Deiva Oswin Stanley, 2011 - Mangrove Vegetation Diversity of Wunbaik Reserved Forest, Myanmar

FAO-UN, Myanmar Publication 2011/04
The Mangrove Vegetation of

Wubaik Reserved Forest
Win Myint
Consultant to FAO, Assistant Director, Forest Department
&
Deiva Oswin Stanley

TCDC Consultant to FAO, Mangrove Management Specialist
Forest Department, Ministry of Forestry

Union of Myanmar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Yangon, Myanmar
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not imply any
opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO
First Edition: 2011

FAO-UN Myanmar
Photos: Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley, Win Myint and Aung Aung Myint
Cover Design & Photos : Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley
For Copies of the Book, write to:

FAO Representation Office
Seed Division Compound, Insein Road, Yangon, Myanmar
Email: FAO-MMR@fao.org
Phone: 95-1-641772, 641673
Fax: 95-1- 641561
In commemoration of the
International Year of Forests 2011
The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest
CONTENTS
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Page
1. Introduction
2. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
3. Guidelines to use this Book
6
13
4.1 Index of mangrove vegetation and associated salt tolerant plant

species identified from the Wunbaik Reserved Forest
13
4.2 Index of distinct characteristics of mangrove species
15
4.3 Photographic representations of the Wunbaik Mangroves
18
5. Description of Mangroves and Mangrove Associated Salt Tolerant Plant

Species
23
5.1 Index of Flora identified in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest during the
project period and recorded earlier overall in Myanmar
130
5.2 Index of the vegetation in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest and their
scientific names, habit and status
134
5.3 Index of the vegetation in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest and their
vernacular names
136
6. Description of vegetation in Myanmar language
139
7. References
191
4. Mangrove Vegetation Diversity in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest
Sustainable Community based Mangrove Management in Wunbaik Forest Reserve, TCP/MYA/3204 (2009-2011)
Foreword
Myanmar is a country of greenery and well known globally for its rich forest resources. It is
bestowed with both terrestrial and mangrove forests in plenty. However, in recent days the status
of the forest in Myanmar is declining considerably due to several anthropogenic activities. In this
context Government of Myanmar initiated a project on Sustainable Community-based Mangrove
Management in Wunbaik Reserved Forest: TCP/MYA/3204 jointly to be worked with the Food and
Agriculture organization of the United Nations and Forest Department. The project is expected to
bring out the facts of the mangroves in Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest of the Rakhine State
and also to develop an Integrated Mangrove Management Plan (IMMP) for the reserved forest in
terms of conservation and rational utilization. This IMMP also is expected to be replicated in the
suitable mangrove areas in the country.
The FAO Myanmar offered necessary technical support through a TCDC consultant. The national
consultants from the Forest Department, Yambye and Kyauk Phyu Forest Department staff and local
mangrove dependent communities made a remarkable contribution in this publication. We would
like mark our appreciation to U Win Myint and Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley, Integrated Mangrove
Management Specialist from India the authors for their meticulous and hard work and Mr. Jeremy
Broadhead the backstopping Officer of the project for his efficient guidance, for bringing out this
book into being.
This book entitled Mangrove Vegetation Diversity in Wunbaik Reserved Forest is the pioneer
attempt to document the plant species of Wunbaik Reserved Forest and contains 70 species of
plants of which 34 are mangroves and 36 are of terrestrial origin. This is an easily understandable
bilingual module for students, researchers and the local community. We trust this book would
bring an impact among the natural resource conservationists and help administrators to plan
preservation strategies to protect the natural forest resources of the country.
U Aye Myint Maung, Director General
Dr. Shin Imai, Former FAO Representative
Forest Department,
Nay Pyi Taw
Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations,

Yangon, Myanmar
ii
Acknowledgements
Our heartfelt thanks are due to the Western Commander, Brigadier General Soe Thein for
permission to study the mangroves in Wunbaik Reserved Forest, Rakhine State
Our thanks are due to U Thein Aung, Minister, Ministry of Forestry, U Thaung Aye, Chairman of
the Rakhine State Peace and Development Council, U Aye Myint Maung, Director-General, Forest
Department, Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Deputy Director General, Forest Department, U Sann Lwin, Director
General, Planning and Statistics Department, Ministry of Forestry, U Sein Htun, Director, Planning and
Statistic Division, Forest Department, and U Win Maung, Director, Dry Zone Greening Department
for rendering whole hearted support and valuable suggestions during project implementation
We would like to thank U Aung Aung Myint, Forest Department and FAO-Myanmar programme
unit, especially Dr. Aung Swe, Assistant FAOR Programme, Ms. Tha Nwai Law, Assistant FAOR
Administration, Ms. Aye Aye Thet and Ms. Myat New, for support provided. Our special thanks are
due to Mr. Thu Kha, Ms. Sanda Saing, Ms. Say Wah, Ms. Aye Myint Khine, U. Than Htike Zin and Ms.
Khin Hnin Myint for their ever smiling assistance
Our special thanks are due to U Santha Tun, Associate Professor, Pathein University for his help in
mangrove taxonomy.
We are grateful to U Aung Myat Thein, Director, Rakhine State, U Win Myint, Assistant Director,
Kyauk Phyu District, U Bo Bo Win, Assistant Director, Thandwe District; Staff Officers U Win Swe,
Kyauk Phyu Township, U Khin Maung Nyunt, Sitwe Township, U Aung Zaw Moe, Yambye Township,
U Thein Myint, Thandwe Township; and foresters and office staff from the Forest Department for
offering their precious time for our surveys and related activities during field trips to the Wunbaik
mangroves.
Our special thanks are due to the officers from line departments and agencies including Myanmar
Agriculture Service, Department of Fisheries, Settlement and Land Record Department and the
former National Project Coordinators of the project: U Hla Maung Thein and U Aung Khin and
also to Ms. Mu Mu Aung and U Aung Zaw Moe, Assistant Research Officers, Forest Research
Institute, Yezin. We would like to thank the responsible officers from all levels of The Peace and
Development Councils of Rakhine State, Kyauk Phyu and Thandwe Districts, and Kyauk Phyu,
Yambye, and Thandwe Townships. We wish to express our thanks to those who have contributed
to the preparation of this book.
U Win Myint
Consultant to FAO
Asst. Director, Forest Department
winmyintfd@gmail.com
Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley

TCDC Consultant to FAO
Mangrove Management Specialist
oswinbaby@rediffmail.com; ebcbaroda@yahoo.co.in
iii
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Shin Imai, Former FAO Representative in Myanmar, Mr.
Giuseppe Romalli, FAOR a.i., Chief Technical Advisor of ESFSP project, Dr. Bir Mandal, Mr. Leon
Gouws and Mr. Jeremy Broadhead, Backstopping Officer from FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Group for
the competent guidance throughout the duration of project TCP/MYA/3204 (2009-2011)
Mangrove Vegetation Diversity of Wunbaik Reserved Forest

1.
Introduction
Myanmar (Burma) is endowed with 1930 kilometers of coastline along the Bay of Bengal (Figure
1). Natural forest resources occupy 48.3 percent or about 31,773,000 ha of the total land area.
According to FAO, between the years 1990 and 2010, around 19.0% of forest cover, almost
7,445,000 hectares, has been lost. This is equivalent to a rate of around 372,250 hectares or 0.95%
per annum. Mangrove forests in Myanmar cover 494,584 m2 that is 3.6 % of the global total (Giri
et al., 2010).
Ayeyarwady Delta once had the largest mangrove formation of Myanmar but now only a small
patch (13,700 ha) of degraded mangroves remains in Meinmahla Kyun (Island) wildlife sanctuary.
Due to construction of massive bunds, excessive land reclamation for agriculture and aquaculture,
tree cutting for timber, fuelwood and charcoal manufacture on a commercial scale, unreserved
mangroves and mangroves from the 13 reserved forests out of which 10 mangrove reserves in the
Delta have been converted in to agricultural land and settlements.
Tanintharyi mangrove forest is situated towards the southern end of the country and is considered
as a better formation of mangroves than Ayeyarwady and Rakhine. Rakhine State, bordering the
Andaman Sea, is bestowed with few good mangrove areas and Wunbaik is the solitary Reserved
Mangrove Forest and the foremost area in which mangroves should be conserved. The present
governments land reclamation programs and agriculture and aquaculture expansion policies,
paves way for massive destruction of mangrove ecosystems in Myanmar. As the optimum utilization
limit of the mangroves has been exceeded in almost all cases, rational strategies to conserve and
protect these areas are necessary.
Awareness regarding the significance of mangrove ecosystems, the constituent flora and fauna,
the ecological and economical benefits they offer needs to be raised at all stakeholder levels to
assist protection and conservation. As a preliminary effort, mangrove plant species and associated
salt tolerant plants occurring in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest have been documented.
This book is an outcome of the project, Sustainable Community-based Mangrove Management
in Wunbaik Reserved Forest: TCP/MYA/3204 a joint venture of Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations and the Forest Department. The Handbook on The Mangrove Vegetation
of Wunbaik Reserved Forest will be useful for the Administrators, related Departments, Policy
Planners, Academicians, NGOs, and whomsoever involved in Natural Resource Management.
Multi-temporal analysis of 1995 and 2000 satellite data confirms the major occurrence of
mangroves in three different regions along the west coast of Myanmar: Ayeyarwady Delta, Rakhine
and Tanintharyi coasts, accounting around 2 percent of the total national forest cover (Figure 2).
Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems and provide vital support to livelihoods in
Myanmar. Mangroves occur at the land-sea interface and possess special adaptations enabling
them to endure the physical and chemical conditions associated with the marine environment.
Figure 1. Location map of the Union of Myanmar
Information of the Union of Myanmar

Location:

Area:

Temperature:

Rainfall

Latitudes
= 9 32 ' to 28 31' North
Longitudes
= 92 10' to 101 10' East
Total land area
= 676,577 Km
Length (northsouth)
= 2090 Km
Maximum width (eastwest) = 805 Km
Rainy season
= 25C to 33C
Cold season
= 10C to 25C
Hot season
= 32C to 38C (Max 43C)
Minimum rainfall
= 800 mm
Maximum rainfall
= 5,000 mm
Changes in Mangrove area

over the years in Myanmar
Ayeyarwady delta
Rakhine coast
Tanintharyi coast
Mon coast
Source:
2001
2002
( Hectares )
2010
177,327
138344
92610
64,777
63974
197849
140,485
82390
172923
No information
No information
4148
Tint Khaing, 2008
Forest Department
TCP/MYA/3204, FAO
UN
Figure 2. Location map of mangrove forests in Myanmar
Rakhine Mangroves
Information of Rakhine State

