal act is committed, that is, he/she mows
I that an act is
lawful and still decided to do it anyway.
Deliberate intent includes t"" o other elements without which there can ue no crime. These arc freedom and
intelligence.
,Vhen a person ltccused of the crime offers evidence showing insanity, necessity, compulsion, accidelH, or infancy
the court will decide if he did not commit a criminal offense and \\1II declare the person lIot guilty.
Classes of Felonies
Felonies arc classified according to degree of the acts of execution
};o Consummated- when all the clemcnts uccessary for its execution and accompJi�lInll'nt :Irc "rcsenl.
)- Frustrated- when Ihe offeuder performs all the acts or execution which 1\ill produce the fclony as a conse(tuence
but which nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the "ill of the Jlerpetrator.
;;. Attempled- when the offender commences the commission of the same directly b) overt :lets, and doe� not
perform the ltcts which shall produce the felony.
o Consummated felonies as well as attempted and frustrated are all punishable by lal\.
(imprisonment for I day to 30 days or a fine not exceeding 200 or both of which arc imposed)
Exempline:Circnm�tance�- There arc certain circumstances under which the Jaw exempts a penon from
criminal liability
)- An imbecile or ;1II insane penon, unless the Jatter has acted during :1 lucid intcn':II
,. A person under nine years of age
j.. A person over nine years of age and under fifteen unless he acted with discernment.
,. A person while performing a lawful act with due care causes an injury \\hich is merely an accident.
).0 Any person who acts under the compulSion of an irresistible force
> An)' person who acts under the impulse of uncontrollable fear or an el111al 01" J.:l"c:l(cr injury
)- Any person who fails to perform an act required by law, "hell pre\ellted by some 13\\flll or in�upenllJle (;lII�l·.
EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
Are those which do not constitute justification or excuse of the offense in question, but which, in fairness and
mercy, may be considered as extenuating or redUCing Ihe degree of moral culpability.
J. Circumstances which are otherwise justifying or exempling were il not for the fact that all requisites ucces!>:!!")
to justify the act or to exempt the offender from criminal liability in the respective cases are not attcndant
2. When the offender has no intentlon to commit so grave a \,rong as the one committed
3. When the offender is under eighteen years of age or over 70 years old
4. When sufficient provocation or threat on the part of the offended party immediately precedes the act
5. When the act is committed in the immediate ...
·indication ofa grave ofreuse to the one committing the felony,
his/her spouse, ascendants, descendants, legitimate, natural or adopted brothers, or relative by affinit�· "ithin
the same degree
6. 'Vhen a person aelS upon an impulse so powerful as naturally to have produced an obfuscation
7. When Ihe offender voluntarily surrenders himself to a person in authority or confesses before the court llrior to
the presentation of the evidence for the prosecution
8. When the defender is deaf and dumb, blind or otherwise suffcring from physical defect
AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES
Are those attending the commission of a crime and which increase the crimin:,[ liabilit) of the offender or make
his guilt more severe.
I. When the offender takes advantage o f his public position
2. When fhe crime is ("ommitted in contempt of or with insult to public authorities
3. \Vhen the act is commilted ""ith insult or disregard of the respect of the offended I):,rl), on account of his ranI;.,
age, sex
ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES
Are Ihose wbich must be taken Into consideration as aggra,:uing or mitig:lIing according to the n:lture and
effeCIS oftbe crime and other conditions attending ils commission. TheSl' arc Ihe rel:llioilShill, inlo.\ic:llion anti
degree of instruction and education of the offender
MORAL TURPITUDE- h an act of baseness, vileness or depr;l\·it) in socilll or prinlle dulieS which a nlln
o""es 10 his fellow man or 10 society in genenti, :1.11 aCI cOlltra1)' to the accepted lind cuslomary rule of righl and
duty between men
�tURDER- ls Ihe unlawful killin g o f a human being "ith intent to kill. It ls a "cry serious crime. ]\urses should
keep in mind that death resulting from a criminal abortion is murder. Euthanasia is also considen'd murder'.
