Giáo Trình ns2

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH
Phm Vn T
KHO ST NH HNG CA S CHUYN NG CC NT MNG N HIU SUT CA MT S GIAO THC NH TUYN TRONG MANET
KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: Cng ngh thng tin
H NI - 2010
I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH
Phm Vn T
KHO ST NH HNG CA S CHUYN NG CC NT MNG N HIU SUT CA MT S GIAO THC NH TUYN TRONG MANET
KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: Cng ngh thng tin Cn b hng dn: PGS.TS. Nguyn nh Vit Cn b ng hng dn: Ths. on Minh Phng
H NI - 2010
TM TT
Ngy nay, cng vi s bng n, pht trin mnh m ca cc thit b di ng c nhn nh: laptop, smartphone, tablet,, th nhu cu kt ni gia cc thit b ny cng ngy cng i hi cao hn v tc v kh nng di chuyn trong khi kt ni. Mng di ng c bit MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) l mt trong nhng cng ngh vt tri p ng nhu cu kt ni nh kh nng hot ng khng ph thuc vo c s h tng mng c nh, vi chi ph hot ng thp, trin khai nhanh v c tnh di ng cao. Tuy nhin, hin nay mng MANET vn cha c ng dng rng ri v ang c thc y nghin cu nhm ci tin hn na cc giao thc nh tuyn mng t c hiu qu hot ng tt hn. Kha lun nghin cu nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET. Bng nhng kim chng thng qua m phng, kha lun a ra cc nhn xt, nh gi v hiu sut mng i vi tng giao thc nh tuyn c th khi cc nt mng chuyn ng vi tc v hng i thay i.
MC LC
Phm Vn T..............................................................................................................................1 H NI - 2010.......................................................................................................................1 Phm Vn T..............................................................................................................................2 H NI - 2010.......................................................................................................................2 TM TT...................................................................................................................................3 DANH MC HNH V..............................................................................................................6 DANH MC BNG...................................................................................................................7 BNG CC K HIU, CH VIT TT.................................................................................8 LI CM N.............................................................................................................................9 Chng 1. GII THIU.............................................................................................................1 . S ra i v pht trin ca cc mng khng dy..................................................................1 . Mc tiu nghin cu ca kha lun......................................................................................4 . Cng c nghin cu chnh NS-2........................................................................................5 1.3.1. Gii thiu v NS-2....................................................................................................5 1.3.2. Kh nng m phng ca NS-2..................................................................................7 . T chc ca KLTN ..............................................................................................................8 Chng 2. GIAO THC MAC CA MNG LAN V WLAN...............................................9 2.1. Mng LAN v mng WLAN...........................................................................................9 2.2. Chun 802.3 v giao thc CSMA/CD............................................................................10 2.3. Chun 802.11 v giao thc CSMA/CA..........................................................................12 Chng 3. MNG MANET V BI TON NH TUYN.................................................15 3.1. Mng MANET...............................................................................................................15 3.1.1. Lch s pht trin v cc ng dng.........................................................................15 3.1.2. Cc c im chnh ca mng MANET.................................................................16 3.2. Vn nh tuyn trong mng MANET........................................................................17 3.2.1 Cc thut ton nh tuyn truyn thng...................................................................17 3.2.2. Cc yu cu chnh i vi vic nh tuyn trong mng MANET...........................18 3.2.3. Phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn...........................................................................19 3.2.3.1. Link state v Distance Vector .........................................................................19 3.2.3.2. nh tuyn ch ng v phn ng.....................................................................21 3.2.3.3. nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn theo chng....................................................21 3.3. Cc giao thc nh tuyn chnh trong mng MANET...................................................23 3.3.1. DSDV......................................................................................................................23
3.3.2 OLSR [8]..................................................................................................................24 3.3.3. AODV [12].............................................................................................................26 3.3.4. DSR [7]...................................................................................................................28 3.3.5. TORA [11]..............................................................................................................30 Chng 4. NH GI BNG M PHNG NH HNG CA S CHUYN NG CA CC NT MNG N HIU SUT CA MT S GIAO THC NH TUYN. 31 4.1. Xc nh cc tham s hiu sut cn nh gi v cch thc phn tch kt qu m phng ...............................................................................................................................................31 4.1.1. Cc tham s hiu sut cn nh gi........................................................................31 4.1.2. Cch thc phn tch kt qu m phng ca NS-2...................................................32 4.1.2.1. Cu trc tp vt................................................................................................32 4.1.2. Cng c phn tch v biu din kt qu m phng............................................34 . Perl..............................................................................................................................34 GNUPLOT....................................................................................................................35 4.2. Thit lp mng m phng MANET ..............................................................................36 4.2.1. Thit lp t-p mng...............................................................................................36 4.2.2. Thit lp m hnh chuyn ng ca cc nt mng v thi gian m phng.............37 4.2.2.1. M hnh Random Waypoint.............................................................................38 4.2.2.2. M hnh Random Walk....................................................................................39 4.2.3 Thit lp cc ngun sinh lu lng a vo mng..................................................40 4.2.4. La chn thi gian m phng.................................................................................41 4.3. Thc hin m phng cc giao thc nh tuyn..............................................................41 4.3.1. Phn tch kt qu bng cng c perl.......................................................................41 4.3.2. S dng gnuplot v th..................................................................................45 4.4. nh gi nh hng ca s chuyn ng ca nt mng n hiu sut ca cc giao thc nh tuyn..............................................................................................................................48 KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN................................................................................50 TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................................52 PH LC..................................................................................................................................54 Bng cc trng ph thm vo trong cu trc tp vt ph thuc vo kiu gi tin................54 M phng mng MANET.....................................................................................................57 T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng........................................................................................59 Thi gian thit lp kt ni.....................................................................................................60
DANH MC HNH V
Hinh 1: S pht trin ca mng khng dy v di ng...............................................................1 Hinh 2: Cu trc ca NS-2..........................................................................................................5 Hinh 3: Lung cc s kin cho file Tcl chy trong NS-2............................................................6 Hinh 4: Chu trnh hot ng ca giao thc CSMA/CD (bn gi)............................................11 Hinh 5: Chu trnh hot ng ca giao thc CSMA/CA (bn gi)............................................13 Hinh 6: Hot ng lng nghe knh truyn ca giao thc CSMA/CA......................................14 Hinh 7: Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET............................................23 Hinh 8: T-p mng thay i....................................................................................................24 Hinh 9: Quy trnh chuyn tip gi tin khi s dng kp a im MPR...................................25 Hinh 10: OLSR ngn chn vng lp bng vic s dng MPR chuyn pht gi tin.............26 Hinh 11: qu trnh khm ph tuyn trong AODV.....................................................................26 Hinh 12: nh tuyn ngun ng (DSR)..................................................................................28 Hinh 13: Din tch mng m phng v cc nt mng...............................................................36 Hinh 14: Di chuyn mt nt theo m hnh Random Waypoint................................................38 Hinh 15: Di chuyn ca 8 nt theo m hnh Random Walk.....................................................39 Hinh 16: th t l phn pht gi thnh cng Random Waypoint......................................45 Hinh 17: th t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng Random Walk........................................46 Hinh 18: th thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh_Random-Waypoint..............................47 Hinh 19: th thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh_Random-Walk.....................................47
DANH MC BNG
Bang 1: S pht trin ca chun 802.3.....................................................................................10 Bang 2: S pht trin ca chun 802.11...................................................................................12 Bang 3: Cu trc tp vt............................................................................................................32 Bang 4: Cc trng thm vo trong cu trc tp vt ph thuc vo kiu gi tin.....................33 Bang 5: Cu hnh mng m phng...........................................................................................37 Bang 6: Thng k chi tit t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng - Random Waypoint.................42 Bang 7: Thng k chi tit t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng - Random Walk.........................43 Bang 8: Thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh-Random_Waypoint..........................................44 Bang 9: Thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh-Random_Walk.................................................44 Bang 10: T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng - Random Waypoint...........................................45 Bang 11: T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng Random Walk.................................................46
BNG CC K HIU, CH VIT TT
AODV
Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector
MANET Mobile Adhoc NETwork MPR NS-2 OLSR PRnet RREP RREQ TORA WLAN Multi-Point Relays Network Simulator 2 Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Packet Radio Network Route Reply Route Request Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm Wireless LAN
CSMA/CA Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection DARPA DSDV DSR IEEE LAN MAC Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector Dynamic Source Routing Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Local Area Network Media Access Control
LI CM N
Trc tin, ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti PGS.TS.Nguyn nh Vit, ngi thy tn tnh gip ti trong sut qu trnh lm kha lun. Ti cng xin gi li cm n ti Ths. on Minh Phng, ngi hng dn ti trong giai on chun b nhn ti. Ti xin gi li bit n su sc ti thy, c trong trng i Hc Cng Ngh, i Hc Quc Gia H Ni. Thy, c du dt, truyn li cho chng ti khng ch nhng kin thc chuyn ngnh m cn dy bo chng ti o lm ngi, rn luyn cho chng ti ngh lc, kht vng vn ln, pht huy kh nng t duy sng to trong mi lnh vc. Cui cng, ti xin c cm n gia nh, bn b, nhng ngi thn yu nht ca ti. Mi ngi lun bn cnh ti, ng vin, khuyn khch ti vn ln trong cuc sng. H ni, thng 5 nm 2010 Phm Vn T
Kho st nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong MANET
Chng 1. GII THIU

. S ra i v pht trin ca cc mng khng dy
Mng khng dy c nh du mc hnh thnh t nhng nm 1887 khi Heinrich Rudolf Hertz chng minh c thuyt in t Maxwell thng qua thc nghim. T n nay cc nh nghin cu cho ra i hng lot pht minh sng ch gp phn a cng ngh mng khng dy khng ngng ci tin vt tri v tc truyn nhn d liu. Nhng nm gn y nn cng nghip khng dy v di ng tng trng mnh m c v mt cng ngh ln s bng n ngy cng nhiu cc thit b di ng, ha hn mt k nguyn truyn thng s n r trn nn cc mng khng dy v di ng. S pht trin ny c minh ha trn Hnh 1 di y.
Hinh 1: S pht trin ca mng khng dy v di ng
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Cc mc hnh thnh v pht trin ca mng khng dy:

1887 1893 1895
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz to ra c sng in t. ng chng minh c thuyt Maxwell thng qua thc nghim.
Nikola Tesla truyn thnh cng sng radio.
Guglielmo Marconi: Ln u tin trong lch s, 3 du chm (tc ch S trong bng k t Morse) c truyn qua khng gian vi khong cch 3km bng sng in t.
1915
1931
1982 , 1991
Truyn thnh cng sng v tuyn vt i Ty Dng t Arlington Virginia ti Php. Thp Eiffel c s dng t anten thu tn hiu.
Sng FM c pht trin bi Edwin H. Armstrong v c s dng rng ri truyn thng tin qua sng v tuyn.
-1982: Hi ngh CEPT thng nht chn GSM pht trin thnh tiu chun cho h thng in thoi di ng c th c s dng trn khp chu u. - 1991: Cc mng GSM u tin c a ra bi Radiolinja Phn Lan vi k thut bo dng c s h tng chung t Ericsson.
Phm Vn T 2
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1997
1998, 1999
2001
Chun IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) c to ra, vi tc ti a l 2Mb/s.
-1998: Cng ngh Bluetooth u tin c pht trin bi Ericsson, sau c chun ho bi Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). - 1999: Chun 802.11b c pht hnh cho tc ti a ln 11Mb/s. -20/5/1999: Chnh thc pht hnh chun Bluetooth 1.0
Chun IEEE 802.16 c pht hnh. Chun ny c bit n di ci tn WIMAX.
2003
2004, 2009
2010
- Chun 802.11g c pht hnh vi tc ti a ln ti 54 Mb/s. - Bluetooth 1.2 c cng b.
*2004: - Phin bn mi ca chun 802.16 c b sung, hon thin chun WIMAX. - Pht hnh chun Bluetooth 2.0 *2009: - Chun 802.11n c pht hnh cho php tc truyn thng ti a ln ti 150 Mb/s.
Lin minh Wi-Fi v Gigabit khng dy t c tha thun cho php Wi-Fi hot ng di tn 60 Ghz nhm ci thin tc truyn d liu. Cc chun Wi-Fi hin ang hot ng di tn t 2.4 GHz n 5 GHz. Tc Wi-Fi s tng hn 10 ln so vi tc hin ti
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. Mc tiu nghin cu ca kha lun