Total land
= 14200 sq miles
Total population = 3000 ,000 (2006)
Max Temp
= 28.8C
Min Temp
= 22.1C
Annual Rainfall = 5,000 mm
Mean Rainfall = 1,400 mm
(for July and August)
Permanent Forest Area

= 2819.88 sq miles
Mangrove area = 167802 ha
Ayeyarwady Mangroves
Tanintharyi Mangroves
3
2. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

The Wunbaik mangroves lie between 19 08 10 - 19 23 40 North and 93 54 35 - 94 02 10
East in Yambye Township, Kyaukphyu District, Rakhine State (Figure 3). A total of 22, 928 ha were
notified as Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest on February 15, 1931 by the British Government
to supply firewood to salt factories and inland steam vessels. An adjacent area of 4,081 ha was
also notified as Mingyaung Public Protected Forest by the Ministry of Forestry in 16 June, 2009.
Due to the lack of law enforcement to protect mangroves, around 20% of the total area inside the
Wunbaik Reserved Forest boundary has been converted into paddy and shrimp farms. Another 19
% is degraded. Illicit cutting of mangroves within and outside the reserved zone is carried out on a
commercial scale by actors from different companies without substantial records, permissions or
monitoring. Wunbaik Reserved Forest is a major source of timber, fuelwood, wood for charcoal and
bark for dye industry in Rakhine State, Yangon and other areas of Myanmar. Forest Department
has yet to develop infrastructure facilities, a patrolling system or effective law enforcement to
discourage excess extraction of wood and encroachment into the reserve for paddy and shrimp
farming.
Wunbaik forms a natural coastal bio-shield, sheltering Yambye and protecting inland areas from
cyclones and storms generated in the Bay of Bengal. As the mangrove shield has been removed,
inland areas and habitation have become more susceptible to storm damage, land slides and
flooding. According to the analysis of satellite images the total area encroached for paddy and
shrimp farming in 1990 was 2.7 %. This area increased to 14.7 % in 2000 and 20 % in 2009. Similarly
the area of degraded forest has risen to 19% in 2009, leaving only 53 % under the dense forest
category. Even within these dense forest category areas, the trunk sizes of trees are considerably
thin and the majority of the present mangroves are considered secondary vegetation (Figures 4,
5, 6 & 7).
In view of new infrastructure developments, the government has constructed a new geo-textile
road running from Kyaukphyu to Ma-e; about 20 miles in the east-west direction. The road joins
the Kyaukphyu-Yangon highway and occupies 2% (55 hectares) of the total mangrove area in
Wunbaik. Bridges across the water ways and creeks within the mangroves are well designed and
appreciably do not disrupt the tidal flows. It is understood by the Government after completion of
the Kyaukphyu - Ma-e road in 2006, there are several illegal encroachment activities such as paddy
and shrimp farming going on damaging the reserved mangroves. Western Commander ordered
to quit the encroachers and only the encroachers bordering the road quit and however they all
moved inside beyond the direct view of surveillance. Continuing the same kari farming practice
would lead to massive encroachment, deserting the mangroves and conservation of the Wunbaik
Reserved Forest will only be a fantasy
It is the prime responsiblity of the Government to conserve mangrove forests for coastal protection,
preservation of fisheries resources within the mangroves and adjacent coastal waters, and for
long-term livelihood support of population within and outside the area. Government efforts to
conserve dwindling mangrove forests are most necessary, both with Rakhine State and the rest of
the country. In particular, alternative energy resources need to be provided to alleviate pressure
on mangrove resulting from the cutting of wood for fuel and for charcoal manufacture. Law
enforcement efforts need to be efficiently strengthened to prevent further land encroachment.
Figure 3: Location Map of Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
Rakhine Mangrove Forests
Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest
Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

Lat: 19 08 10 - 19 23 40 North
Long: 93 54 35 - 94 02 10 East
3. Guidelines to use this Book
This book consists of bilingual information of the 70 plant species identified from the Wunbaik Reserved
Forest. The information for each species includes

Botanical name
Family
Synonyms
Vernacular names
Species Description
Distribution
Ecology
Uses
Each species is illustrated with photographs taken from the Wunbaik Reserved Forest
Mangrove flora identified in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest during the project period and recorded earlier
from overall Myanmar was tabulated for ready reference
There is a table appended with the distinct morphological identification key characters of the plants to be
used for identifying the species in the field
Index of plants, its habit and ecological status is appended
Index of Plants with vernacular names is appended
Introduction to taxonomic terminology
Fundamental taxonomical terms are defined through illustrations; reference sourcing from Michael Jensens
Trees Commonly Cultivated in Southeast Asia an Illustrated Field Guide.
LEAVES
Arrangement of leaves:
Opposite
Whorled
Alternate
Simple
Palmately compound
Even pinnately compound
Odd-pinnately compound
Bipinnately compound
7
Leaf structures:
Leaf shapes:
Needle Scalelike
Linear
Lanceolate Oblong Elliptical
Spatulate Ovate Orbicular
Obovate
Cuneate
Reniform
Cordate
Oblanceolate
Falcate
Leaf margins:
Entire
Sinuate
Crenate
Serrate
Dentate
Incised
Parted
Obtuse
Rounded
Lobed
Clefted
Divided
Leave tips:
Acuminate Acute
Truncate Emarginate
Leave bases:
Cuneate Acute
Obtuse Rounded Truncate Auricula
Leaf venation:
Arcuate
Parallel
Palmate
Flower structure:
Petal
Stigma
Style
Stamen
Sepal
Calyx
Pinnate
Flower arrangement (or inflorescence):
Spike
Panicle
Raceme
Corymb
Umbel
10
Head
FRUITS
Common types of fruit:
Pod
Stone fruit ( drupe )
Capsule
Cone
Fruit shapes:
Globose
Ellipsoid
Ovoid
Pyriform
Conical
General structure of species description

In order for consistency of descriptions for all the species, the following components or parts of
the plants are used in sequence as a general structure in this field guide.
1.
Habit

(a) shape tree (tree/shrub/herb etc.)

(b) type of tree (evergreen/ deciduous)
(c) size (tree height)
(d) crown appearance
2.
Stem

(a) shape (straightness etc.)

(b) bark colour
(c) bark texture
11
Berry
Winged nut
3.
Roots

(a) type of root

(b) size
4.
Leaves
(a) type of leaves (simple/ compound)

(b) leaves arrangement

(c) leaves blade
(i) shape
(ii) size
(iii) tip
(vi) base
(v) margin
(vi) colour
(vii) texture

(viii)
veins

(d) leave stalk

(e) stipules
5.
Flowers
(a) type of flowers (solitary/cluster)

(b) kinds of inflorescences

(c) position (terminal/axillary)

(d) numbers of flowers

(e) sex

(f) stalks

(g) calyx
(i) numbers of sepals/ lobes
(ii) shape
(iii) size
(iv) colour
(v) texture

(h) corolla
(i) numbers of petals/ lobes
(ii) shape
(iii) size
(iv) colour
(v) texture
(vi) stamen/pistil (if distinct)

6.
Fruits
(a) kinds of fruits

(b) shape

(c) size

(d) colour

(e) texture
12
4. Mangrove Vegetation Diversity in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest
13
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
95
95
97
97
99
99
101
101
103
103
105
105
107
107
109
109
111
111
113
113
115
115
117
117
119
119
121
121
123
123
125
125
127
127
129
129
14
^^

^ ^

^
d
d
^

^
^

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^
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^
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^
^
d
^
d
d
&
,
^
,
^
,

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15
16
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d

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d

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17
4.3 Photographic representations of the Wunbaik Mangroves
Figure 4. Shrubby Vegetation of Rhizophora sp in Wunbaik Reserved Forest
Figure 5. Single row of old matured stand of Avicennia alba tress on the creek bank and behind
the mangroves the forest land is encroached for paddy farming
18
Figure 6. Pure stand of Ceriops tagal in Wunbaik Reserved Forest
19
Figure 7. Majority of the mangrove trees in the Wunbaik representing thinner bole size
Figure 8. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest Survey Team
Figure 9. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest Survey Team in Action
20
21
22
5. Description of Mangroves and Mangrove Associated Salt Tolerant

Plant Species
23
Mangrove Species
Fig 1. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Buds
24
(1)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl.

Acanthaceae
Unknown
Khayar-phyu (Bamar), Phatyan-su, Kywesar-kha-yar (Rakhine), Kha-yar (Myeik),
Description:

Habit
Herb, erect and spreading shrubby, up to 1.5 m tall.

Stem

Leaves
Stems are many, thick and spiny.
Flowers
Flowers are in cluster, spike inflorescences, terminal, develop into pods, blue or
purple or white in color; petals are white turning brownish when older; opened
flower is 2-2.5cm long.
Fruits
Fruit is capsule, rather square and slightly flattened in shape, shorter than 2cm in
size, capsules when ripen explode to send their whitish, flat seeds flying up to 2 m
from the parent plant.
Distribution:
India, Southeast Asia, West Pacific Islands, tropical Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine
and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Grows on mud near the high tide mark especially in areas with more freshwater
input. It is gregarious and very common along banks of the estuaries and in marshy
land and mangroves; rarely found inland; grow either under trees or in open areas,
sometimes cover large areas and form thickets, particularly in disturbed mangrove
areas.
Fruit is pounded and used as a blood purifier and dressing for burns. A compress of
the fruit or roots is sometimes applied in cases of snakebite and arrow poisoning.
The juice of leaves is reputed to prevent hair loss, to treat kidney stones. The whole
plant is boiled in fresh water, and the patient drinks the solution instead of water,
half a glass at a time, until the signs and symptoms disappear (Thailand). Water
extracted from the bark is used to treat colds and skin allergies. Ground fresh bark
is used as an antiseptic. Tea brewed from the leaves relieves pain and purifies the
blood. Soup from the leaves is good for lactating mothers.
25

Uses:
Simple leaf, opposite in arrangement, oblong in shape, margin deeply lobed with
sharp spines at each lobe's tip and curved in full sun, flatter under shade, dark
green in color. Leaves under the deep shade can be totally spineless.
Fig 2. Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruits
26
(2)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Description:

Habit
Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.

