According to Jesus Valenzuela in the History of Journalism in the Philippine Islands (1933) and John Lent in the Philippine

Mass Communication (1964), the history of campus journalism in the Philippines started when the University of Santo Tomas published El Liliputiense in 1890. However, Oscar Manalo, Narciso Matienzo, and Virgilio Monteloyola in Ang Pamahayagan (1985) argued that the history of campus journalism in the country started when the University of the Philippines published The College Folio, now The Philippine Collegian, in 1910. They also added that The Torch of the Philippine Normal University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila University, and The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas were also published two years later. Whatever came first, Carlos Romulo y Pea edited The Coconut, the official student publication of the Manila High School, now the Araullo High School. It was published in 1912 and it is now considered the first and oldest high school newspaper in the country. In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos Region published The La Union Tab, the first printed and regularly issued high school newspaper in the country. Since then, high school newspapers came out one after the other. Among these high school newspapers were The Pampangan, Pampanga High School, 1925; The Leytean, Leyte High School, 1925; The Rizalian, Rizal High School, 1926; The Coconut, Tayabas High School, 1927; The Volcano, Batangas High School, 1927; The Toil, La Union Trade School, 1928; The Samarinian, Samar High School, 1928; The Melting Pot, Tarlac High School, 1929; The Granary, Nueva Ecija High School, 1929; The Torres Torch, Torres High School, 1930; and The Cagayan Student Chronicle, Cagayan High School, 1931. In 1931, 30 out of 106 high schools in the country had campus newspapers registered at the Bureau of Public Schools. In 1950, this number increased to 169; by 1954, to 253; by 1975, to 500; and by 1986, to more than 900 newspapers in English and in Filipino. ELEMENTS OF NEWS News is some thing or matter new, fresh, unusual, unique, strange and exclusive. -It may be defined as accurate fact or idea that will interest a large number of viewers. In a news strangeness, abnormality, unexpectedness and nearness of and event, all add to interest in the news story. -"A report of any recent event or situation and as the report of event published in a newspaper" -According to Lord Northcliffe' "if a dog bites a man it is no news but if a man bites a dog it's news." -News is in fact a communication between human beings from the earliest period of human civilization. -News is information about an event, some development plan, and movement of important persons as it is said, big names make big news. 1. Timeliness. Based on the idea that news is something you didnt know before which is significant or interesting to a group of readers, news items are basically timely or immediate. In other words, items are fresh and new as usually indicated in the news by the use of words today or yesterday or at present time and the use of the present tense in news headline as one principle in journalism. Although news is basically timely, it may not be always new or fresh, for it can be the development of an old event. There are news that are drawn from the historic past and are made to come alive by playing on or reporting the newest angle or latest development of the story. For example: Jose P. Rizals death in 1896 will always be presented on its newest angle as readers recall his death anniversary. 2. Popularity. Popular or prominent persons, places, or events make news. Person become popular due to their position, rank, wealth, intellect, talent, skill, personality, and achievement. Well-known places make news due to their tourism value, historical, political, economical, and social significance. Popular events are usually those that involve a multitude of people or some well-known personalities as in the case of the NBA games, Miss Universe Pageant, and film festivals. Most of the events or activities or any gathering that involves the president of the country is newsworthy. Besides, the president of a country is a significant figure and is undoubtedly a popular person. So even if the incident is routinary like the raising of the flag, if the president of a country does it on a certain occasion, it is a page one story. 3. Nearness. What readers consider interesting and important can be news but the degree of interest and importance will vary from place to place and from one set of readers to another. What is news in the province may not be news in Manila. What is important or interesting to high schoolers may not be that significant to professionals or businessmen. Nearness to the event affects readers interest. Reports or events that happen nearest to the readers or to those that directly involve them will be most interesting to them. However, nearness is not merely physical, it can also be emotional. As such news in Japan will be more of interest to the Japanese than to the Filipinos. But a report on the life of

Filipinos in America will be interesting to the people of the Philippines because of family ties or emotional links. The election of a Filipino-American lawyer, Ben Cayetano, as governor of Hawaii has dramatically touched the Filipino nation as the story was prominently displayed on page one of the local papers. 4. Conflict. Events of ideas that involve physical or mental struggle, though these are not encouraged, would make news. These range from wars, rebellion, crimes, chaos, duel, or fist fight, and from games, competitions and even writing contests. As the various elements or criteria overlap, one event may have two or more elements portrayed as in a word war of two prominent personalities on a very significant issue. For this example of event, there are at least three dominant elements reflected: conflict, popularity or prominence, and significance. 