Vi c tnh c th hot ng khng ph thuc vo c s h tng mng, trin khai nhanh, linh hot mi v tr a hnh khc nhau, mng MANET ang l tm im nghin cu y trin vng, s l cng ngh t ph trong tng lai vi nhiu ng dng hu ch vo cuc sng, th d kt ni mng truyn thng cho cc cc vng mi xy ra thin tai hoc ng dng cho lnh vc qun s. Kha lun tp trung i su nghin cu v mng MANET, kt hp phn tch trn l thuyt cng thc nghim m phng tm ra v nh gi nh hng s di ng ca cc nt mng cc mc khc nhau n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn. Ni dung c th gm: Tm hiu su v mng MANET, trong ch yu xem xt ti cc giao thc nh tuyn. Tm hiu su v cc m hnh chuyn ng ca nt mng trong MANET.
Xy dng mi trng m phng, a cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET vo m phng thng qua NS-2. nh gi nh hng s chuyn ng ca cc nt mng n hiu sut ca cc giao thc nh tuyn DSDV, AODV v DSR bng b m phng mng NS2. T a ra cc nhn xt so snh gia ba giao thc.
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. Cng c nghin cu chnh NS-2

1.3.1. Gii thiu v NS-2 NS-2 l phn mm m phng mng, hot ng ca n c iu khin bi cc s kin ri rc. NS-2 c thit k v pht trin theo kiu hng i tng, c pht trin ti i hc California, Berkely. B phn mm ny c vit bng ngn ng C++ v OTcl.
Hinh 2: Cu trc ca NS-2 Cu trc ca NS-2 bao gm cc thnh phn c ch ra trn Hnh 2, chc nng ca chng c m t nh sau:

OTcl Script Simulation Program OTcl NS Simulation Library Event Scheduler Objects Network Component Objects
Kch bn OTcl Chng trnh M phng B bin dch Tcl m rng hng i tng Th vin M phng NS Cc i tng B lp lch S kin Cc i tng Thnh phn Mng
Network Setup Helping Modules Cc m un Tr gip Thit lp Mng Plumbling Modules Simulation Results Analysis NAM Network Animator Cc m un Plumbling Cc kt qu M phng Phn tch Minh ha Mng NAM
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Trong hnh 2 trn, NS l B bin dch Tcl m rng hng i tng; bao gm cc i tng: B lp lch s kin, cc i tng thnh phn mng v cc m un tr gip thit lp mng. s dng NS-2, ngi dng lp trnh bng ngn ng kch bn OTcl. Ngi dng c th thm cc m ngun Otcl vo NS-2 bng cch vit cc lp i tng mi trong OTcl. Nhng lp ny khi s c bin dch cng vi m ngun gc. Kch bn OTcl c th thc hin nhng vic sau: Khi to B lp lch S kin Thit lp M hnh mng dng cc i tng thnh phn mng Bo cho ngun traffic khi no bt u truyn v ngng truyn packet trong B lp lch S kin B lp lch S kin trong NS-2 thc hin nhng vic sau: T chc B nh thi m phng -- Hu cc s kin trong hng i s kin -- Triu gi cc Thnh phn mng trong m phng. Ty vo mc ch ca ngi dng i vi kch bn m phng OTcl m kt qu m phng c th c lu tr vo tp vt (trace file) vi khun dng (format) c nhng ngi pht trin NS nh ngha trc hoc theo khun dng do ngi s dng NS quyt nh khi vit kch bn m phng. Ni dung tp vt s c ti vo trong cc ng dng khc thc hin phn tch. NS nh ngha 2 loi tp vt: Nam trace file (file.nam): Cha cc thng tin v t-p mng nh: cc nt mng, ng truyn, vt cc gi tin; dng minh ha trc quan mng thit lp.
Trace file (file.tr): Tp ghi li vt ca cc s kin m phng, tp file dng text, c cu trc, dng cho cc cng c ln vt v gim st m phng nh: Gnuplot, XGRAPH hay TRACEGRAPH.
Hinh 3: Lung cc s kin cho file Tcl chy trong NS-2

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1.3.2. Kh nng m phng ca NS-2 NS-2 h tr m phng tt cho c mng c dy v mng khng dy. Bao gm cc u im ni bt sau:

Kh nng kim tra tnh n nh ca cc giao thc mng ang tn ti. Kh nng nh gi cc giao thc mng mi trc khi a vo s dng.
Kh nng thc thi nhng m hnh mng ln m gn nh ta khng th thc thi c trong thc t.
Kh nng m phng nhiu loi mng khc nhau.
Trong NS-2 c kh nng m phng:
Cc m hnh mng: LAN, WLAN, di ng, v tinh,...

Cc giao thc mng nh: TCP, UDP... Cc dch v ngun lu lng nh: FTP, CBR, VBR, Telnet, http...
Cc k thut qun l hng i: Vo trc Ra trc (Drop Tail), Loi b sm ngu nhin - RED (Random Early Drop) v Xp hng da trn s phn lp CBQ (Class-Based Queueing)...

Cc thut ton nh tuyn nh: Dijkstra, Distance Vector, Link State Cc Chun IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.3,
NS-2 cng thc thi multicasting v vi giao thc lp iu khin truy cp ng truyn (MAC) i vi m phng LAN.
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. T chc ca KLTN
Ni dung kha lun bao gm bn chng nh sau: Chng 1: Gii thiu v s ra i v pht trin ca cc mng khng dy, trnh by tng qut v b m phng mng NS-2 v nu ln c mc tiu nghin cu xuyn sut trong ti kha lun tt nghip ny. Chng 2: Trnh by cc giao thc MAC ca mng LAN v WLAN nh giao thc CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA cng hai chun tng ng l IEEE 802.3 v IEEE 802.11. Chng 3: Nu ln lch s hnh thnh, cc c im chnh ca mng MANET, ng thi m t chi tit v cc giao thc nh tuyn nh DSDV, AODV, DSR, OLSR, TORA v phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn khc nhau. Chng 4: T cc kt qu thc nghim m phng chng ti nh gi nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET.
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Chng 2. GIAO THC MAC CA MNG LAN V WLAN

2.1. Mng LAN v mng WLAN
Trong nhng nm gn y mng WLAN tr ln ph bin rng khp mi ni: lp hc, sn trng, th vin, vn phng, qun c ph, khch sn, ti h gia nh. Mng WLAN t c nhng bc tin kh di v vng chc, dn tr thnh mt i trng ca cng ngh mng LAN ph bin t trc ti nay. Cc li th ln m WLAN em li cho ngi dng gm:
1. Tnh di ng:
Vi kh nng h tr ca mng khng dy, ngi dng khng b rng buc vo cc dy ni, tc l trong khi ang kt ni ngi s dng vn c th di chuyn t v tr ny n v tr khc trong khu vc ph sng m khng b g b ti mt v tr c nh nh trong mng LAN truyn thng. Nh ngi dng c th mang theo thit b ca mnh n bt c u c sng khng dy l c th truy cp vo mng. 2. Tnh mm do: Trin khai mng khng dy rt thun tin v d dng v mi trng truyn lun c sn mi lc, mi ni m khng cn phi ln k hoach trc, khng cn ko dy cp mng hay bt k s vng vu no. Ngi dng d dng thit lp kt ni mt cch nhanh chng phc v cho cng vic ca mnh. 3. D dng trin khai lp t: i vi nhiu khu vc vic trin khai mng c dy kh l kh khn, tn nhiu cng sc do a hnh khng thun li hoc khng c php lp t v lm mt m quan. Tri li vi mng khng dy ta ch cn thit lp, lp t cc thit b trung tm nh Access point, Switch, Router, sau khng cn phi i thm cc h thng dy cp n tng my c nh nh trong mng thng thng.
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2.2. Chun 802.3 v giao thc CSMA/CD

2.2.1. Chun 802.3: IEEE 802.3 l tp hp cc tiu chun do t chc IEEE nh ngha v tng vt l (Physical layer) v lp con iu khin truy cp mi trng truyn (MAC sublayer) ca lp lin kt d liu (Data link layer) trong mng Ethernet. Theo chun ny, cc kt ni vt l c thc hin gia cc nt v (hoc) cc thit b c s h tng nh: hub, switch, router bng cc loi cp ng hoc cp quang. Chun 802.3 ng thi cng h tr cc kin trc mng theo chun 802.1. Kch thc gi tin ti a theo chun l 1518 byte, mc d vy h tr mng LAN o v u tin d liu trong chun 802.3ac, n c m rng ti 1.522 byte. Nu giao thc lp trn a ra mt khung d liu (PDU) nh hn 64 byte, th chun 802.3 s m thm cc trng d liu t c ti thiu 64 byte. Do kch thc khung ti thiu lun lun l 64 byte. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh, tc kt ni trong Ethernet khng ngng c nng ln. Di y l mt s mc pht trin chnh ca chun 802.3: Bang 1: S pht trin ca chun 802.3 Chun 802.3u 802.3z 802.3ab 802.3ae Nm 1995 1998 1999 2003 S kin Fast Ethernet ra i vi tc 100 Mbit/s: 100BASETX, 100BASE-T4, 100BASE-FX 1000BASE-X Gbit/s Ethernet qua cp quang vi tc 1 Gbit/s 1000BASE-T Gbit/s Ethernet qua cp UTP vi tc 1 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber
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2.2.2. Giao thc CSMA/CD
Hinh 4: Chu trnh hot ng ca giao thc CSMA/CD (bn gi) CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) l giao thc a truy cp cm nhn sng mang c pht hin xung t. Mng LAN hot ng da trn nguyn tc ny. Khi my tnh mun truyn d liu, trc tin n lng nghe xem ng truyn c bn hay khng (bng cch cm nhn tn hiu sng mang). Nu khng c, n s thc hin truyn gi tin. Sau khi truyn gi tin, n vn tip tc lng nghe xem c my no nh truyn tin hay khng. Nu khng c xung t, n tip tc truyn gi tin cho n khi hon thnh. Nu pht hin xung t, n s gi broadcast ra ton mng tn hiu nghn (jam signal) cc my khc d dng nhn ra xung t. Sau n s i mt thi gian theo thut ton Backoff ri th gi li gi tin.
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2.3. Chun 802.11 v giao thc CSMA/CA

2.3.1 Chun 802.11 IEEE 802.11 l mt tp cc chun do t chc IEEE quy nh v truyn thng my tnh trong mng LAN khng dy cc di tn s: 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz v 5 GHz. Chun 802.11 bao gm cc k thut iu bin tn hiu truyn qua khng kh (overthe-air) s dng sng v tuyn truyn nhn tn hiu gia cc thit b khng dy v im truy cp (access point) hoc gia cc thit b khng dy vi nhau (mng ad-hoc). Chun mng khng dy u tin c ra i vo thng su nm 1997 (802.111997) nhng phi mi n thng 9 nm 1999 chun 802.11b ra i mi c chp nhn rng ri. Tip theo l s ra i ca chun 802.11g v 802.11n nh du s ci tin vt tri v tc truyn ti mng khng dy. Trong chun 802.11n c ng dng k thut iu bin a lung mi cho php truyn d liu tc cao nht ln n 150Mbps mi lung. Chng ta cng nhn li s pht trin, ci tin ca mng khng dy chun 802.11 theo bng 2. Bang 2: S pht trin ca chun 802.11 Bng thng (MHz) 20 20 20 20 20 n 10/2009 2.4/5 40 S lung MIMO 1 1 1 1
802.11 Protocol a b g
Nm 1997 9/1999 9/1999 6/2003
Tn s (GHz) 2.4 5/3.7 2.4 2.4
Tc truyn d liu trn mi lung (Mb/s) 1, 2 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 1, 2, 5.5, 11 1, 2, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, 65, 72.2 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150
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2.3.1 Giao thc CSMA/CA
Hinh 5: Chu trnh hot ng ca giao thc CSMA/CA (bn gi) CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) a truy cp cm nhn sng mang c trnh xung t. CSMA/CD l phng thc truy cp ca lp hai (Data link). Nguyn tc hot ng ca phng thc ny da trn vic cm nhn sng mang, trnh xung t v c ch nghe trc khi ni Listen before talk. Mt nt trc khi truyn phi lng nghe knh truyn trc xem c nt no khc ang truyn sng trong vng sng cn truyn hay khng.
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Hinh 6: Hot ng lng nghe knh truyn ca giao thc CSMA/CA Nu knh truyn ri: Nt s i mt khong thi gian ti thiu DIFS sau bt u qu trnh truyn.
Nu knh truyn bn: Nt mun truyn phi i mt khong thi gian DIFS
K51MMT
Phm Vn T 14
V ch thm mt khong thi gian Backoff ngu nhin trong ca s tranh chp. C ch ny gip CSMA/CA trnh c xung t. Sau mi khong thi gian DIFS, nu mi trng truyn ri, thi gian Backoff gim i 1. Tri li n c gi nguyn cho khong thi gian DIFS tip theo. Khi thi gian Backoff gim n khng, nt bt u truy cp mi trng truyn. Tuy nhin, nu trc mt nt khc truy cp mi trng truyn trc khi thi gian Backoff ca nt ny gim n khng th n s gi li gi tr thi gian Backoff hin ti s dng cho ln truy cp tip theo.
Chng 3. MNG MANET V BI TON NH TUYN