Acanthaceae
Acanthus neo-guineensis, Aquifolium indicum Rumph.
Khayar-mayan, Khayar-chon (Bamar), Phatyan-su, Khayar (Rakhine), Khayar
(Myeik)
Herb, erect and spreading shrubby, up to 2 m tall. Shoots are erect but tend to lean
or sprawl with age.
Stem
Yellowish stems, scarcely branched, spiny, develop small adventitious aerial roots.
Leaves
Simple leaf, opposite in arrangement, oblong in shape, measuring 6.5-11 cm x

4-6 cm, margin slightly or deeply lobed with a spine at each lobe's tip especially
in exposed conditions. Leaves are thick, waxy, shiny, dark green in colour. Leaves
growing the deep shade can be totally spineless.
Flowers
Flowers are in cluster, spike inflorescences, terminal which grow at the branch
tip, spikes up to 16.5 cm long. Petals are large, obovate in shape, measures 3 cm
x 2.5 cm, petal tube is light blue or violet (rarely white). Sepal lobes obovateoblong, fringed with small hairs. A. ilicifolius has light blue or violet flowers while
A. ebracteatus has white flowers.
Fruits
Fruit capsule, shiny green in color, squarish and slightly flattened, 2.5-3cm or
longer. When the capsules ripen, they explode to propel whitish, flat seeds flying
up to 2 m from the parent plant.
Distribution:
South India and Sri Lanka to Indo-China, Indonesia, the Philippines and northern
Australia, but rather scarce in Malaysia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine, Tanintharyi and
Yangon in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Unlike some mangrove plants, it does not exclude salt at the root level. In fact,
their sap is salty and excess salt is secreted through the leaves. Sometimes, the
salt can be seen as a white crystalline layer on the upper surface. Forming the
undergrowth on the back mangroves, it provides shelter for small creatures, and
food. It grows in places shaded to fully-exposed in the undergrowth and on mud
lobster mounds.
Uses:
In Myanmar, leaves and roots are used in treatment for rheumatism, neuralgia,
arrow-poison and snake bite
27
A
B
Fig 3. Acanthus volubilis Wall.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Stem, D: Buds
28
(3)
Botanical name:
Acanthus volubilis Wall.
Family:
Acanthaceae
Synonyms:
Vernacular names: Khayar-nwe (Bamar), Kinpi (Rakhine), Zale-nwe (Myeik)
Description:

Habit
Semi-erect to climbing herb, in undisturbed forests may be seen even in the

canopies.
Stem
Slender, sprawling stems without spines, dark-green stems.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, opposite in arrangement, leaf blades are oblong in shape with
smooth margins or slightly lobed, mostly without spines, usually wide above the
middle of the plant.
Flowers
Flowers are in cluster, inflorescence spikes, terminal which neatly organized

at branch tips, flowers white in color; petals white, turning brown when older,
opened flower 2-2.5 cm long in size.
Fruits
Fruits are capsule, shorter than 2cm, but fruits are rare on the plant.
Distribution:
South Asia, Southeast Asia and New Guinea. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi
in Myanmar.
Ecology:
In tidal mud among grasses.
Uses:
From Malay folklore, powdered seeds are taken with water as a blood cleansing
medicine and against ulcers. In Myanmar, young leaves are used for preparing
soup
29
C
A
Fig 4. Acrostichum aureum Linnaeus.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Sporangia
30
(4)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Acrostichum aureum Linnaeus.

Pteridaceae
Acrostichum inaequale Willd., Acrostichum obliquum Blume, Acrostichum
spectabile Zoll., Chrysodium aureum Mett., Chrysodium inaequale Fe., Chrysodium
vulgare Fe.
Hnget-kyi-taung-akyi (Bamar), Hmo-hin (Rakhine), Zaloke-ngaut (Myeik)
Description:

Habit
Fern, grows in huge clumps as understory, up to 2m tall.
Stem
Stems are stout and covered with long scales.
Roots
Rhizomes.
Leaves
Compound leaves, pinnate, about 0.5-1 m long, bright red when young; fertile
leaflets at the tip are covered with red-brown sporangia, blades of sterile leaflets
have a broadly rounded end and terminated with a short tip. Leaves are shiny and
typically dark green upper surface, but paler on the leaf underside. Leaf margins
are somewhat uneven and wavy in appearance. Only 5 -8 pairs of leaflets at the tip
of a frond are reproductive.
Flowers
No flowers.
Fruits
No fruits. Leaves bear spores for reproduction.
Distribution:
Southeast Asia and in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Ayeyarwady,

Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
Ecology:
On the landward side of mangrove swamps or non-mangrove seaside areas

including reclaimed land. It is halophytic, but generally requires fresh water for
its establishmend. Grows well in nearly all light conditions. Acrostichum aureum
is highly shade-tolerant and takes advantage of decreased evaporative rates in
shade to reduce salt stress in estuarine environments. An indicator species of
degradation or hydrology disruption.
Uses:
In Myanmar, young shoot is consumed as salad or cooked. The leaves are also used
as cattle feed. Dried parchment-like fronds were used as roof thatching which are
durable and less of a fire hazard. Pounded rhizomes are used to treat wounds and
boils.
31

Vernacular names:
Fig 5. Acrostichum speciosum Wild.
A:Habit, B:Herbarium Specimen
32
(5)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:

Vernacular names:
Description:

Habit
Acrostichum speciosum Wild.

Pteridaceae
Acrostichum aureum var. schmidtii (Christ) C.Chr., Chrysodium aureum var.
schmidtii Christ, Chrysodium speciosum Fe
Hnget-kyi-taung-athay (Bamar), Hmo-hin (Rakhine), Zaloke-ngaut (Myeik)
A large understorey fern, grows in huge clumps, up to 1.5 m tall, shorter than A.
aureum.
Stem
Rhizomes, base of the leaf stalks covered with scales.
Roots
Rhizomes.
Laves
Leaves are compound, pinnate, less than 1m long, rusty colour, fertile leaflets
at the tip are covered with sporangia. This species differs from A. aureum by its
smaller total size and smaller leaflets with elongated pointed tips. Young leaves
are brownish green and dark brown underside.
Flowers
No flowers.
Fruits
No fruits. Similar to that of A. aureum, leaves bear spores for reproduction.
Distribution:
Tropical Asia and Australia, Throughout Southeast Asia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and
Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Perennial fern under the mangroves, shade areas, on places more frequently
inundated by tides.
Uses:
Uses are similar to that of A. aureum.
33
A
B
Fig 6. Aegialitis rotundifoliaRoxb.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Stem
34
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Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb.

Plumbaginaceae
Aegialites annulata var. rotundifolia, Aegianilites rotundifolia
Sar-pin (or) Sar-byet-pin (Bamar), Sa-baung (Rakhine), Padan (Myeik)
Description:

Habit
Shrub or small tree, woody, up to 3 m tall.
Stem
Stem base swollen, branches more or less spongy and has annual leaf scars.
Roots
No aerial roots. The swollen stem bases look like buttresses.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, arranged alternately or spirally, clustered at the tip of twigs, leaf
blades are ovoid, thick, leathery, and margins are entire, have parallel veins. Bases
of the leaf stalks form in round sheath.
Flowers
Flowers are in cluster, cymose racemous inflorescences, terminal. Individual

flowers have five sepals arranged in a fused tube around the white gamopetalous
corolla that has five petals fused into a short tube.
Fruits
Fruit are dehiscent and have a spongy mesocarp.
Distribution:
India, Bangladesh, Thailand and, Rakhine, Tanintharyi and Ayeyarwady in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Occurs in low muddy mangrove or maritime swamps, in the intertidal zone, usually
in open area, sandy or rocky soils in the more saline environment of the mangroves
toward the sea, less common in landward mangrove zones.
Uses:
Stems are used as poles for construction of local wharves, houses and huts.
35
D
A
Fig 7. Aegiceras corniculatum (Linnaeus) Blanco.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Stems, E: Roots
36
(7)
Aegiceras corniculatum (Linnaeus) Blanco.
Myrsinaceae
Aegiceras fragrans Knig, Aegiceras majus Gaertn., Rhizophora corniculata Linn.
Ye-khayar (Bamar), Jet-thalone (Rakhine)
Description:

Habit
Mostly a shrub or a small tree up to 4 m tall.
Stem
Stem is smooth, and bark is grey in color.
Roots
No obvious above-ground (aerial roots) roots
Leaves
Simple leaf, alternate in arrangement, obovate, leaf margin is entire with minutely
dotted and leathery, shinny dark green. There are glands on the leaves for secreting
salt.
Flowers
Flowers in cluster, inflorescence umbel, terminal, 15-20 flowers per inflorescence,

flowers are bisexual, small, white, have fragrant.
Fruits
Dehiscent, capsules, up to 5 cm long, slightly curved and have a pointed tip, like a
curved bean. The end of the fruit that is attached to the tree has a spiral patterned
cap. Fruits are light green, turn to pink and red when ripen. Mature fruits can
abundantly be collected during May, June and July.
Distribution:
India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Australia, Papua New Guinea and
the Solomon Islands. Tanintharyi, Yangon and Rakhine in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Found on river banks over a wide range of salinities. These plants often grow
together to form a thicket.
Uses:
Wood used for charcoal making. Young leaves are edible. Fragrant flowers with
high nector content helps local honey production.
37
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Figure 8. Avicennia alba Blume.

38
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Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Description:

Habit
Avicennia alba Blume.

Avicenniaceae
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. var. alba (Blume) Bakh.
Thame-kyet-tet, (Bamar), Pyar-boke (Rakhine), Lame (Myeik)
Tree, sometimes dense bushy and spreading crown often branching near the base
of the trunk, not more than 20 m height.
Stem
Bark is grey to greenish black in color, smooth, fine fissure and no flake.
Roots
Pencil-like pneumatophores.
Leaves
Fruits
Fruit capsule, conical in shape and flattened, about 1.5 inches long and 1 inch
wide, extended into a beak, dull grayish-green in color; capsule containing one
seed viviparous. Mature fruits can be collected in August and September.
Distribution:
India, Southern Asia, Southeast Asia and Western Pacific. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine,
Tanintharyi and Yangon in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Avicennia alba grows in dry riverbanks to muddy portions of the seashore. Pioneer
of mangrove on newly formed mud flats on the seaward side, swamps on sheltered
shores, along tidal river banks and seashore, prefers the entrance of bays, tolerant
of very high salinity.
Uses:
Wood is low quality firewood, rarely used to make charcoal and is burnt only to
smoke fish or rubber. Seeds are boiled and eaten. The bark and seeds are used as a
fish poison and resin used in birth control. Ash of the leaves is mixed with coconut
oil and the mixture is applied on the sore.
Simple leaf, opposite in arrangement, lanceolate to elliptical, usually egg-shaped,

acute at the leaf tip, upper surface covered with numerous sunken, glandular dots,
shiny dark green. Lower surface is waxy and have a silvery gray.