5. Significance. Persons, places, events, or things that are of value, use, and significance are necessarily interesting to a set of readers. The reading public has to be warned of an approaching typhoon, an impending war, rise in prices of commodities and services, and bandits at large, even of new tax exemptions or measures. If it is worthknowing, then that must be news. Why should people be informed of such events of significance? It is because the newspapers has to serve the public and make people be more prepared and better equipped to face the trying times and lifes difficulties and tragedies. 6. Unusualness. Anything that deviates from the normal or usual flow of happenings attracts attention and, therefore, to some extent, are of interest to readers. The writers watchful eye, nose for news, and keen senses are for catching the peculiar, the special, the odd, the unique, the different, the rare, and the bizarre. Of course, you have heard of the Siamese twins, the mudfish baby with human lips, the three-legged cock, and thing like one for Ripleys. 7. Emotions. Events, situations or ideas that cater to the emotions of people(not only those that tickle the minds), also make news. The poor, the street children, the disabled, the sick, AIDS victims, are subject of emotional news reporting. Human interest situations draw various feelings from readers. Such may make the readers do something about some particular tragic events. For instance, reports on the victims of earthquakes influence readers to react to some charitable knocks to their hearts. Dramatic events like suicide, coup de tat, massacre, or hunger strikes appeal to the emotions of people, and are, therefore, newsworthy. 8. Gender. Newspapers cater to different groups of readers due to the varying interests and activities of men, women, and in betweens. A news is created when women invade men;s usual territories or vice-versa. Like when women first went into space exploration, or when a woman ruled a nation or when men dominated the cuisine and even reigned the laundering which society considers places for women. Example: When former President Corazon Aquino became the first Philippine woman president and when she was subsequently chosen as Time Magazines Woman of the Year, these two instances made big events for newspapers. 9. Progress. Reports on progress, whether physical, mental, economic, emotional, or social, constitute good news. Newspapers carry both good and bad news, for people learn from both events. It is just sad to note that generally speaking, some newspapers if not all the local papers consider bad news as newsand good news as no news. The advent of development communication in the Philippine setting is good news. More developed countries in Asia like Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand practised development journalism in such a way that freedom of the press is utilized in support to the economic growth of the country as in writing articles to support government programs aimed at improving the quality of life of the people is a healthy measure for the Philippines media to practice. 10. Change. Changes that affect the majority or certain groups of people make news. Some of these changes are change in administration and policies, change of name or popular places or events, changes of weather, fluctuating rates of exchange, change of partners of party mates, change of schedule or postponement and other major or even insignificant changes that may pave way for big events. While some changes are unexpected, there are also expected ones. 11. Names and Numbers. Figures, statistics, numbers, and series of names also make news. Many names would also make many readers. Numbers or figures are parts of reports on a good number of newsworthy events like election results, scores in games, ratings in examinations, and percentage of passing, vital statistics for beauty pageants, number or fatalities or casualties in catastrophes, accidents, and battles; prices of goods and services, increase in salaries, and other events that deal with figures. Names and numbers usually come together for these are two basic facts that reporters need to complete their news stories. What is Jihad? The word Jihad does not mean "Holy War". Jihad means effort or endeavors against mans own self. Jihad is to work hard to do right things. Islam ask his followers to recognize their duty towards themselves, and that duty is Jihad, striving for good against evil, beginning with the conquest of a mans own lusts. His training for Jihad is not only military training; it is the whole structure of Islamic discipline. Without the wider human aim there can be no Jihad. In the religious sense, it probably applies to the whole effort of the Muslim to assert and establish the sovereignty of God in mens mind, by

performing his religious duty as laid down in the Quran, an effort, which should last through all his life. It should govern every action of his life, or he is no true Muslim. This duty may be summarized as the fight for good against evil in every connection and in every field, beginning with a mans own heart and mind. Our Holy prophet (peace be upon him) said: "The greatest Jihad is that against a mans own lust;" Which means that the best way of recommending the belief in Allahs universal sovereignty and extending the new realm of peace and brotherhood is by the example of righteous conduct. The term Al-Jihad-ul-Akbar. "The greatest Jihad," is also applied by the Holy prophet (peace be upon him) to the effort of the student to become learned and the effort of the learned to spread knowledge. "The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of the martyr." Jihad means serious and sincere struggle on the personal as well as on the social level. It is a struggle to do well and to remove injustice, oppression and evil from the society. This struggle should be spiritual as well as social, economic and political. In the Quran this word is used in its different forms 33 times. It often comes with other Quranic concepts such as faith, repentance, righteous deeds and migration. It is therefore incorrect to limit the meaning of the term to warfare of the fanatical religious kind.