3.1. Mng MANET
3.1.1. Lch s pht trin v cc ng dng Lch s: Mng di ng c bit (Mobile Adhoc Netwowk) l mng t cu hnh ca cc nt di ng kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc lin kt khng dy to nn mng c lp khng ph thuc vo c s h tng mng. Cc thit b trong mng c th di chuyn mt cch t do theo mi hng, do lin kt ca n vi cc thit b khc cng thay i mt cch thng xuyn. Nguyn l lm vic ca mng Adhoc bt ngun t nm 1968 khi cc mng ALOHA c thc hin. Tuy cc trm lm vic l c nh nhng giao thc ALOHA thc hin vic qun l truy cp knh truyn di dng phn tn, y l c s l thuyt pht trin k thut truy cp knh phn tn vo mng Adhoc. Nm 1973 t chc DARPA bt u lm vic trn mng v tuyn gi tin PRnet. y l mng v tuyn gi tin a chng u tin. Trong cc nt hp tc vi nhau gi d liu ti mt nt nm xa khu vc kt ni thng qua mt nt khc. N cung cp c ch cho vic qun l hot ng trn c s tp trung v phn tn.
Phm Vn T 15
K51MMT
Mt li im ca lm vic a chng so vi n chng l trin khai a chng to thun li cho vic dng li ti nguyn knh truyn v c khng gian, thi gian v gim nng lng pht cn thit. Sau c nhiu mng v tuyn gi tin pht trin nhng cc h thng khng dy ny vn cha bao gi ti tay ngi dng cho n khi chun 802.11 ra i. IEEE i tn mng v tuyn gi tin thnh mng Adhoc. ng dng: Qun s: Hot ng phi tp trung ca mng Adhoc v khng ph thuc vo c s h tng mng l mt yu t thit yu i vi lnh vc qun s, nht l trong cc trng hp chin u khc lit, cc c s h tng mng b ph hy. Lc ny mng Adhoc l la chn s mt cc thit b truyn thng lin lc vi nhau mt cch nhanh chng. Trng hc: Chng ta cng c th thit lp cc mng Adhoc trong trng hc, lp hc, th vin, sn trng, kt ni cc thit b di ng (laptop, smartphone) li vi nhau, gip sinh vin, thy c gio c th trao i bi mt cch nhanh chng thng qua mng adhoc va to. Gia nh: Ti nh bn c th to nhanh mng Adhoc kt ni cc thit b di ng ca bn vi nhau, nh ta c th di chuyn t do m vn m bo kt ni truyn ti d liu. Kt ni cc thit b in t vi nhau: Trong nhng nm ti khi m cc thit b in t u c gn cc giao tip khng dy, gip chng c th trao i giao tip vi nhau th mng Adhoc s rt ph hp to nn mt h thng thng mnh c kh nng lin kt vi nhau. 3.1.2. Cc c im chnh ca mng MANET Mi nt di ng khc nhau trong mng MANET u c nhng c im v ngun nng lng, b phn thu pht sng khc nhau. Chng c th di chuyn v mi hng theo cc tc khc nhau, do ta c th nhn thy r mt s c im chnh ca mng MANET nh sau: Cu hnh mng ng: Cu hnh mng lun bin i theo cc mc di chuyn ca nt mng.
Phm Vn T 16
K51MMT
Khong cch sng ngn: Khong cch sng ca cc thit b di ng l rt hn ch.
Nng lng hn ch: Tt c cc thit b di ng u s dng pin nn khi tham gia vo mng MANET chng b hn ch v nng lng, kh nng x l ca CPU, kch thc b nh.
Bng thng hn ch: Cc lin kt khng dy c bng thng thp hn so vi ng truyn cp v chng cn chu nh hng ca s nhiu, suy gim tn hiu, cc iu kin giao thoa v th m thng nh hn tc truyn ln nht ca sng v tuyn.
Bo mt yu: c im ca mng MANET l truyn sng qua mi trng khng kh, iu ny khin cho c ch bo mt km hn so vi mi trng truyn cp v n tim n nhiu nguy c b tn cng, nghe ln ng truyn, gi mo, DoS,
3.2. Vn nh tuyn trong mng MANET