Flowers
Flowers in cluster, terminal or axillary racemose inflorescences, small yellow
flowers per inflorescence, petals 4, yellow to orange, calyx 5 lobed. Flowering
starts in March.
39
Figure 9. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Fruits
40
(9)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.

Avicenniaceae
Avicennia intermedia Griff., Avicennia marina var. acutissima Stapf & Moldenke,
Avicennia marina var. anomala Moldenke,
Thame-phyu (Bamar), Pyar-phyu (Rakhine)
Description:

Habit
Shrub or tree, 3 - 10 m, or up to 20 m.
Stem
Bark is whitish in color, when dry thin, stiff, brittle flakes are present. Twigs are
square in cross-section, unlike the rounded twigs in the other Avicennia species.
The habit is a twisted arrangement of multiple branches.
Roots
Leaves
Simple leaf, leaf blades obovate to lanceolate, 5-8 cm long, thick, yellowish green
on the upper surface, and silvery-white or grey with very small matted hairs on the
surface below. There are salt glands on both sides.

Flowers
Flowers in tight bunches, at the ends of a cross-like inflorescence, 2-12 flowers,

terminal, petals white to a golden yellow color, strong odour. Flowering starts in
March.
Fruit
Fruit is broadly angular heart-shaped, with short beaked tip, fleshy, pale and
grayish green in color. Fruit contains large cotyledons that surround the new stem
of a seedling. This produces a large fleshy seed, often germinating on the tree and
falling as a seedling. Fruits are ripening in August and September.
Distribution:
Along the east coast of Africa, Southwest Asia, South and Southeast Asia and
Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
Ecology:
It occurs in the inter-tidal zones of estuarine areas. It thrives in waters where both
salt and fresh water are present. The species can tolerate high salinity by excreting
salts through its leaves. It is highly variable with a number of ecotypes and forms
closely resembling other species. It is a pioneer in muddy soil conditions but is
intolerant of shade. A. marina forests form a best nursery ground for fish.
Uses:
Timber used as firewood. Leaves are used for burns. Bark resin used in birth control.
Ash of the leaves is mixed with coconut oil and the mixture is applied on ulcers.
41
A
B
Figure 10. Avicennia officinalis L.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruits, E: Stem
42
(10)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Avicennia officinalis L.
Avicenniaceae
Avicennia tomentosa Willd.
Thamegyi (Bamar), Pyar (Rakhine)
Description:

Habit
Evergreen tree, up to 25 m high.
Stem
Bark is thin and smooth, yellowish-green to brownish-grey in color, with numerous

lenticels.
Roots
Leaves
Simple leaf, opposite in arrangement, obovate or broadly oblong, rounded at tip

and acute at base, 412 cm and 26 cm in size, margin slightly rolled under, thick,
leathery, upper surface is dark green or shiny green and covered with numerous
sunken and dots, underneath with fine yellowish-green hairs and resin dots.

Flowers
Flowers are in cluster, cymes which are head-like in panicle inflorescences,

terminal, 2 12 flowers per inflorescence, sessile, flowers are yellow in color.
Fruits
Fruits are capsule, broadly ovoid and flattened with a short beak, 2.5 cm long,
covered with short hairs and have one seed. Seeds are large and flattened, without
seed coat, germinating in water. Fruits are viviparous and ripen in August and
September.
Distribution:
India, Sri Lanka, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea and Oceania.
Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
Ecology:
In landward margins of mangrove swamps, along the tidal river banks and river
mouths, on brackish or silt depositing shores and marshes.
Uses:
Wood used for firewood, cabinet, to construct boats, houses, and wharves, bark
and roots are used for tanning and for dying cloth. Bark and fruits for tonic and to
treat wounds
43
Fig 11. Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BI.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruits, E: Stem, F: Roots
44
(11)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Description:

Habit
Tree, evergreen, up to 20 m tall.
Stem
Bark grey, with corky lenticels, small buttress at the base.
Roots
Tufted knee shaped pneumatophores.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic, 7-17 2-8 cm in size, margin entire, base
cuneate, apex acute, light green. Stipules are pale yellow or greenish. Petioles are
1-3.5 cm long.
Flowers
Flowers are in cluster, cymes pedunculate, axillary, 2- 3 flowers per inflorescence.

Calyx tube is smooth, 8 lobes, light green and sticking out at right angles to the
fruit. Petals are white but soon turning brown, 3-4 mm long, 2-lobed, outer margins
usually basally fringed with white hairs. Flowering starts from December, January.
Fruits
The seed germinates in the fruit forming a cigar-shaped seedling up to 15cm long.
The seedling grows slightly curved and may be purplish. The green/yellow sepals
stick out at right angles from the fruit. The seed germinates while still on the
mother tree. Fruits are ripen during April, May, June.
Distribution:
India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,

Northern Australia, New Guinea, Pacific islands. Tanintharyi, Ayeyarwady and
Rakhine in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Usually on the stiff clay, behind Avicennia.
Uses:
Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable or preserved after boiling. The bark may be
used as a cooking spice. The timber is heavy and tough and used in construction.
It is also good for firewood and for charcoal as it produces maximum heat among
mangrove woods.
45
Vernacular names:
Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BI.

Rhizophoraceae
Bruguiera caryophylloides (N. L. Burman) Blume; Rhizophora caryophylloides N. L.
Burman., Rhizophora cylindrica Linn. Bruguiera malabarica Arn.
Hnan-phyu (Bamar), Hnan-byu (Rakhine), Byuboke (Myeik)
C
E
Fig 12. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers & Fruits, D: Stem, E: Penumatophores
46
(12)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Description:

Habit
Evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall.
Stem
Bark dark grey to brown, buttress, numerous lenticels.
Roots
Knee shaped penumatophores are numerous. Short aerial roots appear from the
stems in permanently waterlogged conditions.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic to lanceolate, a pointed tip, 4 -7 cm by 8 - 15

cm in size, leathery, reddish, stipules may also be reddish.
Flowers
Flowers are solitary and axillary. Calyx with more than ten, thick, pointed lobes is
usually colorful (pink to red). Petals are brown to orange in color and display three
small filamentous appendages at the tip. Flowering is nearly year round.
Fruits
The hypocotyl is olive green and ridged. The ridges are not always clear in fresh
specimens, but become very clear when dried. The length of the propagule is on
average 20 cm, while the diameter is on average 1.5 cm. Fruits are viviparous and
ripen during April to July.
Distribution:
South and East Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Pacific region.

Ecology:
Uses:
It is mostly mixed in the Rhizophora mucronata zone, but is usually absent from
the area nearest to the seaward edge. Within the forest, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
can locally be present as the dominant species, but usually as a patch than a zone.
Wood is red and hard, used for piling, mine timbers, house posts, furniture and
cabinet, also as firewood and making charcoal. Fruit is edible.
47
Vernacular names:
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.

Rhizophoraceae
Bruguiera conjugata (L.) Merr., Bruguiera capensis Bl., Bruguiera conjugata (non
Rhizphora conjuga L.) Merr., Bruguiera cylindrica (non Bl.) Hance
Byu-u-talon, Byu-oak-saung (Bamar), Tut-kha-mauk (Rakhine), Saunggyi (Myeik)
B
E
Figure 13. Bruguiera hainessii C.G.Rogers

A: Stem, B: Propagule, C: Flowers
48
(13)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Bruguiera hainessii C.G.Rogers

Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora caryophylloides (non Burm. f) Griff.
Myaing-gyi (or) Saungpho (Bamar), Myaing-gyi (Rakhine)
Description:

Shape
Tree, evergreen, up to 30m tall.
Stem
Trunk is bark brown to yellowish brown, lenticels from top to base, sometimes
smooth, short buttress.
Roots
Knee shaped pneumatophores
Leaves
Leaves simple, opposite, oval, 9-16cm long, shiny green.
Flowers
Flowers in clusters of 2-3 flowers. Calyx is pale green with 10 stout long lobes.
Petals are white, 7-9 mm long, turning orange-brown, hairy with 2-4 bristles at the
tips. Flowers are larger than that of B. cylindrica.
Fruits
Propagule develops on the parent plant, the hypocotyl is cigar-shaped (1-9cm

long), slightly thickened towards the end, slightly curved. The calyx lobes are
extended at right angles to the hypocotyl.
Distribution:
India, Southeast Asia. It is widely distributed from south Myanmar and Thailand
through the Malaysia to Papua New Guinea. Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in
Myanmar.
Ecology:
On the landward margins of mangroves in relatively dry areas that are only
inundated during the spring tides.
Uses:
Fuel wood and timber for construction
49
A
D
B
C
Fig 14. Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) W.& A. ex Griff.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flower, D: Stem
50
(14)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Description:

Habit
Tree, 5 15m tall.
Stem
Bark is brown with white spots, smooth.
Roots
Knee shaped pneumatophores.
Leaves
Leaves simple, opposite, blades yellowish green, elliptic, stipules light yellow.
Flowers
Flowers are in clusters, cymes, axillary, 3-7 flowers per inflorescences, sepals
yellow-green.
Fruits
Fruit is narrowly, spirally-rolled and 2 cm long. The hypocotyl (often mistaken for
the fruit) is cylindrical, up to 13 cm long, thinly pencil-like, smooth, viviparous,
sepals remain pointing parallel to the long axis of the fruit.
Distribution:
India, Bangladesh, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Southeast Asia, Northern Australia.

Ecology:
Found on the inner side of the mangrove and noted to be a slow grower and has
the shortest lifespan.
Uses:
Wood is heavy, hard, strong, but it easily checks and shrinks. Wood used as minetimber and fishing stakes. Good firewood and charcoal. Germinating sprout is
edible.
51
Vernacular names:
Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) W. & A. ex Griff.

Rhizophoraceae
Bruguiera ritchiei Merr., Kanilia parviflora Bl., Rhizophora cylindrica (non L.) Roxb.,
Rhizophora parviflora Roxb.
War-kyeik-lein (Bamar), Thilar (Rakhine), Hnget (Myeik)
Fig 15. Bruguiera sexangula Loureiro.

A: Habigat, B: Leaves, C: Flowers
52
(15 )
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Description:

Habit
Small tree, evergreen, up to 12 m tall.
Stem
Bark grey to pale brown, smooth, corky lenticels, often flanged stem base.
Roots
Knee shaped pneumatophores, occasionally also stilt roots.
Leave
Leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic-oblong, base cuneate, apex acute, 3-6 x 8-16
cm in size, leathery. Stipules are green or yellowish. Petioles are yellowish, 1.5-3.5
cm long.
Flowers
Flowers are solitary, axillary, on single-flowered stalk, calyx tube 1-1.5 cm long,
9-13 lobes, margin with a tuft of hairs, petals yellow, rapidly turn brown with age.
Flowering is all year round.
Fruits
Fruit is spirally-rolled and ridged, 1.5-1.8 cm, hypocotyl cigar-shaped, angular, 6-12
cm long, dispersed by water.