1I0MICII)E- is the killing of a human being in anolhrr, It may be committed \\ itholJl criminal intent, by an�
person whom kills another, other than his father, mother, or child or any of his :Lscendants or dc�cendanls, or
his spouse, without any of the circumstances attendant the crime of murder enumerated abo\\: being present.
ABORTION-Is illegal accortling to the rcvised [lena! code. The p:llienl should :lssurne resllonsibiJiI� for her
abortion. She should be made to sign a statement relieving Ihe hOSi1itai anti its personncl from li:lhilily
Il"I'FANTICIDE- IS TilE KILLING OF A CHILD LESS TIIAN TIIREE DA YS OF AGE. The mother oflhe
child "ho commits this crime sball suffer penalty of imprisonment ranginJ.: from 1\\'0 years !lIld four month� and
1 day to 6 years
PARRICIDE- Is a crime committed by one who kills her/his falher, mother or child whelher legilimate or
ilIej;:ltlmate, or any of his/her IIscendants or dtscendants or his/her siiouse.
ROBBERY- is a crime against a person or property
CO�TROLLED SUBSTANCES
R.A. 6425 kno""n as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 co\'ers the administration and regulation of the
manufacture, distribution, dispensing of controlled druj;:S.
Persons authorized 10 prescribe or disptnse these drugs are required to registc,' aut! h:l\e a spccial Hcen�l' for
this purpose
WILLS
Il ls 2 1eg21 declu2tlon Of2 person's intentions upon death.
It is c211ed testamentary dpcument beuuse il takes effecl affer the dealh of its maker
DECEDENT- a person whose propeny Is transmitted through succession whether or not he left a w ill. If he left
a wiJl he is ulled a TESTATOR. lfa woman TESTATRIX
1I0LOGRAPIIIC WILL- 11 wlll thllt is written lind Signed by the testator
IIEI R is a person called to succession either by the pro\ision of a will or by operation of Ill"
There should be a witness who knows Ihe handwriting and signature of the testator el illicitly ded:\rClI t hat the
will and the signature are in the handwriting of the testator
ORAL WILL is also called as NUCUPATIVE WILL or NUNCLPATION it is during Ihe last illness, th:1I it is
done in the place in which a he dies, thaI he asked one or more witness 1 0 the will, that fhe will be put ill II I·itin �
\Iilhin 2 gh'en number of days, that it be for probate within a specified lime
LIVING WILL
Is an indh'idual's signed requeslto be allowed to die when life can be supported only mechanicall) or b) hcrok
measures.
It also Includes the decision to accept or refuse 2n) t,·eatment, scrvice or procedure uscd to dia gnose or Ire;.l!
his/her physical or mental condition and decisions to prOl>ide
Due process- is fair and orderly process which aims to protect and enforce a person's rights
False Testimony- is punishable both criminal and civil law
Hearsay Evidence- is evidence that is derived from something the witncss heard from others
Inquest- is the legal inquiry into the cause or manner of a death
Perjury- is thc willful telling of a lie under oath
Plaintiff- the person who files the lawsui! and is seeking for a perceived wrongdoing
Prima facie Evidence- evidence, which if unexplained or ullcontradicted would establish Ihc fact alleged
Privilegcd Communicalion- statements uttered in good failh. These are not permilled to be divulged in court
justice.
Statute of Llmltations- define the length of time followiug the event during which the pl:iintiff may file till'
lawsuit
Subpoena- is an order Il rt requires a person to attend at )1 spccific time and place to testify as witness
Subpoena Duccs Tecum- is a subpoena that requires a witness to bring required p:qJCrsl dOell!llents lind the like
which may be in his possession
Summons- is a writ commanding an authorized person to notify a p:lrty 10 :lppe:\I· in eourl to answel· a
tallJ]ll:lin! made agaInst them
Warrant- is writing from a competent authority in pursuance of law, directing the doin):: or all :lct, and
addressed to a person competent to do it
Prepared by:
Ms. Jennilyn A. MusIIgi, RN, MAN