3.2.1 Cc thut ton nh tuyn truyn thng Cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng thng s dng hai gii thut:
Distance Vector: RIP , IGRP,...
Nguyn tc hot ng: mi router s gi bng nh tuyn ca mnh cho tt c cc router c ni trc tip vi n . Cc router so snh vi bng bng nh tuyn m mnh hin c v kim tra li cc tuyn ng ca mnh vi cc tuyn ng mi nhn c, tuyn ng no ti u hn s c a vo bng nh tuyn. Cc gi tin cp nht s c gi theo nh k (30 giy vi RIP ,90 giy i vi IGRP) [9]. u im: D cu hnh, router khng phi x l nhiu nn khng tn nhiu dung lng b nh v CPU c tc x l nhanh hn. Nhc im: - H thng metric qu n gin (nh Rip ch l hop-count ) dn n vic cc tuyn ng c chn vo bng nh tuyn cha phi tuyn ng tt nht. - V cc gi tin cp nht c gi theo nh k nn mt lng bng thng ng k s b chim.
Phm Vn T 17 K51MMT
- Do Router hi t chm, dn n vic sai lch trong bng n tuyn gy nn hin tng vng lp (loop).
Link state: OSPF, IS-IS
Nguyn tc hot ng: Cc router khng gi bng nh tuyn ca mnh, m ch gi tnh trng ca cc ng lin kt trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt (linkstatedatabase) ca mnh i cho cc router khc, cc router s p dng gii thut SPF (shortest path first ), t xy dng bng nh tuyn ring cho mnh. Khi mng hi t, cc giao thc Link state s khng gi cp nht nh k m ch gi khi no c s thay i trong mng (1 ng b down , cn s dng ng d phng). u im: C th thch nghi c vi a s h thng, cho php ngi thit k c th thit k mng linh hot, phn ng nhanh vi tnh hung xy ra. Do khng gi cp nht nh k nh Distance Vector, nn Link State bo m c bng thng cho cc ng mng. Nhc im: - Do router phi x l nhiu, nn chim nhiu b nh, tc CPU chm hn nn tng tr Vic s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng trong mng MANET s dn n rt nhiu vn tr ngi cn gii quyt: Tiu tn nng lng ngun nui cho cc cp nhp nh k nh trong giao thc nh tuyn Distance Vector. Tiu tn bng thng mng cho cc cp nhp nh k. Lm qu ti b vi x l ca thit b: khi cc thng tin cp nht, s nt mng tng ln. To ra nhiu ng i d tha
3.2.2. Cc yu cu chnh i vi vic nh tuyn trong mng MANET Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET cn m bo: Thch ng nhanh khi t-p mng thay i: khi cc nt mng di chuyn nhanh, yu cu kt ni tng ln th cc giao thc hot ng theo c ch tip cn
Phm Vn T 18
K51MMT
tp trung s gim hiu qu r rt do phi tn nhiu thi gian thu thp thng tin v trng thi hin ti v pht tn li n. Trong khi cu hnh mng c th thay i khc i ri. m bo hiu qu trong mi trng truyn khi cc nt ng yn. Lc ny t-p mng l c nh khng thay i nn cc giao thc nh tuyn ch cn gi cc cp nht khi c yu cu hoc mng thay i nh vic mt nt no tt kt ni.
Khng c lp nh tuyn: Cn ngn chn hin tng ny, bi v khi cc gi tin b nh tuyn sai, dn n vic b truyn quay vng lin tc trong mt s kt ni mng, khin cho bng thng mng v cc ti nguyn khc nh nng lng ngun nui b tiu tn v ch.
Bo mt: Vic nh tuyn trong mng MANET c nguy c b tn cng d dng bng cc phng php nh xm nhp ng truyn, pht li, thay i cc gi tin tiu , iu hng cc thng ip nh tuyn. Do khi thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn cn phi c phng php pht hin c v ngn chn cc loi tn cng.
3.2.3. Phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn 3.2.3.1. Link state v Distance Vector Thut ton nh tuyn vector khong cch (distance-vector routing protocols) Thut ton ny dng thut ton Bellman-Ford, trong ch nh mt con s, gi l chi ph (hay trng s), cho mi mt lin kt gia cc nt trong mng. Cc nt s gi thng tin v ng i t im A n im B qua cc ng truyn (kt ni) mang li tng chi ph thp nht (l tng cc chi ph ca cc kt ni gia cc nt c dng). Thut ton hot ng vi nhng hnh ng rt n gin. Khi mt nt khi ng ln u, n ch bit cc nt k trc tip vi n, v chi ph trc tip i n (thng tin ny, danh sch ca cc ch, tng chi ph n tng ch v bc k tip gi d liu n to nn bng nh tuyn, hay bng khong cch). Mi nt, trong mt tin trnh, gi n tng hng xm tng chi ph ca n i n cc ch m n bit. Cc nt hng xm phn tch thng tin ny, v so snh vi nhng thng tin m chng ang bit; bt k iu g ci thin c nhng thng tin chng ang c s c a vo cc bng nh tuyn ca nhng hng xm ny. n khi kt thc, tt c nt trn mng s tm ra bc truyn k tip ti u n tt c mi ch, v tng chi ph tt nht.
Phm Vn T 19 K51MMT
Khi mt trong cc nt gp vn , nhng nt khc c s dng nt hng ny trong l trnh ca mnh s loi b nhng l trnh , v to nn thng tin mi ca bng nh tuyn. Sau chng chuyn thng tin ny n tt c nt gn k v lp li qu trnh trn. Cui cng, tt c nt trn mng nhn c thng tin cp nht, v sau s tm ng i mi n tt c cc ch m chng cn ti c. Thut ton nh tuyn trng thi kt ni (Link-state routing protocols) Khi p dng cc thut ton trng thi kt ni, mi nt s dng d liu c s ca n nh l mt bn ca mng vi dng mt th. lm iu ny, mi nt pht i ti ton mng nhng thng tin v cc nt khc m n c th kt ni c, v tng nt gp thng tin mt cch c lp vo bn . S dng bn ny, mi nt sau s xc nh c tuyn ng tt nht t n n mi nt khc. Thut ton lm theo cch ny l Dijkstra, bng cch xy dng cu trc d liu khc, dng cy, trong nt hin ti l gc, v cha mi nt khc trong mng. Bt u vi mt cy ban u ch cha chnh n. Sau ln lt t tp cc nt cha c thm vo cy, n s thm nt c chi ph thp nht n mt nt c trn cy. Tip tc qu trnh n khi mi nt u c thm vo cy. Cy ny sau phc v xy dng bng nh tuyn, a ra bc truyn k tip tt u, t mt nt n bt k nt khc trn mng. So snh cc thut ton nh tuyn Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo thut ton vector khong cch n gin v hiu qu hn trong cc mng nh, i hi t (nu c) s gim st. Tuy nhin nhc im ca n l kh nng hi t chm khi mng ln v thay i, iu ny dn n s pht trin ca cc thut ton trng thi kt ni tuy phc tp hn nhng tt hn dng trong cc mng ln. u im chnh ca nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni l phn ng nhanh nhy hn, v trong mt khong thi gian c hn, i vi s thay i kt ni. Ngoi ra, nhng gi c gi qua mng trong nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni th nh hn nhng gi dng trong nh tuyn bng vector. nh tuyn bng vector i hi bng nh tuyn y phi c truyn i, trong khi nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni th ch c thng tin v hng xm ca nt c truyn i. V vy, cc gi ny dng ti nguyn mng mc khng ng k. Khuyt im chnh ca nh tuyn bng trng
Phm Vn T 20
K51MMT
thi kt ni l n i hi nhiu s lu tr v tnh ton chy hn nh tuyn bng vector. 3.2.3.2. nh tuyn ch ng v phn ng Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET c ngi ta phn chia thnh cc loi: nh tuyn ch ng (proactive), nh tuyn phn ng (reactive) v nh tuyn lai ghp gia hai loi trn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng s dng phng php pht trn (Floading) qung b thng tin ti cc thit b. Phng php ny cho php thi gian thit lp ng nhanh da trn cc tham s gi ti thit b sn sng cho kt ni. Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng lm lu lng cc gi tin tm ng tng ln rt ln, y chnh l nhc im ca phng php ny. Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ti u OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) v giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch tun t ch DSDV (Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing) l hai v d ca giao thc nh tuyn ch ng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn phn ng thit lp tuyn da theo tng yu cu kt ni. Phng php ny hn ch c chi ph tm ng, nhng nhc im c bn l gy tr ln cho cc khung truyn dn u tin cng nh thi gian chn ng dn chm. Hai giao thc phn ng in hnh l giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch theo yu cu AODV (On-demand Distance Vector Routing) v giao thc nh tuyn nh tuyn ngun ng DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). Mt khi xy ra li ti nt, cc giao thc nh tuyn thng khi phc ng dn bng phng php thit lp tuyn mi. Hu ht cc tip cn hin nay u s dng thng tin phn hi ti thit b ngun nhm khi to tuyn mi, v vy lu lng bn tin trao i l rt ln v tng ln rt nhanh khi kch thc mng ln, nht l i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn ch ng. Khi kch thc mng tng cng ng ngha vi s suy gim hiu nng mng do hin tng tr ca th tc nh tuyn v truyn khung u tin tng ln rt ln nu s dng giao thc nh tuyn phn ng. 3.2.3.3. nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn theo chng Vi nh tuyn ngun, ton b thng tin v ng i ti ch c t trong trng tiu ca gi tin d liu, cc nt trung gian ch vic chuyn tip gi tin theo ng trong tiu . Li im ca giao thc ny l loi b c nhu cu qung b ng nh k v cc gi tin khm ph (discovery) hng xm.
Phm Vn T 21
K51MMT
Trong nh tuyn theo chng, khi mt nt nhn c gi tin cn chuyn ti ch, nt chuyn tip gi tin theo chng tip theo hng ti ch m n bit. Nt tip theo li chuyn tip gi tin n ch theo nhng chng m n bit da vo bng nh tuyn ca n. Qu trnh trn s dng li khi gi tin c chuyn ti ch. Nhc im ca phng php ny l tt c cc nt cn duy tr thng tin nh tuyn nn phi x l nhiu hn v c kh nng to thnh cc vng lp nh tuyn.
Phm Vn T 22
K51MMT
3.3. Cc giao thc nh tuyn chnh trong mng MANET
Hinh 7: Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET
3.3.1. DSDV DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing) l giao thc ch ng da trn da trn thut ton Distance vector c xy dng bi C.Perkins v P.Bhagwat nm 1994 [13]. Giao thc ny c xy dng da trn tiu ch gi nguyn s n gin ca gii thut Bellman-Ford v loi b vn vng lp. Truyn thng tin nh tuyn: Thng tin nh tuyn c gi qung b (broadcast) ti tt c cc nt hng xm lin k n. Thng tin cp nht c pht nh k hoc ngay khi c cc thay i xy ra trong mng. trnh lp nh tuyn DSDV gn s th t chn cho mi ng. S th t c gn bi nt ch, c gi i trong gi tin cp nhp. S th t ny cho thy mi ca mi ng, ng no c s th t cao hn c xem l tt hn. [10]
Phm Vn T 23
K51MMT
Hinh 8: T-p mng thay i S th t ny s tng ln mt n v khi mt nt pht hin ng i ti ch c lin kt b hng khi n khng nhn c cp nht nh k. Khi y trong gi tin cp nht k tip n gi i s qung b ng ti ch ny c s chng bng v hn (metric ~ ) v tng th t ng. Khi mt nt nhn c thng tin mi v mt tuyn ng, tuyn ny s c chn nu n c s th t ln hn cc s th t khc ca cng tuyn trong bng nh tuyn. Nu n c cng s th t th n s c chn nu c s metric tt hn. lm gim kch thc gi tin cp nhp, DSDV s dng hai loi thng ip cp nht l: Full dump: Cp nht y . Thng ip ny bao gm ton b thng tin nh tuyn m nt bit n thi im .
Incremental dump: cp nht b sung. Gi thng ip ny ch bao gm cc thng tin v nhng thay i t ln cp nht y gn nht.
Hai loi thng ip ct nht ny c lu vo hai bng khc nhau, mt bng chuyn tip cc gi tin y , mt pht cc gi tin cp nht. Gi tin cp nht y ch c pht thng xuyn khi cc nt thng xuyn di chuyn, khi mng t thay i, ch yu ch c gi tin cp nht b sung c gi i. 3.3.2 OLSR [8] OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) l giao thc ch ng da trn thut ton trng thi kt ni (Link state). Cc nt gi nh k ra ton mng thng ip Hello trao i thng tin v hng xm. Thng tin ny bao gm IP ca nt, s th t v danh sch cc thng tin khong cch ca cc nt hng xm. Sau khi cp nht
Phm Vn T 24
K51MMT
nhng thng tin ny nt s xy dng ln bng nh tuyn ca n v c ci nhn tng th v ton mng. Da vo bng nh tuyn ny n c th t tnh c ng i ti cc nt khc da vo thut ton tm ng i ngn nht. Khi mt nt nhn c mt gi tin trng lp vi cng s th t n s loi b gi tin ny. Trong bng nh tuyn nt lu tr thng tin nh tuyn ti tt c cc nt khc trong mng. Nhng thng tin ny ch c cp nht khi: Khi nt nhn thy s thay i trong quan h hng xm (vd: mt lin kt n nt hng xm,)
Tuyn ng ti cc nt ch khc ht hn (qu lu khng c cp nhp) Pht hin ra ng i mi ngn hn ti ch.
im khc bit gia OLSR v LSR (Link State Protocol) l vic giao thc OLSR hot ng da trn vic mt nhm nt mng cng tc vi nhau to nn mt kp pht chuyn tip a im (Multi-Point Relays - MPR). Mi nt N trong mng s la chn ra mt tp cc nt hng xm ca n vo kp a im MPR(N), cc nt thuc kp a im ny s chuyn tip cc gi tin iu khin c gi t N. Nt khng thuc kp a im ca N vn x l gi tin ny nhng s khng chuyn tip n cc nt khc.
Hinh 9: Quy trnh chuyn tip gi tin khi s dng kp a im MPR
Phm Vn T 25
K51MMT
u im u tin ca vic s dng kp a im (MPR) l vic lm gim thiu cc thng ip qung b pht trn trong mng, gip cho bng thng c ci thin ng k. Li im th hai l vic gim c kch thc ca gi tin Hello v n ch lu tr cc thng tin lin quan ti cc nt trong kp a im ca n.
Hinh 10: OLSR ngn chn vng lp bng vic s dng MPR chuyn pht gi tin.
3.3.3. AODV [12] AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) l giao thc da trn thut ton vector khong cch. AODV ti thiu ho s bn tin qung b cn thit bng cch to ra cc tuyn trn c s theo yu cu, ngc vi vic duy tr mt danh sch hon chnh cc tuyn nh thut ton DSDV.
Hinh 11: qu trnh khm ph tuyn trong AODV
Phm Vn T 26
K51MMT
Khi mt nt ngun mun gi mt bn tin n mt nt ch no v khng bit rng c mt tuyn ng n ch , n phi khi u mt qu trnh khm ph ng truyn. N pht qung b mt gi yu cu tuyn (RREQ) n cc nt ln cn. Cc nt ln cn ny sau s chuyn tip gi yu cu n nt ln cn khc ca chng. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy cho n khi c mt nt trung gian no xc nh c mt tuyn ti t n ch. AODV s dng s th t ch m bo rng tt c cc tuyn khng lp v cha hu ht thng tin tuyn hin ti. Mi nt duy tr s tun t ca n cng vi mt ID qung b. ID qung b c tng ln mi khi nt khi u mt RREQ, v cng vi a ch IP ca nt, xc nh duy nht mt RREQ. Cng vi s tun t v ID qung b, nt ngun bao gm trong RREQ hu ht s tun t hin ti ca ch m n c. Cc nt trung gian c th tr li RREQ ch khi no chng c mt tuyn n ch m s tun t ch tng ng ln hn hoc bng s tun t cha trong RREQ. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn tip RREQ, cc nt trung gian ghi vo Bng nh tuyn ca chng a ch ca cc nt ln cn t khi nhn c bn sao u tin ca gi qung b, theo thit lp c mt ng dn theo thi gian. Nu cc bn sao ca cng mt RREQ c nhn sau , cc gi ny s b hu b. Mt khi RREQ t n ch hay mt nt trung gian vi tuyn ti, nt ch (hoc nt trung gian) p ng li bng cch pht n phng mt gi p ng tuyn (RREP) ngc v nt ln cn m t n thu c RREQ. Khi RREP c nh tuyn ngc theo ng dn, cc nt trn ng dn thit lp cc thc th tuyn chuyn tip trong Bng nh tuyn ca ch nt m n nhn c RREP. Cc thc th tuyn chuyn tip ny ch th tuyn chuyn tip tch cc. Cng vi mi thc th tuyn l mt b nh thi tuyn c nhim v xo cc thc th nu n khng c s dng trong mt thi hn xc nh. Do mt RREP chuyn tip trn ng dn c thit lp bi mt RREQ nn AODV ch h tr vic s dng ng truyn i xng. Trong AODV, cc tuyn c duy tr iu kin nh sau: Nu mt nt ngun chuyn ng, n phi khi ng li giao thc khm ph tuyn tm ra mt tuyn mi n ch. Nu mt nt trn tuyn chuyn ng, nt ln cn lung ln ca n ch n chuyn ng v truyn mt bn tin Khai bo s c ng thng (mt RREP khng xc nh) n mi nt ln cn tch cc lung ln thng bo cho cc nt ny xo phn tuyn . Cc nt ny thc cht truyn mt Thng bo s c ng thng n cc nt ln cn lung ln. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy cho n khi t n nt
Phm Vn T 27
K51MMT
ngun. Nt ngun sau c th chn khi ng li mt qu trnh khm ph tuyn cho ch nu mt tuyn vn cn thit [4]. Ngoi ra, giao thc ny s dng bn tin HELLO c pht qung b nh k bi mt nt thng bo cho tt c cc nt khc v nhng nt ln cn ca n. Cc bn tin HELLO c th c s dng duy tr kh nng kt ni cc b ca mt nt. Tuy nhin, vic s dng bn tin HELLO l khng cn thit. Cc nt lng nghe vic truyn li gi d liu m bo rng vn t n chng k tip. Nu khng nghe c vic truyn li nh th, nt c th s dng mt trong s cc k thut, k c vic tip nhn bn tin HELLO. Cc bn tin HELLO c th lit k cc nt khc m t nt di ng nghe tin bo, do to ra kh nng lin kt ln hn cho mng. 3.3.4. DSR [7] Giao thc DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) l mt giao thc nh tuyn phn ng t nt ngun. Trong , cc nt di ng cn duy tr b nh m v tuyn cha cc nt ngun m nt di ng nhn bit c. Cc thc th trong b nh m v tuyn c cp nht lin tc.
Hinh 12: nh tuyn ngun ng (DSR)
Phm Vn T 28
K51MMT
Giao thc ny bao gm 2 giai on chnh: a) Khm ph tuyn v b) Duy tr tuyn. Khi mt nt di ng gi mt gi n mt nt ch no , trc ht n phi tham vn b nh m tuyn xc nh l n c mt tuyn n ch cha. Nu n c mt tuyn cha ht hiu lc n ch, n s s dng tuyn ny gi gi i. Tri li, nu khng c mt tuyn nh th, n phi khi u mt qu trnh khm ph tuyn bng cch pht qung b mt gi yu cu tuyn. Bn tin yu cu ny cha a ch ch, cng vi a ch nt ngun v s nhn dng duy nht. Mi nt nhn c gi ny s tin hnh kim tra l n c bit mt tuyn no n ch khng. Nu khng, n thm a ch ca n vo Bng ghi nh tuyn ca gi v sau chuyn tip gi trn cc ng truyn ng ra. gii hn s yu cu tuyn pht trn cc ng truyn ng ra ca nt, mt nt ch chuyn tip yu cu tuyn nu n cha bit yu cu v nu a ch ca nt di ng cha xut hin trong Bng ghi tuyn. Mt p ng tuyn c to ra khi hoc l yu cu tuyn t n ch hoc l khi n t n mt nt trung gian cha trong b nh m tuyn ca n mt tuyn n ch cha ht hiu lc. n lc gi c th t n ch hay n mt nt trung gian nh th, n cha mt Bng ghi tuyn cho bit s tun t chng tri qua. Nu nt to ra p ng tuyn l ch th n t Bng ghi tuyn cha trong yu cu tuyn vo p ng tuyn. Nu nt tng ng l mt nt trung gian, n gn thm tuyn trong b nh m ca n vo Bng ghi tuyn v sau to ra mt p ng tuyn. tr v p ng tuyn, nt tng ng phi c mt tuyn khi u. Nu n c mt tuyn khi u trong b nh m tuyn ca n, n c th s dng tuyn . Tri li, nu cc ng truyn i xng c h tr, nt c th khi u mt qu trnh khm ph tuyn ca n v tip tc gi i p ng tuyn trn mt yu cu tuyn mi. Vic duy tr tuyn c hon thnh thng qua s dng cc gi li tuyn v cc bn tin xc nhn. Cc gi li tuyn c to ra mt nt khi lp lin kt d liu gp s c ng truyn. Nt ngun lun lun b dng khi mt tuyn b ct t (c mt lin kt trn tuyn b li). Khi nhn c mt gi li tuyn, chng b li s b loi b khi b nh m tuyn ca nt v tt c cc tuyn cha chng ny u b ct im . Ngoi cc bn tin li tuyn, cc bn tin xc nhn c s dng xc minh s hot ng chnh xc ca cc ng thng tuyn. Cc bn tin xc nhn nh th bao gm c xc nhn th ng (khi nt di ng c th nghe vic chuyn tip gi chng k tip trn tuyn).
Phm Vn T 29
K51MMT
3.3.5. TORA [11] TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) l mt thut ton nh tuyn phn b khng c vng lp v thch nghi cao, da trn khi nim o ngc ng thng. TORA c xut cho mi trng ni mng c tnh linh ng cao. N l mt giao thc khi pht t ngun v cung cp a tuyn cho mi cp nt ngun/ch cn thit. Nguyn l ch o trong TORA l nh v cc bn tin iu khin i vi mi tp hp cc nt gn vi ni xy ra s thay i topo mng. thc hin c iu ny, cc nt cn duy tr thng tin nh tuyn v cc nt k cn (ch mt chng). Giao thc ny thc hin 3 chc nng c bn: To tuyn, Duy tr tuyn, v Xo tuyn. Trong sut giai on to ra v duy tr tuyn, cc nt s dng mt tham s cao thit lp mt DAG (s hnh xon c) c gc nt ch. Sau , cc ng truyn c ch nh mt hng (lung ln hay lung xung) da trn tham s cao tng i ca cc nt ln cn. Qu trnh thit lp DAG tng t nh qu trnh vn tin/p ng trong LMR (Light-Weight Moblie Routing - nh tuyn di ng trng s thp). Trong thi gian mt nt di chuyn, tuyn DAG b ph v v vic duy tr tuyn cn thit lp li mt DAG c gc cng ch . Khi ng thng lung xung cui cng b s c th mt nt to ra mt mc tham chiu mi da vo mc tham chiu ca cc nt ln cn, phi hp hot ng c hiu qu phn ng li s c mt cch c cu trc. Cc ng thng c o ngc phn nh nhng thay i trong vic thch nghi vi mc tham chiu mi. Vic ny c hiu qu ging nh s o hng ca mt hay nhiu ng thng khi mt nt khng c cc ng thng lung xung. Vic nh thi l mt yu t quan trng i vi TORA do tham s cao c lp vi thi gian s c ng thng; TORA gi s rng tt c cc nt u c ng h ng b (thc thi qua mt ngun thi gian bn ngoi nh h thng nh v ton cu - GPS). Cc tham s ca TORA gm: a) Thi gian s c ng thng, b) ID duy nht ca nt xc nh mc tham chiu mi, c) Bit ch th phn nh, d) Tham s th t truyn, v e) ID duy nht ca nt. Tham s th 3 th hin mc tham chiu mt cch c chn lc. Mt mc tham chiu mi c xc nh mi khi mt nt khng cn ng thng lung xung cui cng do s c ng thng. Giai on xo tuyn ca TORA bao gm mt bn tin qung b Xo tuyn (CLR) trong ton mng xo cc tuyn khng cn hiu lc na.
Phm Vn T 30
K51MMT
Trong TORA c mt s bin ng tim tng xy ra, c bit khi nhiu tp hp cc nt ang lin kt l phn hin ang b xo, cc tuyn ang xo, v cc tuyn ang xy dng mi. Do TORA s dng to lin nt nn bi ton bt cn bng ca n tng t nh bi ton tnh n v cng trong cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vector c ly, ngoi tr cc bin ng l tm thi v s hi t tuyn cui cng vn t c.
Chng 4. NH GI BNG M PHNG NH HNG CA S CHUYN NG CA CC NT MNG N HIU SUT CA MT S GIAO THC NH TUYN
4.1. Xc nh cc tham s hiu sut cn nh gi v cch thc phn tch kt qu m phng
4.1.1. Cc tham s hiu sut cn nh gi Hiu sut l khi nim ch o cng vic m h thng thc hin c. i vi lnh vc nghin cu mng my tnh, hiu sut bao gm cc o thng dng nh: tnh sn sng, thng lng, tr v thi gian p ng... Do cn nhiu gii hn v ti nguyn nn cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET cn phi m bo vic s dng hiu qu cc ti nguyn hn ch ny. Chng ti s dng cc o sau nh gi hiu sut hot ng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn khi cc nt mng thay i v hng v tc di chuyn: T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng: L t l gia s gi tin c phn pht thnh cng ti ch so vi s gi tin c gi i ngun pht.