Distribution:
India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia,

Philippines, Hainan, Pacific islands. Ayeyarwady in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Along the tidal waterways, coastal fish ponds, usually wetter conditions than B.
gymnorrhiza.
Uses:
Wood is heavy, hard, strong, used as mine-timber, poles. Used for firewood and
charcoal. Roots and leaves are used to treat burns.
53
Vernacular names:
Bruguiera sexangula Loureiro.

Rhizophoraceae
Bruguiera angulata Griff., Bruguiera eriopetala Wight & Arnott; B. sexangula var.
rhyn chopetala W. C. Ko.
Byu-shwewar (or) Byu-kyet-tet (Bamar), Saung-thay (Myeik)
Fig 16. Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou.

A: Habit, B: Leaves & Flowers, C: Fruit, D: Stem & Roots
54
(16)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou.

Rhizophoraceae
Ceriops candolliana Arn. Bruguiera decandra Griff., Ceriops roxburghiana Arn.
Bruguiera decandra Griff., Ceriops roxburghiana Arn., Ceriops zippeliana Bl.,
Rhizophora decandra Roxb.
Madama (Bamar), Ka-baing (Rakhine), Ka-byaing (Myeik)
Description:

Habit
Shrub or small tree, evergreen, up to 5 m (occasionally to 15 m) tall.
Stem
Bark is brown, rarely grey, smooth to flaky, trunk up to 15-20 cm in diameter at

breast height, small buttresses.
Roots
Tufted knee shaped pneumatophores
Leaves
Leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic-oblong, 10 x 4.5 cm, glossy-green.
Flowers
Flowers are in cluster, condensed head, axillary, 2-4 sessile flowers, with a short
stout angular stalk, on the upper part of branches. Corolla 2.5-4 mm long, white,
quickly ages and turns a brownish colour.
Fruit
Berry, 10-15 cm long, erect, distinctly rounded tip, with erect or ascending
persistant sepals, calyx is covered with lenticels or is warty. Flowering and fruiting
continuously throughout the year.
Distribution:
India, Southeast Asia, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and
Ecology:
It grows in the middle to landward zone of the mangrove swamp. Ceriops decandra
is primarily a landward species whereas C. tagal is a seaward. It is common in areas
regularly flooded at high tides, where fresh water is in regular supply and salinity
never exceeds that of normal sea water.
Uses:
Wood is highly durable. Used for posts, poles, tools, boat ribs, firewood and
charcoal. The bark is a source of tannin and dye.
55
Fig 17. Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruit
56
(17)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob.

Rhizophoraceae
Ceriops candolliana Arn. Ceriops australis White, Ceriops boiviniana Tul., Ceriops
candolleana Arn.
Madama-myaw (Bamar), Kabaing-yeni (Rakhine), Panlone (Myeik)
Description:

Habit
Small tree, evergreen, up to 7 m tall.
Stem
2040 cm in diameter, bark light grey or reddish, smooth or irregularly fissured,

twig tips flat, formed from the stipules, small buttressed.
Roots
Tufted knee shaped pneumatophores.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, opposite, upside down egg-shaped, tip rounded or notched,
acute at base, 510 x 26 cm, entire, dark green in shade, bright greenish yellow
in full sun, thick, leathery, glabrous, without visible veins, clustered at end of twigs,
petiole 13.5 cm long, stipules paired, flattened at branched tips.
Flowers
Flowers in cluster, cymes single, in leaf axils, flowers 410, short stalked, calyx
yellow-green with 56 narrow pointed lobes turned back on fruit, petals 56,
white, united at base, 2-lobed and ending in 24 bristles.
Fruits
Berry, 15-25 cm long, drooping, ovoid, viviparous, becoming cigar-shaped, sharply

angled, sepals recurved persistant.
Distribution:
Eastern Africa to Southeast Asia, Australia. Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Rakhine

in Myanmar.
Ecology:
In the inner mangrove, within occasional tides, well-drained soil. It can tolerate
diseases, insects, pests, salt, and waterlogging. It may form a patch of mono
stand. Rarely occurs under Rhizophora or Bruguiera forest. Natural regeneration is
extremely high.
Uses:
Highly durable, good firewood and the bark is used for tanning. The tender fruit is
eaten. Bent branches are used (as are the knees) for boats, the trunks for housebuilding.
57
e
C
Figure 18. Excoecaria agallocha L.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Inflorescence, D: Fruit , E: Stem
58
(18)
Excoecaria agallocha L.
Euphorbiaceae
Commia cochinchinensis Lour., Stillingia agallocha (L.) Baill.
Tha-yaw (Bamar), Kya-kan (Rakhine), Tha-yaw (Myeik)
Description:

Habit
Deciduous tree, up to 20 meter tall and crown is irregular.
Stem
Bark grey in color and rough covered with brown corky pores.
Roots
No above-ground roots.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, obovate to broad-elliptic, apex rounded or shortly pointed, 412
cm long, 25 cm wide, margins mostly entire or sometimes toothed, glabrous and
thick in texture, petiole 1220 mm long, 2 glands near apex, pinkish while young,
turn bright red and the entire tree become reddish appearance when they are
about to drop off.
Flowers
Flowers in cluster, catkin-like inflorescence, axillary, stemless small flowers spirally

arranged, erect; male and female flowers occur in separate trees, female flower
clusters are much smaller.
Fruits
Fruits are capsules with 3 lobed, 1.5 cm wide, round and contain dark brown seeds.
Seeds float. Fruits ripen in September and October.
Distribution:
India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Southern China Taiwan, Southern Japan, Australia
and the Pacific Islands. Rakhine, Tanintharyi, and Ayeyarwady in Myanmar.
Ecology:
The tree grows more inland, usually in the intertidal zone at the high water mark.
It can grow in both stony and muddy ground. The tree can tolerate dry and salty
conditions. It grows quickly in open areas, but can also survive in shade.
Uses:

The timber is soft, light, and white, with a fine grain, but rots quickly.
Used for carpentry. Not used for firewood due to unpleasant smoke. The milky
sap is poisonous, can cause temporary blindness if it enters the eyes and can also
cause skin blisters and irritation. The sap used to kill fish and an ingredient in arrow
poison.
59
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
a
D
Figure 19. Heritiera fomes Buch. Ham.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Stem, E: Roots
60
(19)
Heritiera fomes Buch. Ham.
Sterculiaceae
Heritiera minor Lam.
Pinle-kanazo, Ye-kanazo (Bamar), Rezo (Rakhine), Kanazo (Myeik)
Description:

Habit
Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m.
Stem
Stem form buttress.
Roots
Many peg-like pneumatophores.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, alternate, leaf blade elliptic lanceolate, 10-15 cm long and 5-8
cm wide, entire, thick and slightly hard, upper surface pale green and smooth,
lower surface whitish grey and rough, with very short scurfy hairs, net-like venation.
Flowers
Flowers are in cluster, pendulous and much branched, unisexual, small, creamy to
pale brownish, hairy stalk.
Fruits
The fruit consists of a cluster of woody, indehiscent, winged ripe carpels. Seeds are
solitary and buoyant. Ripen fruits are available from July to August.
Distribution:
India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in
Myanmar.
Ecology:
Landward edges and along brackish tidal streams
Uses:
Timber for boat building, furniture.
61
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
a
b
c
d
Figure 20. Heritiera littoralis Dryand.

62
(20)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Heritiera littoralis Dryand.

Sterculiaceae
Balanopteris minor Gaertn., Balanopteris tothila Gaertn., Helicteres apetala
Blanco.
Kone-kanazo (Bamar),
Description:

Habit
A much branched, untidy tree (15-25m tall)
Stem
Bark dark or pinkish grey, smooth becoming flaky, fissured when older, well
developed buttresses.
Roots
Plank roots.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, arranged in a spiral, oblong, 10-20cm long, thin but stiff, wither
to a dull orange-yellow, and are two-toned: dark green above and silvery white
beneath. This is because of overlapping star-shaped scales on the underside.
Flowers
Flowers tiny (0.5cm), bell-shaped, hairy emerging in complex clusters at the branch
tips. Individual trees bear either male or female flowers.
Fruits
Fruits are massive woody, shiny-brown to purplish with a keel or short flange
along one side so that they resemble boats. The fruits can float for weeks and will
germinate when they are stranded at high tide. Each fruit contains one seed.
Distribution:
East Africa, Madagascar to southern China, Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and
the Pacific. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Grows on the landward margins of mangroves and adjacent forest, or rocky shores;
intolerant to high salinities and exposed or poorly drained soils. Occasionally
associated with Excoecaria, Avecennia and Xylocarpus.
Uses:
Boat building, household uses, fruits and seeds are used in treating diarrhea and
dysentery, seeds are used in coocking along with fish, roots used as fish poison.
63
a
d
b
c
Figure 21. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Propagule
64
(21)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Kandelia candel (L.) Druce.

Rhizophoraceae
Kandelia rheedei Wight & Arn., Rhizophora candel Linn
Byu-baing-dauk, Baing-daungshe (Bamar), Taung-pwun (Rakhine), Byu-kauntnhyin (Myeik)
Small tree, up to 7 m tall.
Stem
Bark smooth, greyish or reddish brown, low and small buttresses.
Roots
No pneumatophores.
Leaves
Leaves simple, opposite, blades shiny and green, narrowly oblong, elliptic or
drop-shaped-oblong, 6-13 x 2.5-6 cm, margin is curled inward, leaf stalk 1-1.5 cm.
Stipules flattened but slightly twisted at the branch tips.
Flowers
Flowers in clusters, cymose, dichotomously branched, peduncles axillary, 4 - 9

flowers, whitish, with numerous stamens; calyx 5-6 slender lobes, pollinated by
insects.
Fruits
Ovoid, green, 1.5-2.5 cm long, viviparous, propagule slender (25-40cm long) and
tapered at each end, capped by the persistent sepals whose tips bend backwards
to the fruit stalk.
Distribution:
India, Southeast Asia, to China, Ryu Kyu Islands and southern Japan, Northern
Sumatra and Borneo. Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Rakhine in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Occupies a narrow niche in the mangrove forest, occurring in the back mangrove
communities or on the banks of tidal rivers. Kandelia candel are good at preventing
erosion and thus are useful for protecting coastlines. They are often used to help
reclaim land from the oceans.
Uses:
Mainly used for firewood.
65
Description:

Habit
Fig 22. Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt.