JIHAD
The purpose of self Jihad (or the major or the Greatest Jihad) is to self struggle to avoid doing wrong deeds and/or committing sins that are forbidden by Islam and by your community. For example, strive to do properly the ritiual worship, to do charity, to avoid committing sins, to be forgiving, to be tolerant, to be honest, to keep promise, etc. The purposes of Military Jihad is: First: to defend home land and home people against any invaders. Second: to provide help and support to other people who are oppressed and unable to practice their own will and freedom of choice. In both cases, Muslims (as in all other faiths) are commanded, by their religion, to be fair and just. They should not to kill a woman, child, or an old man or any civilian. They are commanded not to be excessive in using force and not to terrify civilians. America, in the media, refer to Jihad only as the military type, but forget about the self Jihad. On the political scene, highly undemocratic and stable regimes exist at the same time.For instance, the Arab world is unique in the prevalence of long lived, undemocratic regimes consisting largely of monarchies. Islam with its principles of Tauheed, consultations, Ijma and Ijtehad, possesses a strong pluralistic tradition. However, leaders in the Muslim world are disinclined to embody these ideas and principles in their political structure.On the ground, authoritarian governments predominate in the Muslim world; moreover, most regimes in the region are apt to corruption, patronage, and clientalism.There is no accountability of public authorities and they remain, in large part, unresponsive if not incompetent to meet public needs.Governments in the region have used and will continue to use their talent for the co-optation of potential political opposition to consolidate their authority.Consistently ranked among the worst regimes in the world in their refusal to uphold their citizens political freedoms, human rights, and civil liberties, the authoritarians in this region are quite effective at clamping down on both secular and liberal opposition and Islamist groups. Most governments in the Middle East believe in risk free democracy. Countries in the Middle East are suffering from daunting challenges; the ability to absorb the labor force, creating jobs and the increasingly competitive nature of the global economy, particularly China, India and the Philippines,low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), lack of technology, industrial incompetence, high levels of government investment and ownership, and the high costs of doing business.After the oil boom in the 1970s, the Middle East economies shifted from diverse agricultural and textile markets to single commodity exporters. Great optimism marked the economies of the Middle East in the early 1990s because gulf war ended, the Madrid conference brought Israelis and Palestinians together for the first time, and countries in the region started to adopt IMF and World Bank recommendations. Tarek Yousef reasoned why political leaders in the region have been reluctant reformers despite the regions potential. It was obvious to the elite that pursuing economic and political reforms simultaneously threatened the existing political order. He argued that as a result, top down management of economic reform replaced earlier efforts to generate support for economic reform by opening the political arena.Jonathan Macey and Ian Ayres argued that the true stumbling block to economic reform in the Middle East is a divergence between the incentives of rulers and entrenched elites and the interests of potential entrepreneurs. Economic liberalization will have a democratizing effect, thus threatening the political and economic insiders.