Thi gian phn ng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn: L thi gian tnh t thi im nt ngun c nhu cu truyn ti khi bt u truyn d liu. Thng lng: L tng dung lng d liu truyn n ch thnh cng trong 1 n v thi gian (Kbps,).
Phm Vn T 31
K51MMT
4.1.2. Cch thc phn tch kt qu m phng ca NS-2 4.1.2.1. Cu trc tp vt Tp vt l file dng vn bn (text), mi dng nh mt bn ghi (record), c cu trc nh nhau, bao gm mt s trng phn cch nhau bi k t trng (m ASCII bng 32). Cu trc mt dng ca tp vt thng c dng: r 160.093884945 _6_ RTR --- 5 tcp 1492 [a2 4 6 800] ------- [36:0 16777984:0 31 16777984] [1 0] 2 0 Tn cc trng ca mt dng tp vt trn l: Event, Time, Node ID, Trace Name, Reason, Event Identifier, Packet Type, Packet Size, [Time To Send Data, Destination MAC Address, Source MAC Address, Type (ARP, IP)]. ngha ca cc trng c gii thch ti bng 4.
Bang 3: Cu trc tp vt
Event Wireless Event s: Send r: Receive d: Drop f: Forward Type Value Ngha
%.9f %d (%6.2f %6.2f) %3s %4s %d %s %d [%x %x %x %x] %.9f _%d_ %3s %4s %d %s %d [%x %x %x %x] double int double Time Node ID X Coordinate Thi gian Ch s ca nt Ta trc x Ch lu li nu c log li v tr Ta trc y Ch lu li nu c log li v tr Tn vt nh: RTR, AGT,.. L do to ra s kin S th t gi tin Kiu gi tin: TCP, UDP, ACK Kch thc gi tin Thi gian trng i gi tin c gi
double string string int string int
Y Coordinate Trace Name Reason Event Identifier Packet Type Packet Size
hexadecimal Time To Send Data
Phm Vn T 32
K51MMT
Kho st nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong MANET xung knh truyn Destination MAC Address Source MAC hexadecimal Address hexadecimal hexadecimal Type (ARP, IP) a ch MAC ca nt ch a ch MAC ca nt ngun Kiu ca trng MAC VD: 800 ETHERTYPE_IP
Ph thuc vo kiu ca gi tin m cu trc tp vt cn c thm mt s trng sau: ------- [Source IP Address: Source Port Number, Destination IP Address: Destination Port Number, TTL Value, Next Hop Address, If Any], [Sequence Number, Acknowledgment Number], Number Of Times Packet Was Forwarded, Optimal Number Of Forwards. ngha ca cc trng ny c gii thch ti bng 5 bn di. Bang 4: Cc trng thm vo trong cu trc tp vt ph thuc vo kiu gi tin
Event IP Trace Type Value Ngha
------- [%d:%d %d:%d %d %d] int int int int int Source IP Address Source Port Number Destination IP Address Destination Port Number TTL Value a ch IP ngun Ch s cng ngun a ch IP ch Ch s cng ch Time To Live: Thi gian tn ti ca gi tin a ch ca nt k tip gi tin s chuy tip ti.
int TCP Trace
Next Hop Address, If Any
[%d %d] %d %d int int Sequence Number Acknowledgment Number S th t S th t ca gi bin nhn
Phm Vn T 33
K51MMT
Kho st nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong MANET int int CBR Trace [%d] %d %d int int int Sequence Number Number Of Times Packet Was Forwarded Optimal Number Of Forwards S th t S ln gi tin c chuyn tip S chuyn tip ti u Number Of Times Packet Was Forwarded Optimal Number Of Forwards S ln gi tin c chuyn tip S chuyn tip ti u
Chi tit cc trng ph thm vo ca cc kiu gi tin khc c nu trong phn PH LC. 4.1.2. Cng c phn tch v biu din kt qu m phng . Perl Ban u, Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) l mt ngn ng lp trnh c pht trin cho thao tc vn bn, sau ny c pht trin s dng cho mt lot cc ng dng khc nh: qun tr h thng, pht trin web, lp trnh mng, giao din pht trin,u im vt tri ca Perl l nh gn, d s dng, h tr c lp trnh hng i tng (OOP), c xy dng h tr x l vn bn. S dng Perl chy Perl trn Linux, ta dng lnh sau:
perl progName.pl
Vit Script bng perl, t dng sau ln trn u trong Script
#!/usr/bin/perl
Sau chy lnh:
/duongdan/script.pl
v d : chmod 755 script.pl

/duongdan/script.pl
C php c bn ca Perl:
Phm Vn T 34
K51MMT
Mt on code Perl script hay mt chng trnh u bao gm nhiu cc statements. Cc statements ny ch n gin c vit bng cc kiu cch n gin trong script. Khng nht thit phi c main() hoc tng t.

perl statements kt bng du ; V d: printHello, Im Tu;
S dng # Comments trong Perl, v d :
# Comment y GNUPLOT
Gnuplot l mt cng c v th gn nh v rt hu dng trn Linux. Gnuplot t ra kh dng lc ban u, tuy nhin, nu nm c cc c php c bn ca n, chng ta s thy y l mt cng c mnh m v y hiu qu. Vi chc nng to script v, vic to hoc sa i mt th tr nn rt d dng. Gnuplot c th nhn vo tp vn bn (input file) c nhiu ct, lc y cn ch ra hai ct c th ly d liu v th. Gnuplot cn c th nhn vo t nhiu file v v trn cng mt th, iu ny rt thun li cho vic so snh v nghin cu. V d: File u vo l: Time_of_connection_setup.data
#plot.script set set set set set set set set
STT
DSDV
AODV
DSR 0,0333 1,4792 3,8303 3,4793 0,5594
title "Thoi gian thiet lap ket noi" 0 0,0045 0,6204 xlabel "Van Toc (m/s)" ylabel "Thoi gian (s)" 5 1,1788 1,6365 key right top 10 5,4950 1,4021 pointsize 1 15 5,0125 2,3528 xr [0:20] 20 6,9357 1,4003 yr [0:8] size 0.8,0.8
set terminal postscript eps enhanced mono dashed lw 1 set output " Time_of_connection_setup.eps" plot "connection_time_RandomWaypoint" using 1:2 title 'DSDV' with linespoints lt 1 pt 6 lw 1, \ "connection_time_RandomWaypoint" using 1:3 title 'AODV' with linespoints lt 2 pt 12 lw 1, \ "connection_time_RandomWaypoint" using 1:4 title 'DSR' with linespoints lt -1 pt 3 lw 1
Thit lp nh dng cho bn v v thc hin v th:
Phm Vn T 35
K51MMT
4.2. Thit lp mng m phng MANET