A: Habit, B: Leaves & Flowers
66
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Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt.
Combretaceae
Lumnitzera coccinea Wight & Arn.
Eik-mathwe-ahni (Bamar), Dawai-Mhaing (Myeik), Shar-pin (Chaung Thar)
Description:

Habit
Evergreen tree up to 25m tall with spreading crown.
Stem
Bark is dark brown in color and deeply fissured.
Roots
Knee-shaped roots are present and looping.
Leaves
Simple leaf; spiral in arrangement; spatula shaped with oval ends in shape and
2 - 8cm in size; dark green in color; thick and fleshy, plasticky in texture; crowded
towards the end of the twigs, almost stalk less, small gland is present at the leaf
tip.
Flowers
Flowers in terminal cluster, flowers bright red with five tiny petals and small 2-3cm,
the stamens much longer than the petals, fragrant and produce lots of nectar.
Fruits
Small fruits are vase shaped, corky and float, and dispersed by water. Each fruit has
one seed.
Distribution:
Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, Northern Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and
Ecology:
Grows in the back mangroves, in soft, muddy sand or sandy mud where tidal
inundation is rare, along waterways with a permanent and strong input of
freshwater, small gland at the leaf tip that resembles leaf nodules and are believed
to contain nitrogen fixing bacteria. Lumnitzera littorea and Lumnitzera racemosa
exclude each other inhabitant.
Uses:
Timber is durable, even on submersion of salt water, used for furniture, bridge,
wharves, cart axils, flooring and sleeper.
67
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
a
b
b
b
Fig 23. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.

A: Habit, B: Flowers & Fruits
68
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Botanical name:
Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.
Family:
Combretaceae
Synonyms:
Vernacular names: Eik-mathwe-aphyu, Pyan-shar (Bamar), Pinle-sha (Rakhine)
Shrubs or tree up to 8m tall
Stem
Bark reddish-brown and fissured
Roots
Short and blunt pneumatophores.
Leaves
Simple leaf, alternate in arrangement, relatively small, thick and fleshy, plasticky,
erect, spatula-shaped with oval ends, a small notch at the tip, crowded towards
the ends of twigs and have a leaf stalk.
Flowers
Flowers occur in cluster, axillaries, bisexual, stalkless inflorescence; flower is white

in color with 5 petals. The flowers are weakly scented and produce lots of nectar,
calyx tube are persistent.
Fruits
Fruits small, woody, fibrous, ribbed, floatable and dispersed by water. Each fruit
contains one seed.
Distribution:
Eastern Africa to Southeast Asia, Southern China, Papua New Guinea, Northern
Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Grows in the back mangroves, sandy or hard mud areas, shores and waterways
with freshwater influence.
Uses:
Timber is hard and durable, used to construct bridges, wharves, parts of canoes
and furniture and household items. Used as firewood, bark used for tanning.
69
Description:

Habit
c
b
Fig 24. Nypa fruiticans Wurmb.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Buds & Flowers, D: Stem
70
(24)
Botanical name:
Nypa fruiticans Wurmb.
Family:
Arecaceae
Synonyms:
Vernacular names: Dani (Bamar), Re-ohn (Rakhine), Pa-ohn (Myeik)
Description:

Habit
Palm, up to10 m tall.
Stem
Trunkless, creeping horizontal trunk that grows beneath the ground from which
branches with erect tips arise.
Roots
Rhizomes.
Leaves
Pinnately compound leaf, feather-like leaf are 4m long with leaflets.
Flowers
Flowers are in a globular inflorescence, female flowers at the tip with catkin-like
red or yellow, male flowers on the lower branches.
Fruits
Fruits are woody, flattened sideways and ridged lengthwise, bearing 1-3 seeds
each. The ripe nuts separate from the ball and are floated away on the tide.
Distribution:
India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Borneo, Phillipines, Ryukyu Islands,

New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, northern Australia.
Ecology:
Nypa palm grows in soft mud and slow moving tidal and river waters that bring in
nutrients. The palm can be found as far inland as the tide can deposit the floating
nuts.
Uses:
Leaves of the Nypa palm are used as thatch and basketry. The sap from the
inflorescence stalk is used to make toddy, vinegar or boiled down to sugar. Young
seeds and tender nut juice are edible.
71
Fig 25. Rhizophora apiculata Blume.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Propagule, E: Stem
72
(25)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Rhizophora apiculata Blume.

Rhizophoraceae
Mangium candelarium Rumph., Rhizophora candelaria DC., Rhizophora conjugata
(non Linn) Arn., Rhizophora lamarckii, Rhizophora mangle (non Linn)
Byu-chedauk-apho, Byu-chedauk-ywet-chun (Bamar), Byu-saung-yaung (Rakhine),
Pa-yone-ame (Myeik)
Trees or small tree, up to 30 m tall.
Stem
Trunk can be 50 cm in diameter; bark grey, usually with vertical fissured.
Roots
Stilt roots, arching stilt roots can extend up to 5 m up the stem, and occasionally
aerial roots from the branches.
Leaves
Leaves simple, opposite, glabrous, elliptic-oblong to sublanceolate, base broadly

cuneate, apex acute to apiculate, 7-16 3-6 cm, tiny black-spotted below. Petiole
1.5-3 cm; midvein reddish, leaf stalks and stipules reddish.
Flowers
Inflorescences, cymes, 2 floweres on a short, stout, dark grey stalk, flowers

stalkless, 4 sepals brownish yellow to reddish.
Fruits
Fruit brown, upside-down pear-shaped, crowned by the persistent sepals. Seedling

viviparous, hypocotyl about 30 cm long, smooth, with somewhat rounded tip.
Distribution:
India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, tropical Australia, the west Pacific
Islands. Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Rakhine in Myanmar.
Ecology:

Uses:
Gregarious on deep soft mud of estuaries flooded by high tides.

Wood is heavy and very hard, require care seasoning to prevent splitting, used for
foundation piles, beams, boats, interior timber, furniture, also used for fuel wood
and charcoal; bark used for dye.
73
Description:

Habit
b
c
Fig 26. Rhizophora mucronata Lam.

A: Shape, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruit, E: Stem, F: Roots
74
(26)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.

Rhizophoraceae
Mangium candelarium Rumphius, Rhizophora candelaria Wight & Arn., Rhizophora
latifolia Miq., Rhizophora longissima Blanco, Rhizophora macrorrhiza Griff.,
Byu-chedauk-ama, Byu-chedauk-ywet-wyne (Bamar), Byu (Rakhine), Payon-ama,
Payone-aphyu (Myeik)
Evergreen tree 25(30) m high, 70 cm in diameter,
Stem
Bark brown or blackish, smooth, with horizontal fissures.
Roots
Stilt roots are numerous and branching.
Leaves
Leaves opposite, elliptical to oblong, 815 cm long, 510 cm wide, entire, acute,
without visible veins, thick and leathery, glabrous, black-dotted beneath. Petiole
35 cm long. Stipules paired, leaving ring scar.
Flowers
Flowers in cluster, axillary, 23 times forked, with 48 flowers, bell-shaped

hypanthium, 4 pale yellow, pointed leathery sepals and 4 cream-colored petals,
the flower inflorescence is longer, slender and yellow,
Fruits
Berry ovoid or conical, 35 cm long, brown, leathery. Seed 1, viviparous, becoming

cigar-shaped, the seedling is 60cm long and has a warty bumpy surface.
Distribution:
Tropics from South and East Africa, India, Southern China, Ryukyu throughout
Malaysia to northeastern Australia. Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Rakhine in
Myanmar.
Ecology:
Grows in places with daily inundation, brackish and saline salts depositing shores
and marshes, in deep soft mud.

Uses:
Wood, durable except in the ground, and difficult to saw, is used for construction,
fish traps, house frames, piling, and poles. Fruits are eaten. Bark used for dye
extraction and tanning, tree as firewood and to make charcoal.
75
Description:

Shape
B
C
Fig 27. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F.

A: Habit, B: Fruit, C: Flowers
76
(27)
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F.
Rubiaceae
Ixora manila Blanco, Scyphiphora hydrophylacea (sic)
Unknown
Description:

Habit
Shrub or small tree, evergreen, much branched, up to 3 m tall.
Stem-
Bark brown, resinous young shoots.
Roots
Prop roots.
Leaves
Simple leaves, opposite, leathery, glossy and obovate, 4-9 x 2-5 cm; grandular
leaflets at the base of the leaf stalk form a hairy sheath; slender leaf stalk is up to
13 mm long.
Flowers
Flowers in clusters, axillary, bisexual, flowers stemless, white; calyx tube 5 mm

long, cup shaped at the end of tube, crowned by 4 minute teeth; corolla tube
is cylindrical, tinged with red, 2-4mm ling, with a rough-hairy mouth; petals are
broadly elliptic, 2 x 2.5 mm.
Fruits
Cylindrical fruits, green, ribbed along its length (6-8 angular), 8 mm long, tipped
remnants of the calyx; fruit contain 4 cylindrical seeds, each 1 x 2 mm, fruit is
buoyant.
Distribution:
Southern India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, northern Australia, western Solomon
Islands. Tanintharyi and Rakhine in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Occur on mud, sand, and rocky substrates on the landward margin of mangroves
or on the banks of tidal waterways. It is intolerant of freshwater. Prefer frequent
tidal inundations. Flowering is throughout the year. Produce a lot of fruit but seed
germination is low.
Uses:
Wood is used to make utensils, post and firewood. Contains high amount of tannin
and dye. Leaves are used to treat stomach problems.
77
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Fig 28. Sesuvium portulacastrum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus.

A: Habit, B: Flowers
78
(28)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:

Vernacular names:
Sesuvium portulacastrum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus.

