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Unit 4 Study Guide Kinetics &Thermo

Standards
4a. 4b. 4c. 4d. 4e. 4f. 4g. 4h. 4i. 6a. 6b. 6c. 6d. 6e. 6f. 7a. 7b. 7c. 7d. 7e. Students know the random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface create the observable pressure on that surface. Students know the random motion of molecules explains the diffusion of gases. Students know how to apply the gas laws to relations between the pressure, temperature, and volume of any amount of an ideal gas or any mixture of ideal gases. Students know the values and meanings of standard temperature and pressure (STP). Students know how to convert between the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales. Students know there is no temperature lower than 0 Kelvin. Students know the kinetic theory of gases relates the absolute temperature of a gas to the average kinetic energy of its molecules or atoms. Students know how to solve problems by using the ideal gas law in the form PV = nRT. Students know how to apply Daltons law of partial pressures to describe the composition of gases and Grahams law to predict diffusion of gases. Students know the definitions of solute and solvent. Students know how to describe the dissolving process at the molecular level by using the concept of random molecular motion. Students know temperature, pressure, and surface area affect the dissolving process. Students know how to calculate the concentration of a solute in terms of grams per liter, molarity, parts per million, and percent composition. Students know the relationship between the molality of a solute in a solution and the solutions depressed freezing point or elevated boiling point. Students know how molecules in a solution are separated or purified by the methods of chromatography and distillation. Students know how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules (or atoms). Students know chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic) thermal energy. Students know energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and is absorbed when a material evaporates or melts. Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes, using known values of specific heat and latent heat of phase change. Students know how to apply Hesss law to calculate enthalpy change in a reaction.

Review Problems 1. The collisions of gas particles with the surface of a container combine to produce pressure. 2. A gas will spread throughout a room due to the random motion of its particles. 3. a) A 2 L balloon at 30 C is cooled in a refrigerator to 10 C. What is the new volume of the balloon?

b) A 400 mL cylinder at 1 atm and 300 K is compressed to 200 mL and heated to 350 K. What is the new pressure inside the compressed cylinder?

4. STP values are 0 C or 273 K, and 1 atm or 760 mm Hg. 5. Convert: 20 C = 293 K 15 C = 258 K 300 K = 27 C

6. Absolute zero occurs at 0 K or 273 C 7. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. 8. A canister holds 3.2 moles of oxygen gas at 2.8 atm and 300 K. What is the volume of the canister? PV = nRT 2.8V = 3.20.0821300 a) He 2.8V = 78.82 b) O2 solute = salt c) Ne V = 28.1 L d) CO e) H2O

9. Which gas will diffuse the slowest?

10. Identify the solute and solvent in salt water.

solvent = water

11. A solute will dissolve due to the attraction between solvent and solute particles, and the random motion of solvent particles. 12. Does increasing the surface area of the solute increase or decrease the dissolving rate? Increase 13. Calculate the molarity when 10 grams of salt (NaCl) are dissolved into a 400 mL solution.

0.43 M 14. Which would lower the freezing point of water the most? 15. Describe the distillation process. A mixture of liquids is heated to the boiling point of one of the liquids. That liquid vaporizes while the other liquid(s) remains behind. The vapor that is produced is then cooled and condensed back into a liquid in a separate container. 16. When heat flows from a hot block of steel to a cold block of aluminum, what gets transferred? a) fast moving particles b) thermal energy c) temperature a) LiNO3 b) C2H6 c) Mg(OH)2

17. An endothermic reaction feels cold (hot/cold) and absorbs (absorbs/releases) heat. 18. As a substance condenses, heat is released. As a substance melts, heat is absorbed.

19. a) If water absorbs 300 calories as it is heated from 10 C to 45 C, what is the mass of the water? Q = m(T)C 300 = m(30)1 Q = 200855 m = 10 g

b) The latent heat of fusion for ethanol is 855 J/g. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ethanol? Q = mH Q = 171,000 J

20. From the following heats of reaction: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) 2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3(g) Calculate the heat of reaction for: S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

H = 196 kJ H = 790 kJ H = ? kJ

+196 2 790 2

H = 297 kJ

Full explanation: Switch the top equation to get SO2 on the right

2SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3 (g)

H = +196 kJ H = 790 kJ

SO3(g) SO2(g) + S(s) +

O2(g)

H = +98 kJ H = 395 kJ

O2(g) SO3(g)

Divide both equations by 2 to get the correct coefficients for S and SO2

SO3(g) + S(s) +

O2(g) SO2(g) +

O2(g) + SO3(g)

S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

H = 297 kJ

Add equations and cancel/combine terms. Add H values.