Ti xy dng chng trnh m phng, c s dng on m v d v m phng mng ad-hoc vi giao thc DSDV trong cun "NS Simulator for beginners" [1] ca tc gi Eitan Altman v Tania Jimenez. Chng trnh m phng ca ti c tn l: MANET_Simulation.tcl, c in trong mc 2.M phng mng MANET ca phn Ph Lc. Chng trnh ny sau khi chy s sinh ra cc tp vt l :MANET.nam v MANET.tr. Chng s c dng lm input cho chng trnh NAM trc quan ha ton b qu trnh m phng bng ha; lm input cho on m perl do ti xy dng tnh: T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng, thi gian phn ng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn, thng lng; v kt xut ra cc tp dng cho gnuplot v th. 4.2.1. Thit lp t-p mng Sau nhiu kho st nh gi, chng ti la chn khu vc m phng mng MANET theo hnh vung vi din tch l 1500m x 1500m (1,5Km x 1,5Km). Vic m rng din tch khu vc m phng ny s m bo cho cc nt mng di ng c khng gian chuyn ng vi qung ng i ln nht ln ti 1,5x2 = 2,12Km . Theo chun 802.11 th vng thu pht sng ca nt di ng ti a l 250m nn ta c di ng i ln nht trong mng m phng ln hn 8 chng di nht c th c. iu ny rt hu ch trong trng hp nghin cu qu trnh nh tuyn gia cc nt xa nhau. Mng m phng bao gm 50 nt di ng phn b ngu nhin trong din tch m phng vi ta cc nt l (x, y, z) trong z = 0 (Mt phng).
Hinh 13: Din tch mng m phng v cc nt mng
Phm Vn T 36
K51MMT
V tr ban u ca cc nt c khi to ngu nhin nh vy nhm lm tng tnh khch quan trong qu trnh m phng. Tng quan v mng m phng vi cc tham s cu hnh chung, cu hnh di chuyn v cu hnh truyn d liu c th hin trong bng 5. Bang 5: Cu hnh mng m phng Thng s Cu hnh chung Khu vc a l Tng s nt Vng thu pht sng Cu hnh di chuyn Tc di chuyn nhanh nht Tc di chuyn chm nht Cu hnh truyn d liu Dng truyn thng S ngun pht Thc th nhn Kch thc gi tin Kiu Kch thc hng i TCP 10 ngun, nm trn 8 nt mng: 4, 5, 7, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19 8 nt mng: 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20 512 bytes DropTail - 50 20 m/s 72 km/h 0 m/s ng yn 1,5Km x 1,5Km 50 nt 250m Gi tr
4.2.2. Thit lp m hnh chuyn ng ca cc nt mng v thi gian m phng Trong m phng mng Ad-hoc cc m hnh di chuyn ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. N th hin chnh xc cc ng cnh c th ca mng v gp phn quyt nh tnh ng n ca vic nh gi hiu sut ca cc giao thc nh tuyn trc khi mang
Phm Vn T 37
K51MMT
ra trin khai thc t. Trn thc t c hai loi m hnh di chuyn c s dng cho mng khng dy l m hnh vt (trace-based model) v m hnh tng hp (synthetic model). M hnh vt cung cp cho ta thng tin chnh xc, c bit l khi n c lin quan ti nhiu bn tham gia va c thi gian di. Tuy nhin, m hnh tng hp l ph hp hn i vi mng di ng ngy nay. M hnh tng hp c gng th hin hnh vi ca cc nt di ng bng cch thng k. Mi nt s c gn mt gii thut nhm ngu nhin ha qu trnh di chuyn. Hai m hnh tiu biu m phng cc mng Adhoc l: Random Waypoint v Random Walk. 4.2.2.1. M hnh Random Waypoint Ti m hnh ny, ban u mi nt c mt v tr ngu nhin trong khu vc m phng v ti mt khong thi gian tm dng. Khi ht qung thi gian tm dng, nt chn cho mnh mt ch ngu nhin trong khu vc m phng v chuyn ng vi tc phn b ng u gia [speedmin, speedmax]. Khi ti v tr mi nt dng mt khong thi gian trong khong [Pmin, Pmax] v sau tip tc li qu trnh.
Hinh 14: Di chuyn mt nt theo m hnh Random Waypoint. y l m hnh c tnh linh ng cao nn c s dng ph bin v rng ri nht. M hnh Random Waypoint c bin th khc vi mt vi thay i khc bit l m hnh Random Walk.
Phm Vn T 38
K51MMT
4.2.2.2. M hnh Random Walk M hnh ny m phng chuyn ng ngu nhin ca cc thc th trong cuc sng t nhin. Nt di ng di chuyn t v tr hin ti ti v tr mi bng vic chn ngu nhin mt hng nm trong khong [0, 180] v tc nm trong khong [speedmin, speedmax]. Mi chuyn ng din ra trong khong thi gian travel_time (thi gian di chuyn ca nt trc khi thay i hng v tc ) hoc trong mt khong cch hng s v c bit l khng c thi gian tm dng trc khi nt mng thay i hng v tc . Hnh 15 th hin trc quan ha qu trnh di chuyn ca tm nt mng theo m hinh Random Walk.
Hinh 15: Di chuyn ca 8 nt theo m hnh Random Walk Vi m hnh chuyn ng ny th tham s v s thay i hng di chuyn ca nt c tnh cht quyt nh n mc thay i ca mng. Nu tham s ny nh, cc nt di chuyn ngu nhin trong phm vi nh, lc ny mng c coi l mng na tnh. Ngc li nu tham s ny ln, mng thay i trn phm vi rng hn.
Phm Vn T 39
K51MMT
4.2.3 Thit lp cc ngun sinh lu lng a vo mng Chng ti la chn 10 cp truyn thng (sender, receiver) truyn pht d liu. Chng c sp xp phn b hp l trn khu vc m phng sao cho m bo c cc chng truyn pht vi di khc nhau, t cc cp truyn thng nm gn nhau nht ti cc cp truyn thng nm xa nhau nht c th trong khu vc m phng , cc nt mng cn li tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn vi vai tr l nt trung gian chuyn tip gi tin. Giao thc TCP c chng ti la chn a vo m phng bi trong cc ng dng trn thc t hu ht u hot ng da trn giao thc ny. Cc ngun pht sinh lu lng s dng giao thc FTP truyn. NS-2 h tr mt s cng c to ra cc file ng cnh mt cch t ng v ngu nhin. Cc cng c ny nm trong th mc: /ns-2/indep-utils/cmu-scen-gen/, vi cc tnh nng sau: setdest: L cng c vit trn nn C++, gip cho ngi nghin cu to ra cc kch bn bao gm v tr ban u ca nt di ng v s di chuyn ca chng. Trong cng c ny, chng ta coi ta z ca cc nt u bng 0 v cc nt di chuyn trn cng mt mt phng. Thc hin setdest bng cch g lnh nh sau: ./setdest -n <num of nodes> -p <pausetime> -s <maxspeed> -t <simtime> -x <maxx> -y <maxy> > <outdir>/<scenario-file> cbrgen.tcl: L cng c vit bng ngn ng tcl, s dng thng qua b thng dch ns-2, gip ngi nghin cu c th to ra cc kch bn truyn thng trn nn giao thc giao vn TCP. Cu lnh: ns cbrgen.tcl [-type cbr|tcp] [-nn nodes] [-seed seed] [-mc connections] [-rate rate] > <outdir>/<scenario-file> S dng cc cng c ny gip ngi nghin cu to ra cc kch bn truyn thng cng nh di chuyn ca mng vi s lng cc nt di ng l tng i ln. Tuy nhin vic to ra cc kch bn ny l ngu nhin, c th khng theo mun ca ngi nghin cu, nn trong nhiu trng hp ngi nghin cu phi t vit ra cc kch bn truyn thng c ngha m phng in hnh.
Phm Vn T 40
K51MMT
4.2.4. La chn thi gian m phng Qu trnh m phng din ra trong thi gian t = 600s = 10 pht. y l khong thi gian va chng ta nghin cu cc s kin xy ra trong mng. Tht vy do cc nt mng di chuyn vi vn tc t [0m/s 20m/s] nn ta gi s nt di chuyn vi tc gn nh l thp nht ng vi ngi i b l 1m/s th qung ng i c sau 600s cng ln ti 600m. S = v.t = 1 x 600 = 600m Vi thi gian nh vy nt chm nht di chuyn ra ngoi vng thu pht sng ca nt khc (radio range = 250m) v lm cho t-p mng thay i. Qu trnh cng th hin r cc tnh cht c trng ca cc m hnh chuyn ng khc nhau:
Random Waypoint: M hnh ny tuy cc nt c thm cc khong thi gian tm
dng trc khi thay i hng v tc chuyn ng nhng thi gian tm dng ny l rt nh so vi thi tng ton b thi gian m phng. Do vi 600s cc nt mng vn thi gian t ng qung ng di chuyn cn thit to ra cc thay i khc nhau i vi t-p mng.
Random Walk: M hnh ny cc nt di chuyn lin tc, khng c thi gian tm
dng nn ng nhin vi thi gian m phng 600s l nh gi cc giao thc nh tuyn khi t-p mng thay i lin tc.
4.3. Thc hin m phng cc giao thc nh tuyn

4.3.1. Phn tch kt qu bng cng c perl Ti xy dng cc chng trnh perl nh gi cc tham s hiu nng s c trnh by ti mc 4.3.1 ny. Tn cc chng trnh l:
Pkt_success_rate. pl: Dng tnh ra t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng, chnh
l t l gia s cc gi tin c phn pht thnh cng ti ch so vi s cc gi tin to ra bi ngun pht.

Time_of_connection_setup.pl: Dng tnh thi gian phn ng ca cc giao
thc nh tuyn t thi im nt ngun c nhu cu truyn n khi bt u truyn d liu.
Phm Vn T 41
K51MMT
Kho st nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong MANET 4.3.1.1 . T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng
M phng mng gm 50 nt di ng vi 10 ngun sinh lu lng kt ni. a. M hnh Random Waypoint Bang 6: Thng k chi tit t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng - Random Waypoint DSDV Gi tin truyn thnh cng 0m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % Gi tin truyn thnh cng 5m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % Gi tin truyn thnh cng 10m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % Gi tin truyn thnh cng 15m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % Gi tin truyn thnh cng 20m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % 2768 2813 98,40 63930 64601 98,96 97453 97979 99,46 24978 25222 99,03 37344 37839 98,69 AODV 50802 50925 99,75 62871 64063 98,13 60909 61554 98,95 46136 46937 98,29 46212 47180 97,95 DSR 49802 49943 99,72 57789 58170 99,34 105725 106059 99,69 41019 41356 99,19 45568 45897 99,28
Phm Vn T 42
K51MMT
b. M hnh Random Walk Bang 7: Thng k chi tit t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng - Random Walk DSDV Gi tin truyn thnh cng 0m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % Gi tin truyn thnh cng 5m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % Gi tin truyn thnh cng 10m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % Gi tin truyn thnh cng 15m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % Gi tin truyn thnh cng 20m/s Tng s gi tin gi i T l % 69919 70033 99,84 51120 51547 99,17 55272 55652 99,32 34680 35149 98,67 31045 31498 98,56 AODV 72729 72859 99,82 48731 50096 97,28 61102 62065 98,45 44709 45723 97,78 49969 51238 97,52 DSR 69972 70101 99,82 44450 44685 99,47 56998 57391 99,32 42969 43396 99,02 50373 50845 99,07
Phm Vn T 43
K51MMT
4.3.1.2. Thi gian thit lp kt ni a. M hnh Random Waypoint Bang 8: Thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh-Random_Waypoint Tc Giao thc DSDV (s) AODV (s) DSR (s) 0m/s 0,0045 0,6204 0,0333 5m/s 1,1788 1,6365 1,4792 10m/s 5,4950 1,4021 3,8303 15m/s 5,0125 2,3528 3,4793 20m/s 6,9357 1,4003 0,5594
b. M hnh Random Walk Bang 9: Thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh-Random_Walk Tc Giao thc DSDV (s) AODV (s) DSR (s) 0m/s 0,0039 0,0077 0,0179 5m/s 0,7459 3,2728 5,1817 10m/s 0,2433 1,8551 3,0653 15m/s 0,0721 6,0929 2,5129 20m/s 0,0514 0,9361 1,7436
Phm Vn T 44
K51MMT
4.3.2. S dng gnuplot v th Ti s dng gnuplot vi input l cc file sau: Time_of_connection_setup_randomWaypoint Time_of_connecion_setup_randomWalk Thc hin cc theo tc trong ch tng tc ca gnuplot v cc th trong mc 4.3.2.2: Thi gia thit lp kt ni.
4.3.2.1. T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng a. M hnh Random Waypoint Bang 10: T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng - Random Waypoint Tc Giao thc DSDV (%) AODV (%) DSR (%) 0m/s 98,40 99,75 99,72 5m/s 98,96 98,13 99,34 10m/s 99,46 98,95 99,69 15m/s 99,03 98,29 99,19 20m/s 98,69 97,95 99,28
Kt qu phn pht gi tin d liu