Aizoaceae
Crithmus indicus Rumph., Portulaca portulacastrum L., Pyxipoma
polyandrum Fenzl., Sesuvium polyandrum Fenzl. ex Britt., Sesuvium repens Willd.
Da-ye-shar, Sat-shar (Bamar), Kyi-shar (Rakhine), Kyone-ma-nee (Myaik)
Description:

Habit
Herb, perennial, sprawling up to 30 cm (12 in) high.
Stem
Thick, smooth stems up to 1 m (3.3 ft) long, prostrate, forming mats to 2 m

diameter.
Roots
Stem nodes have roots.
Leaves
Leaves simple linear or lanceolate, 1070 mm (0.392.8 in) long and 215 mm
(0.0790.59 in) wide, smooth, fleshy, glossy green; petiole absent.
Flowers
Flowers solitary, flowers are pink or purple in color; pedicel to 20 mm; flowering
usually take place in all year-round.
Fruits
Fruit capsules; conic, 10 mm. Seeds 30-60, black, 1.2-1.5 mm, shiny, smooth.
Distribution:
Native to Africa, Asia, Australia, North America and South America. Ayeyarwady,
Tanintharyi and Rakhine in Myanmar.
Ecology:
A widespread and variable subtropical and tropical species occurs in sandy clay,
coastal limestone and sandstone, tidal flats and salt marshes.
Uses:
Provides environment protection, sand dune fixation and ornamental uses.
79
e
b
Fig 29. Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruit, E: Stem, F: Pneumatophores
80
(29)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Description:

Habit
Tree, up to 20 meter tall.
Stem
Bark light grey or brownish, either warty or smooth.
Roots
Leaves
Leaves simple, opposite, oval or nearly circular with round apex, 5-10 cm in length,
thick and leathery, light green with faint tinge of pink at the leaf tip. Old leaves
store excess salt and shed.
Flowers
Flowers are cluster, inflorescences cyme and terminal, flowers large, calyx flat with
6 lobes and red on the inside, petals tiny, stamens many and white, pistil green and
persistent on fruit. Flowering year round. Sweet nectar attracts many insects and
bats.
Fruits
Globose, up to 5 cm in diameter, somewhat crowned by the persistent sepals

whose tips bend back to the stalk. Seeds white, flattened, tiny, buoyant. One fruit
contains 150-200 small seeds.
Distribution:
East Africa to Southeast Asia, Okinawa, Sothern Japan, Australia. Tanintharyi,

Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Occur at the front or the seaward side of the mangrove belt and usually on sandy
soil. Can tolerate wide fluctuations in salinity and often grow on exposed, soft but
stable mudbanks. A pioneer species, it colonizes newly formed sandy mud flats in
sheltered estuaries and coastal areas. It is intolerant to long periods of exposure
to freshwater.
Uses:
Heavy timber, resistant to shipworm and pests and used for building boats, piling
and posts for bridges and houses, furniture, paper materials, dye, etc. Fruits are
edible and sour in taste. Leaves may be eaten raw or cooked. The pneumatophores
are made into floats for fishing nets. Used as firewood. It produces lot of heat but
also a lot of ash and salt. Barks used for dye.
81
Vernacular names:
Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith.

Sonneratiaceae
Mangium caseolare album Rumph., Rhizophora caseolaris Linn, Sonneratia acida
Benth., Sonneratia alba F.Vill., Sonneratia caseolaris Engl.,
Lamu-ta-that (or) Lame (Bamar), Lan-mu (Rakhine)
a
b
Fig 30. Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers & Buds, D: Stem, E: Pneumatophores
82
(30)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Description:

Habit

Stem

Roots
Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.

Sonneratiaceae
Blatti apetala O.K., Kambala apetala Rafin.
Kant-palar (Bamar), Pyar-zee (Rakhine), Amayar (Myeik)
Large tree, up to 30 meters tall, crown large with many drooping twigs and
branchlets.
Bark smooth, thin, light-brown, irregularly fissured, buttresses not prominent.
Pencil like pneumatophores are many.
Leaves
Simple leaves, opposite, narrowly elliptic to oblong, apex obtuse, attenuated at

base, sparse, thin, 4-10 x 2-3 cm in size.
Flowers
Flower in cluster, cymes, 3-7 flowers, axillary, flowers large, 1.5-2 cm across, calyx
4-merous, petals absent, cream colored, stamens many, stigma large and umbrella
shaped.
Fruits
Berry, globose, broadly rounded on the flat calyx tube, 2.2 cm diameter, tipped
with style, pale, smooth, white, fruit bunches may grow directly on the tree stem.

Distribution:

Ecology:
Uses:
India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar. Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in Myanmar. Not
found elsewhere in Southeast Asia.
Mangrove forests, form pure stand in mangroves, especially in the inland, less
saline zones. The species is easily identified from the other two species of the
genus by its narrowly elliptic leaves, apetalous flowers, 4-merous calyx and large
umbrella-shaped stigma.
Wood is good for planks, oars, boxes, bobbins for textile mills and as firewood.
83
b
c
Fig 31. Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers & Fruits,
84
(31)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Description:

Habit
A shrub or evergreen tree 12 m high, with rather open spreading crown.
Stem
Bark gray, coarsely flaky, twigs quadrangular.
Roots
Leaves
Leaves simple, opposite, without stipules, nearly sessile, elliptical, oblong or ovate,
513 cm long, 25 cm wide, with broad or tapering base and blunt or rounded tip,
entire, with 812 widely spreading fine side veins on each side, leathery.
Flowers
Solitary, flowers large, terminal, 13 flowered at end of drooping twigs malodorous,

nocturnal. Petals dark or blood-red, stamens numerous, with thread like filaments,
style long, stout.
Fruits
Fruit broadly ovoid or subglobose, 3-4 by 5-5.7 cm, supported on enlarged calyx
which forms a shallow cup, about 6 cm wide.
Distribution:
India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, tropical Australia, the Solomon Islands.
Ecology:
Occurs generally on the less salty parts of mangrove forests on a deep muddy soil,
never on coral banks, often along tidal creeks with slow moving water, ascending
these as far as the flood mounts
Uses:
Heavy wood, poor quality timber, occasionally used for salt water piling,
boatbuilding, construction and posts. Sour young fruit is edible and used for
vinegar. Bark contains a moderate amount of tannin. Firewood quality is low.
85
Vernacular names:
Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.

Sonneratiaceae
Blatti caseolaris O.K., Blatti pagatpat Niedenzu, Mangium caseolare rubrum
Rumph., Rhizophora caseolaris L., Sonneratia acida Linn,
Lamu (Bamar), Lam-be (Rakhine)
Fig 32. Sonneratia griffithii Kurz.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruits, E: Stem, F: Pneumatophores
86
(32)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Description:

Habit
Sonneratia griffithii Kurz.

Sonneratiaceae
Sonneratia acida var. griffithii King., Sonneratia alba (non SM) Griff.
Laba (Bamar), Lam-baik (Rakhine)
A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m high, spreading branches and occasionally

drooping branches, evergreen.
Stem
Bark deep brownish or pale brown, young trees hairy smooth barked but after
maturity it becomes fissured.
Roots
Pencil like pneumatophores.
Leave
Leaves simple, opposite, entire, obovate to almost round, round apex, base
rounded, 5 cm - 10 cm x 3 cm - 6 cm, fleshy, glabrous, shining green, short petiolate,
exstipulate, pulvinous, glabrous, greenish midrib, veins conspicuous in dorsal side,
reticulate venation.
Flowers
Solitary, terminal, ebracteate, pedicel short, greenish, glabrous, solid, shining

Flower bisexual, incomplete, petals absent, actinomorphic, whitish green sepals 6
- 8 gamosepalous, attached with globose ovary Stamens numerous, free, filament
long, white, glabrous, round, soft, basifixed, exerted, showy.
Fruits
Fruit globose berry, terminally into short stylar beak, partly enclosed by persistent
green calyx at base; seeds numerous, angular, light brown in colour.
Distribution:
Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia westward up to southeast Bangladesh and

Andaman Islands. Tanintharyi, Ayeyarwady and Rakine in Myanmar.

Ecology:

Uses:
S. griffithii occurs slightly in highlands inundated properly.

Heavy wood, poor quality timber, occasionally used for salt water piling,
boatbuilding, construction and posts
87
e
d
Fig 33. Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Fruits, D: Stem, E: Roots
88
(33)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Vernacular names:
Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig.

Meliaceae
Carapa granatum (Koen.) Alston, Carapa indica A. Juss., Carapa moluccensis auct.
non Lam., Carapa obovata Blume, Granatum littoreum parvifolium Rumph.,
Pinle-ohn (Bamar), Re-ohn (Rakhine)
Description:

Habit
Tall tree with spreading crown and grow up to 22 meter in height.
Stem
Bark is yellowish to orange-brown, thin and flaky; trunks are often hollow especially
in old tree, buttresses.
Roots
Plank-like aerial roots, meandering surface roots.
Leaves
Pinnately compound leaves, spirally arranged, up to 20 cm long, petiole 2-5 cm

long; the leaf consists of 2 pairs of opposite leaflets; leaflets are elliptic to ob-ovate
in shape, 7-11cm long and 3-6 cm wide, thick and leathery in texture, apex of leaf
rounded to blunt.
Flowers
Flowers in cluster on axillary inflorescence, which is 4-7 cm long and contains 8-20
small white or pink flowers; flowers are bisexual or female only; calyx tinged with
red: oval shaped petals 4.
Fruits
Round shaped capsule, 15-23 cm in diameter, very woody, green or brown, capsule
with four distinct sections, filled with large tetrahedrally-shaped woody seeds.
After falling fruit open to reveal 8-20 seeds, 7-10 cm long.
Distribution:
East Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India, through to Indonesia and Papua New
Guinea, to the South West Pacific Islands and northern Australia. Tanintharyi,
Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in Myanmar.
Ecology:
Tropical tidal estuaries with a seasonal freshwater input and near the high tide
zone along coastlines. Commonly found in a variety of substrates from mud to fine
sands.

Uses:
Wood is heavy, moderately hard, but not durable, attractive pale pink timber, used
for ornamental pieces and smoking pipe stems. Bark for tannin and red dye. Oil
from the seed used as lamp oil and for hair grooming. Bark used to treat cholera,
fruit and seed to treat diarrhea.
89
Fig 34. Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lamk.) M.Roem.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Stem, D: Roots
90
(34)
Botanical name:
Family:
Synonyms:
Description:

Habit
Tree up to 22 m high.
Stem
It has light brown bark, peeling in longitudinal flakes.
Roots
Peg-like pneumatophores.
Leaves
Compound leaves, consists of 2 pairs of opposite leaflets, the leaflets are elliptic
to ovate, 4-12 cm long, 2-8 cm wide, with a blunt or pointed tip; leaves are bright
green, turn to yellow or red before leaves shedding.
Flowers
Bisexual or female flowers, flowers in clusters on axillary inflorescence, which is

4-8 cm long with 9-35 flowers; flowers are small and creamy-white in color; calyx
is deeply 4 lobed and flat; petals 4, yellowish, oblong to egg-shaped. Flowers can
be found from May-June, with mature fruits found from August-September.
Fruits
The fruit is woody capsule and a globular, about the size of an orange (5 -10 cm
diameter). Each fruit contains 4-16 tightly packed, tetrahedral seeds which are
4-7cm long. Seed is able to remain afloat for more than two months.
Distribution:
India, through Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea, the southwestern Pacific
Islands and northern Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
Ecology:
In landward margin of marine mangroves, banks of tidal creeks, behind coastal

dunes. Usually found in gravel, sand or mud.
Uses:
Wood is moderately light, soft, but moderately durable, used for constructing
houses, boats, making handles of small tools and for firewood. Seeds used as
medicine to treat stomachaches. Fruit used in Indonesian traditional medicine
for womb contraction, and to increase the appetite. Bark tannin is used to treat
fishing nets, also to treat intestinal problems.
91
Vernacular names:
Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lamk.) M.Roem.