100
Phn trm gi tin truyn thnh cng (%)
99,5 99 D D (% SV ) 98,5 98 97,5 97 0m/s 5m/s 10m/s 15m/s 20m/s AOD (% V ) D R(% S )
Vn Tc
Hinh 16: th t l phn pht gi thnh cng Random Waypoint
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b. M hnh Random Walk Bang 11: T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng Random Walk Tc Giao thc DSDV (%) AODV (%) DSR (%) 0m/s 99,84 99,82 99,82 5m/s 99,17 97,28 99,47 10m/s 99,32 98,45 99,32 15m/s 98,67 97,78 99,02 20m/s 98,56 97,52 99,07
Kt qu phn pht gi tin d liu

100,5
Phn trm gi tin truyn thnh cng (%)
100 99,5 99 98,5 98 97,5 97 96,5 96 0m /s 5m /s 10m /s 15m /s 20m/s DS (% DV ) AODV (% ) DS (% R )
Vn Tc
Hinh 17: th t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng Random Walk
Phm Vn T 46
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4.3.2.2. Thi gian thit lp kt ni

a. Random Waypoint
Hinh 18: th thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh_Random-Waypoint b. M hnh Random Walk
Hinh 19: th thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh_Random-Walk

Phm Vn T 47 K51MMT
4.4. nh gi nh hng ca s chuyn ng ca nt mng n hiu sut ca cc giao thc nh tuyn

Thng qua tp cc cu hnh mng m phng c xy dng trn, chng ti tin hnh m phng, phn tch, kho st nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt n hiu sut ca ba giao thc nh tuyn in hnh trong mng MANET l: DSDV, AODV v DSR. Cc kt qu so snh c bao gm: kt qu v t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng v thi gian phn ng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn (Thi gian thit lp kt ni). Hnh 16 th hin t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng trong m hnh Random Waypoint vi 10 ngun pht. Cc giao thc cho kt qu lm vic kh tt vi t l t trn 97%, t l mt gi tin l rt t ch chim khong t 1-3%. i vo xem xt su hn na chng ta thy ngay hot ng tt nht l giao thc DSR gn nh cc gi tin truyn i u ti ch, t l rt gi lun di 1%. Giao thc AODV th hin u im ca mnh khi t-p mng c nh khng c thay i no, n cho php truyn d liu kh tin cy vi t l gi tin truyn thnh cng l 99,75% nhng khi cc nt mng thay i tc di chuyn th hiu qu ca n li b gim i nhiu hn so vi cc giao thc cn li. Nhn chung c ba giao thc hot ng kh tt, t l rt gi l rt nh v ch b gim i cht khi cc nt thay i tc chuyn ng lm cho t-p mng thay i. Vi m hinh Radom Walk, t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng c th hin trong hnh 18. Cc giao thc cng c t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng l rt cao nh trong m hnh Radom Waypoint. Hot ng hiu qu nht vn l DSR vi vic thch nghi tt vi s thay i ca mng khi cc nt di chuyn lin tc theo cc vn tc khc nhau. Hnh 19 th hin thi gian thit lp kt ni trong mng hot ng theo m hnh Random Waypoint. y l khong thi gian c tnh t khi nt ngun c yu cu truyn d liu n khi bt u truyn. Thi im ny chnh l lc nt thc hin qu trnh bt tay ba bc thit lp kt ni. Ty vo tng loi giao thc v trng thi ca tp mng hin ti m qu trnh thit lp kt ni ny c th din ra thnh cng hoc tht bi, lc cc nt ngun s phi truyn li gi tin. T hnh v chng ta c th thy ban u khi mng t thay i, cc nt chuyn ng rt chm vi tc di 5m/s th khong thi gian cn thit thit lp kt ni ca c ba giao thc l nh nhau. Nhng khi cc nt mng chuyn ng nhanh hn vi vn tc t 5m/s ti 10m/s th lc ny c s phn ha r rt gia cc giao thc nh tuyn. Giao thc ch ng DSDV cn ti nhiu thi gian nht thit lp kt ni, thi gian hi t rt chm, c thi im phi mt ti 5,49s mi thit lp xong c kt ni truyn thng. Bn cnh th giao thc
Phm Vn T 48
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DSR cn ti hn 3s cho vic kt ni v giao thc c thi gian kt ni nhanh nht l AODV vi thi gian ti a cho vic thit lp kt ni l 1,4s. Mt iu kh c bit m th 19 cho chng ta thy l khi cc nt mng tng vn tc di chuyn ln trong khong t 10m/s n 15m/s th thi gian thit lp kt ni ca hai giao thc DSDV v DSR l gi nguyn khng khng c s tng t bin tr giao thc AODV c mt thi gian kt ni lu hn mt cht. Hnh 20 th hin th v thi gian thit lp kt ni vi m hnh Random Walk. Vi m hnh di chuyn ny cc nt mng chuyn ng lin tc khng c qung thi gian ngh vi vic chn ngu nhin hng i v tc chuyn ng. Tri vi m hnh chuyn ng Radom Waypoint, trong m hnh ny giao thc DSDV li th hin c u im vt tri ca mnh, cho php kt ni nhanh chng vi thi gian lun di 1s cho d t-p mng c thay i nhanh hn i chng na, giao thc vn cho kh nng kt ni nhanh chng. Khi cc nt mng chuyn ng nhanh hn dn ti t-p mng cng thay i mt cch lin tc th hai giao thc cn li: DSR v AODV phi cn ti mt khong thi gian t 3 n 5s cho vic thit lp kt ni. Cc nt mng chuyn ng cng nhanh th cng cn nhiu thi gian thit lp kt ni hn do t-p mng thay i lin tc, cc nt phi mt thm mt khong thi gian cn thit hc hi v mng mi.
Phm Vn T 49
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KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN
1. Cc kt qu ca kha lun
Kha lun trnh by cc kt qu kho st nh gi v nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong MANET. Kha lun nghin cu mt cch chi tit v mi trng mng, cc giao thc nh tuyn, cc m hnh chuyn ng c trng v quan trng hn na chng ti thc nghim c mt s th nghim bng m phng nhm tm ra c s khch quan, thc t, kt hp vi c s l thuyt tm ra cc c im khc nhau ca tng giao thc chu nh hng th no khi cc nt mng di chuyn vi tc v hng i khc nhau. C th chng ti xem xt chi tit hot ng ca ba giao thc nh tuyn in hnh l: DSDV, AODV v DSR. Cc giao thc ny c cc gii thut nh tuyn khc nhau: DSDV l giao thc ch ng da trn thut ton vector khong cch; AODV l giao thc phn ng da trn bng vector khong cch; DSR l giao thc phn ng da trn gii thut chuyn tip a im (Multi-Point Relay MPR). Kt qu m phng cho thy cc kt lun nh sau: - DSDV cho kt qu lm vic tt khi mng c tc thay i cu hnh thp. Tuy nhin giao thc DSDV hi t chm v hiu sut gim khi mng c nhiu thay i. - AODV cho kt qu hot ng tt trong trng hp mng c cc thay i cu hnh v ti mng khc nhau. - DSR c kh nng phn pht gi tin tt song thi gian thit lp kt ni vn cn chm nht l khi cc nt di chuyn nhanh, t-p mng thay i lin tc. 2. Hng pht trin ca ti Do hn ch v mt thi gian nn kha lun ch tp trung nghin cu k ba giao thc nh tuyn in hnh: DSDV, AODV v DSR. Trong thi gian ti chng ti s tip tc nghin cu su hn v c hai giao thc cn li l OLSR v TORA. Thm vo vn cn mt s vn khc ca cc giao thc cn c xem xt nh:
Phm Vn T 50
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Vn nng lng Cht lng dch v Vn bo mt,
Phm Vn T 51
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TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit [1] Nguyn Hong Cm, Trnh Quang. Cc gii php nh tuyn ti u trong mng di ng khng dy tu bin. Tp ch Bu Chnh Vin Thng. Thng 3 nm 2006 [2] Hong Trng Minh. nh tuyn trong mng kt ni hnh li WLAN. Tp ch Bu Chnh Vin Thng. Thng 10 nm 2008. [3] Nguyn Th Minh Nguyt. nh gi hiu sut bng m phng cc thut ton nh tuyn trong mng c bit di ng MANET. Lun vn cao hc. H Ni, 2005. [4] H Minh Ton. Nguyn cu mt s giao thc truy cp mi trng truyn trong mng LAN 802.11. Kha lun tt nghip. H Ni, 2005. [5] Nguyn nh Vit. nh gi hiu nng mng my tnh. H Ni, 2008.
Ting Anh [1] Eitan Altman, Tania Jimenez. NS Simulator for beginners. Univ. de Los Andes, Mrida, Venezuela and ESSI, Sophia-Antipolis, France. December 4, 2003. [2] Humayun Bakht. The future of mobile ad-hoc networks. Computing Unplugged Magazine. October 2010. [3] Jae Chung and Mark Claypool. NS by Example. WPI worcester polytechnic institute Computer Science. [4] Kevin Fall, Kannan Varadhan. The NS manual. VINT Project. April 14, 2002. [5] Marc Greis.Tutorial for the network simulator NS. VINT Group http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/ [6] Bernd Gloss, Michael Scharf, Daniel Neubauer. A more realistic random direction mobility model. University of Stuttgart. October 2005. [7] David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz, Yih-Chun Hu. (2003), The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR), Published by IETF as RFC, work in progress, April 2003.
Phm Vn T 52
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[8] T. Clausen, Ed., P. Jacquet, Ed. (2003), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), RFC 3626, IETF Network Working Group [9] Todd Lammle. CCNA study guide 4th edition. SYBEX 2004. [10] The SECAN-Lab of the University of Luxembourg. http://wiki.uni.lu/secanlab/Ad-Hoc+Protocols.html [11] V. Park and M. Corson (2001), Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA), IETF Internet Draft, work in progress, 20 July 2001 [12] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das. (2003), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, IETF Mobile Ad Hoc Network Working Group, Internet Draft, work in progress, 19 October 2003. [13] Charles E. Perkins, Pravin Bhagwat. (1994), Highly dynamic DestinationSequenced Distance Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Comm. Rev., 4(24), pp. 234-244, 1994. [14] Jochen H. Schiller. Mobile Communications, Addison-Wesley, 2nd edition, 2003 [15] Karthik Sadasivam. Tutorial for Simulation-based Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols in ns-2. Page 4 9 [16] History of wireless. http://wirelesshistory.org [17] Thomas Williams & Colin Keylley. Gnuplot 4.4 - An Interactive Plotting Program. March 2010. [18] Wikipedia. http://wikipedia.org
Phm Vn T 53
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PH LC
Bng cc trng ph thm vo trong cu trc tp vt ph thuc vo kiu gi tin
Event ARP Trace Type ------- [%s %d/%d %d/%d] string int int int int DSR Trace Request or Reply Source MAC Address Source Address Destination MAC Address Destination Address Gi tin yu cu hoc Tr li a ch MAC ngun a ch ngun a ch MAC ch a ch ch Value Ngha
%d [%d %d] [%d %d %d %d->%d] [%d %d %d %d->%d] Number Of Nodes int Traversed int int int int int int int int int Routing Request Flag Route Request Sequence Number Routing Reply Flag Route Request Sequence Number Reply Length Source Of Source Routing Destination Of Source Routing Error Report Flag (?) Number Of Errors
S nt i qua. C yu cu nh tuyn S th t yu cu tuyn ng C tr li nh tuyn S th t yu cu tuyn ng Chiu di gi tin tr li nh tuyn ngun ca nt ngun nh tuyn ngun ca nt ch C bo li S lng li
Phm Vn T 54
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Kho st nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong MANET int int int AODV Trace Report To Whom Link Error From Link Error To Bo co ti nt no Lin kt li t u ti Lin kt li i ti u
[0x%x %d %d [%d %d] [%d %d]] (REQUEST) hexadecimal int int int int int int Type Hop Count Broadcast ID Destination Destination Sequence Number Source Source Sequence Number Kiu S Hop tnh c ID qung b ch S th t nt ch Ngun S th t nt ngun
[0x%x %d [%d %d] %f] (%s) hexadecimal int int int double string TORA Trace Type Hop Count Destination Destination Sequence Number Lifetime Operation (REPLY, ERROR, HELLO) Kiu S Hop tnh c ch S th t nt ch Thi gian sng Hot ng: Tr li, Li hay gi tin Hello
[0x%x %d] (QUERY) hexadecimal int Type Destination Kiu ch
0x%x %d (%f %d %d %d %d) (UPDATE)
Phm Vn T 55
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Kho st nh hng ca s chuyn ng cc nt mng n hiu sut ca mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong MANET hexadecimal int double int int int int Type Destination Tau Oid R Delta ID Ch s Kiu ch
[0x%x %d %f %d] (CLEAR) hexadecimal int double int IMEP Trace Type Destination Tau Oid Kiu ch
[%c %c %c 0x%04x] char char char hexadecimal Acknowledgment Flag Hello Flag Object Flag Length C bin nhn C Hello C i tng Chiu di
RCA Trace (from MIT Leach code)
------- [%c %d %d %d] char int int int Operation (A, R, D) RCA Source RCA Link Destination RCA MAC Destination
Phm Vn T 56
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M phng mng MANET

# MANET_Simulation. # # Define options_ set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy set val(mac) Mac/802_11 set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue set val(ll) LL set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna set val(ifqlen) 50 set val(seed) 0.0 set val(nn) 50 set val(rp) DSDV set val(x) 1500 set val(y) 1500 set val(cp) "/tcp-50-2-10" set val(sc) "/scenario-50-30-10-600-1500-1500" set val(stop) 600 ;# time of simulation end set ns_ [new Simulator] set namtrace [open MANET.nam w] set tracefd [open MANET.tr w] $ns_ trace-all $tracefd $ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x) $val(y) #Set up topography object set topo [new Topography] $topo load_flatgrid $val(x) $val(y) # # Create God # set god_ [create-god $val(nn)] #------------------------------------------------------#Create nn mobilenodes and attach them to channel #Configure the nodes $ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \ -llType $val(ll) \ -macType $val(mac) \ -ifqType $val(ifq) \ -ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \ -antType $val(ant) \ -propType $val(prop) \ -phyType $val(netif) \ -channelType $val(chan) \ -topoInstance $topo \ -agentTrace ON \ -routerTrace ON \ -macTrace OFF \
Phm Vn T 57
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-movementTrace ON for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } { incr i } { set node_($i) [$ns_ node] $node_($i) random-motion 0 } # # Define node movement model # puts "Loading connection pattern..." source $val(cp) # # Define traffic model # puts "Loading scenario file..." source $val(sc) # Define node initial position in nam for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} { #30 defines the node size for nam $ns_ initial_node_pos $node_($i) 30 } # Telling nodes when the simulation ends for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} { $ns_ at $val(stop) "$node_($i) reset"; } $ns_ at $val(stop).0002 "puts \"ns_ EXITING...\" ; $ns_ halt"
puts $tracefd "M 0.0 nn $val(nn) x $val(x) y $val(y) rp $val(rp)" puts $tracefd "M 0.0 sc $val(sc) cp $val(cp) seed $val(seed)" puts $tracefd "M 0.0 prop $val(prop) ant $val(ant)" #ending nam and the simulation $ns_ at $val(stop) "$ns_ nam-end-wireless $val(stop)" $ns_ at $val(stop) "stop" proc stop {} { global ns_ tracefd namtrace $ns_ flush-trace close $tracefd close $namtrace } puts "Starting Simulation..." $ns_ run
Phm Vn T 58
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T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng

#!/usr/bin/perl # # Phm Vn T - K51MMT-UET-VNU. # GVHD: PGS.TS. Nguyn nh Vit. # GVHD: Ths. on Minh Phng. # # T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng (Hiu sut ng truyn) #----------------------------------------------------> # L t l gia s cc gi tin c phn pht thnh cng ti ch # so vi s cc gi tin to ra bi ngun pht. # # T tng gii thut: # Ta da vo du hiu trng: Trace level = AGT. Ch nhng gi tin gi nhn ca nt ngun hoc nt ch # th trng Trace level mi c gn nhn AGT (gi tin tng giao vn).Cc nt trung gian khc thc hin # vic nh tuyn, chuyn tip gi tin, hot ng ti tng Network nn Trace Level = RTR. # # Do ta ch cn tnh: # + Tng s gi tin cc nt ngun gi (src_sent) # + Tng s gi tin cc nt ch nhn c (dst_receive) # ==> T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng = dst_receive*100/src_sent. # # type: perl Pkt_success_rate.pl <trace file> #==================================================== $infile=$ARGV[0]; $src_sent = 0; $dst_receive = 0; $productivity = 0; #Tng s gi tin cc nt ngun gi i #Tng s gi tin cc nt ch nhn c #Hiu sut ng truyn.
open (DATA, "<$infile") || die "Loi mo file: $infile $!"; while (<DATA>){ @x = split(' '); # Nt ngun gi gi tin if (($x[0] eq 's') && ($x[3] eq 'AGT') && ($x[6] eq 'tcp')) { $src_sent++; } # Nt ch nhn c gi tin if (($x[0] eq 'r') && ($x[3] eq 'AGT') && ($x[6] eq 'tcp')){ $dst_receive++; } } $productivity = $dst_receive*100/$src_sent; print STDOUT "Tng s gi tin cc nt ngun gi i = $src_sent \n"; print STDOUT "Tng s gi tin cc nt ch nhn c = $dst_receive \n\n";
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print STDOUT "T l phn pht gi tin thnh cng = $productivity % \n"; close DATA; exit(0);
Thi gian thit lp kt ni

#!/usr/bin/perl # # Pham Van Tu - K51MMT - UET - VNU # GVHD: PGS.TS. Nguyen Dinh Viet # # Tinh thoi gian thiet lap ket noi: # Tinh tu khi nut nguon co yeu cau ket noi den khi no nhan duoc goi tin bien nhan (ACK) # # Type: perl Connection_time.pl <trace file> <Source ID> <Destination ID> # $infile=$ARGV[0]; $src=$ARGV[1]; $dst=$ARGV[2]; $start_time = 0; #Thoi diem nut nguon bat dau co yeu cau truyen $end_time = 0; #Thoi diem nut nguon nhan duoc Ack $connection_time = 0; #Thoi gian ket noi $src_ = 0; $source = 0; $destination = 0; #Chi so nut nguon. #Dia chi nguon #Dia chi dich
open (DATA, "<$infile") || die "Loi mo file: $infile $!"; while (<DATA>){ @x = split(' '); # Lay thong tin tu file tep vet $src_ = $x[2]; $source = $x[13]; $destination = $x[14]; # Xu ly xau(String) de lay ra truong so nham phuc vu cho viec so sanh. # Loai bo 2 dau gach duoi "_" trong truong chi so nut nguon (_node-ID_) $src_ = substr($src_, 1); $src_ = substr($src_, 0, -1); # Loai bo Port va dau [ truong dia chi nguon va dia chi dich. $source = substr($source, 1); $source = substr($source, 0, -2);
Phm Vn T 60
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$destination = substr($destination, 0, -2); # Nut nguon co nhu cau ket noi if ((($x[0] eq "s") || ($x[0] eq "+")) && ($src_ == $src) && ($x[3] eq 'AGT') && ($x[6] eq 'tcp') && ($source == $src) && ($destination == $dst) && ($x[17] eq '[0')){ $start_time = $x[1]; } # Nut nguon nhan duoc goi tin bien nhan (ACK) if (($x[0] eq 'r') && ($src_ == $src) && ($x[3] eq 'AGT')&& ($x[6] eq 'ack') && ($source == $dst) && ($destination == $src) && ($x[17] eq '[0')){ $end_time = $x[1]; $connection_time = $end_time - $start_time; last; } } print STDOUT "\nThoi gian thiet lap ket noi tu nut $src toi nut $dst = $connection_time\n\n"; close DATA; exit(0);
Phm Vn T 61
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Giáo Trình ns2

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I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

BNG CC K HIU, CH VIT TT

Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector

Chng 1. GII THIU

Hinh 1: S pht trin ca mng khng dy v di ng

Cc mc hnh thnh v pht trin ca mng khng dy:

Nikola Tesla truyn thnh cng sng radio.

Chun IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) c to ra, vi tc ti a l 2Mb/s.

Chun IEEE 802.16 c pht hnh. Chun ny c bit n di ci tn WIMAX.

- Chun 802.11g c pht hnh vi tc ti a ln ti 54 Mb/s. - Bluetooth 1.2 c cng b.

. Mc tiu nghin cu ca kha lun

. Cng c nghin cu chnh NS-2

Hinh 3: Lung cc s kin cho file Tcl chy trong NS-2

Kh nng m phng nhiu loi mng khc nhau.

Trong NS-2 c kh nng m phng:

Cc m hnh mng: LAN, WLAN, di ng, v tinh,...

Chng 2. GIAO THC MAC CA MNG LAN V WLAN

2.2. Chun 802.3 v giao thc CSMA/CD

2.2.2. Giao thc CSMA/CD

2.3. Chun 802.11 v giao thc CSMA/CA

Nm 1997 9/1999 9/1999 6/2003

Tn s (GHz) 2.4 5/3.7 2.4 2.4

2.3.1 Giao thc CSMA/CA

Chng 3. MNG MANET V BI TON NH TUYN

Khong cch sng ngn: Khong cch sng ca cc thit b di ng l rt hn ch.

3.2. Vn nh tuyn trong mng MANET

Distance Vector: RIP , IGRP,...

Link state: OSPF, IS-IS

3.3. Cc giao thc nh tuyn chnh trong mng MANET

Hinh 7: Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET

Tuyn ng ti cc nt ch khc ht hn (qu lu khng c cp nhp) Pht hin ra ng i mi ngn hn ti ch.

Hinh 9: Quy trnh chuyn tip gi tin khi s dng kp a im MPR

Hinh 11: qu trnh khm ph tuyn trong AODV

Hinh 12: nh tuyn ngun ng (DSR)

double string string int string int

hexadecimal Time To Send Data

int TCP Trace

Next Hop Address, If Any

Vit Script bng perl, t dng sau ln trn u trong Script

Sau chy lnh:

v d : chmod 755 script.pl

perl statements kt bng du ; V d: printHello, Im Tu;

S dng # Comments trong Perl, v d :

DSR 0,0333 1,4792 3,8303 3,4793 0,5594

Thit lp nh dng cho bn v v thc hin v th:

4.2. Thit lp mng m phng MANET

Hinh 13: Din tch mng m phng v cc nt mng

4.3. Thc hin m phng cc giao thc nh tuyn

l t l gia s cc gi tin c phn pht thnh cng ti ch so vi s cc gi tin to ra bi ngun pht.

thc nh tuyn t thi im nt ngun c nhu cu truyn n khi bt u truyn d liu.

Kt qu phn pht gi tin d liu

Phn trm gi tin truyn thnh cng (%)

Hinh 16: th t l phn pht gi thnh cng Random Waypoint

Kt qu phn pht gi tin d liu

Phn trm gi tin truyn thnh cng (%)

100 99,5 99 98,5 98 97,5 97 96,5 96 0m /s 5m /s 10m /s 15m /s 20m/s DS (% DV ) AODV (% ) DS (% R )

Hinh 17: th t l phn pht gi tin thnh cng Random Walk

4.3.2.2. Thi gian thit lp kt ni

Hinh 19: th thi gian thit lp kt ni trung bnh_Random-Walk

4.4. nh gi nh hng ca s chuyn ng ca nt mng n hiu sut ca cc giao thc nh tuyn

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN

Vn nng lng Cht lng dch v Vn bo mt,