Meliaceae
Carapa borneensis Becc., Carapa mekongensis (Pierre) Pellegr., Carapa moluccensis
Lam., Carapa obovata auct. non Blume, Granatum litoreum parvifolium Rumph.,
Kya-na (Bamar), Pa-nan (Rakhine), Pinle-ohn (Myeik)
92
93
Mangrove Associated Salt

Tolerant Species
Figure 35. Albizia procera.
Figure 36. Amyema mackayense

(Blakely) Danser.
94
(35)
Botanical name:
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Family:
Leguminosae
Synonyms:

Vernacular names:
Unknown
Description:
Large tree, 20 m tall, light brown stem. Leaves pinnate with 2-5 pairs, leaflets
6-10 pairs, slightly pointed obliquely oblong-ovate, 1-2 x 3-4 cm. Flowers heads in
branched clusters at end of twigs and upper leaf axils, without flower stalks, 0.30.5 inch long to extremity of stamens, calyx tubular, glabrous, more than half the
length of corolla, corolla funnel-shaped. Pods 7.5 -17 cm, drying pale grey-brown.
Sit, Thitphyu (Bamar),
Botanical name:
Amyema mackayense (Blakely) Danser.
Family:
Loranthaceae
Synonyms:

Vernacular names:
Unknown
Description:
An epiphyte, stems are smooth, enlarged at the nodes, much-branched. Leaves are
simple, opposite, lamina elliptical or ovate, rounded at the apex, short petioles.
Inflorescences solitary or paired in the axils, peduncle 6-22 mm long; flower is
red, yellow, or green, few-rayed umbel of triads with the central flower sessile,
and corolla lacking longitudinal ridges in bud. Fruit ellipsoidal, crowned by the
persistent calyx limb. minutely and sparsely brown-tomentose. The species occurs
in New Guinea, northern Australia and India, exclusively in mangrove communities,
and is recorded as parasitic on Avicennia, Camptostemon, Ceriops, Excoecaria,
Lumnitzera, Rhizophora, and Sonneratia.
Kyibaung (Bamar)
95
(36)
Figure 37. Bidens pilosa L.
Figure 38. Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.
96
(37)
Bidens pilosa L.
Family:
Asteraceae
Synonyms:
Unknown
Vernacular names:
Unknown
Description:
A woody herb, about 1 m or more high, almost glabrous to densely hairy. Stems are
reddish tinged, with angular branches. Leaves are pinnately compound, opposite,
3-5 leaflets, ovate to lanceolate, apices acute, 612 cm long, 48 cm wide, leaves
margin serrated. Petiole is slightly winged. Flowers are in dense clusters, axillary
or terminal inflorescences, with long slender peduncles. Flowers are tiny, yellow or
orange. Modified leaves with finely hairy margins are surrounding inflorescences.
The seeds are slender, linear, curved. They are 4 angled and 6-12mm long.
Flowering occurs throughout the year. It occurs on any disturbed or waste ground,
roadsides and areas that are dry and infertile. It is found in Rakhine, Chin, Magway,
Mandalay, and Sagaing.
(38)
Botanical name:
Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.
Family:
Tiliaceae
Synonyms:
Brownlowia beccarii (Mast.) Pierre, Brownlowia lanceolata Benth., Dialycarpa

beccarii Mast., Glabraria tersa Linne, Heritiera attenuata, Heritiera lanceolata,
Litsea tersa,
Vernacular names:
Ye-thaman, Ye-kanazo (Bamar), Chru-san (Rakhine)
Description:
A shrub, usually 2 m tall. Branches are grey, smooth and have grooves along the
length. The small branches are covered with flattened scales. Leaves are simple,
lanceolate, with rounded base and pointed tip, measuring 2-5 by 6-20 cm, entire
and leathery. The upper surface is glossy and smooth, and lower surface is greygreen, covered with tiny hairy scales. Petiole is 1-2 cm long. Flower heads with few
flowers are pink with yellow base, in axils or terminal position. Fruit is a woody
capsule or nut, heart-shaped, 1.5 cm long, pale greyish-green, covered with small
brown warts. It grows in sunny places in mangrove swamps, and along creeks
where mud is accreting. Its distribution is from India to Southeast Asia, and for
Myanmar, Ayeyarwady, Mon, Rakhine and Tanintharyi. It is used as fuelwood.
97
Botanical name:
Figure 39. Canavalia maritima Thouars
Figure 40. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.
98
(39)
Botanical name:
Canavalia maritima Thouars.
Family:
Leguminosae
Synonyms:
Canavalia apiculata Piper, Canavalia arenicola Piper, Canavalia baueriana Endl.,

Canavalia maritima (Aubl.) Urb., Canavalia miniata (Kunth.) DC.
Vernacular names:

Description:
Unknown
(40)
Botanical name:
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.
Family:
Verbenaceae
Synonyms:
Clerodendrum buxifolium (Willd.) Spreng., Clerodendrum capsulare Blanco,

Clerodendrum commersonii Spr., Clerodendrum nereifolium (Roxb.) Schauer.,
Jasminum litoreaum Rumph.,
Vernacular names:
Taw-kyaung-pan (Bamar), Tha-man-zi (Myeik) Garden quinine, Kywe-yan-nge,

Pinle-kyauk-pan1
Description:
A shrub, sometimes climber or small tree, up to 3 m tall. Stem is woody, smooth,

with drooping branches. Young twigs are covered with short hairs. Leaves are
simple, opposite, ovate to elliptical, pointed tip, measuring 1.5-14 by 0.7-5 cm,
leaf margin entire, fleshy, and smooth, lower surface has dark green dots. Flowers
are in clusters, axillary, upper clusters appear terminal, 3-7 flowers. Calyx is cup or
bell shaped with 5 lobes and hairy. Corolla has 5 big rounded lobes with a 1.5-3.5
cm long tube. The reddish 4 stamens are longer than the flower. Fruits are round
with flattened top. It breaks into 4 lobes when ripen. It grows in or near brackish or
saltwater and in mangroves. Distributed in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast
Asia to Southern China, Australia and Polynesia. Seeds and roots are used to treat
poisoning from fish and marine animals. Leaves are used to treat wounds.
99
A scandent or creeping herb, 2-6 m long. The end of the plant twines and roots
from the nodes. Leaves are compound with three leaflets, fleshy. Leafblades are
obovate or broadly oval, and often with a triangular tip. Flowers are in clusters,
axillary, on a long stalk, and reddish-violet. Fruits are bean-like pods with 2-10
seeds. It grows on sandy beaches, dunes, and on landward margins of mangroves.
Natural distribution is throughout Southeast Asia. Young pods and seeds are edible
after boiling. Flower is used as spice.
Figure 41. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Figure 42. Cynometra ramiflora Linn.
100
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Family:
Poaceae
Synonyms:
Capriola dactylon (L.) O.K., Cynodon arcuatus J.S. Presl. ex C.B. Presl., Cynodon
dactylon var. glabratus (Steud.) Chiov., Cynodon glabratus Steud., Cynodon parviglumus Ohwi.
Vernacular names:
Mye-sa, Myin-sar-myet (Bamar)
Description:
Perennial grass with creeping stems. Roots appear from the internodes of the stem.
The culms (stems) take root at the lower nodes. It forms thick mats by means of
stolons and rhizomes. The flowering stems are slender, smooth and hollow. The
leaf blade is flattened with a sharp tip, and is hairy or glabrous (hairless). The leaf
sheath is round and glabrous. The erect stems bear flowers. The inflorescence
consists of 3-7 slender spikes up to 60 mm long, arranged terminally on the axis. It
occurs on almost all soil types especially in fertile soil; from dry site to moist sites.
It colonizes on fallow lands, roadsides, drier landward of mangroves. It is found
throughout South Africa, Southeast Asia.
(42)
Botanical name:
Cynometra ramiflora Linn.
Family:
Leguminosae
Synonyms:
Cynometra bijuga Span. Ex Miq., Cynometra polyandra auct. non Roxb., Cynometra
schumanniana Harms., Cynometra whitfordii Elmer, Cynomorium silvestre.
Vernacular names:
Myin-ka (Bamar), Hmin-kan (Rakhine)
Description:
A shrub or tree, 4-12 m tall. Bark is smooth, grey, somewhat fluted. Leaves
are alternate, 2-6 leaflets in pairs (usually only one pair), leathery. Leaflets are
asymmetrically elliptic, Flower are in clusters, axillary, short racemes, subtended
by large bracts, bisexual, yellowish white. Fruit is hard, brown, and slightly circular,
with short hairs. It occurs on landward margins of mangroves. It often grows on
heavy clay soil. Natural distribution is from India through Southeast Asia to the
Pacific. Wood is rarely used for construction, but not durable. It is suitable for
making interior materials. Used as local medicine, leaves and seeds are used to
cure skin diseases.
101
(41)
Botanical name:
Figure 43. Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain
Figure 44. Dalbergia spinosa Roxb
102
(43)
Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain.
Family:
Leguminosae
Synonyms:
Cassia candenatensis Dennst., Dalbergia monosperma Dalzell, Dalbergia torta

Graham.
Vernacular names:
Ye-chinyar-nwe (Bamar)
Description:
A woody climber with many short lateral branchlets, twining by tip of stem. Bark
is dark grey, smooth. Pinnate leaves are in alternate position with 3-7 leaflets. Leaf
blades are obovate, occasionally notched at the end. Upper surface is dark green,
lower surface is shiny and has a distinct net-like venation. Flowers are bisexual,
panicle, axillary, sessile, and white. Pods are flat, rather thick, half-moon shaped.
It is a coastal species, on the landward margin of mangroves or on banks of tidal
creeks. It needs fresh water input. Its distribution is from Sri Lanka and India
eastwards to southern China, throughout Southeast Asia.
(44)
Botanical name:
Dalbergia spinosa Roxb.
Family:

Synonyms:

Vernacular names:
Fabaceae
Description:
A stiff shrub or small tree, with twining habitat, up to 8 m tall. At each node 2
woody spines, up to 4 cm long. Tap root system developed but no aerial roots.
Leaves are compound leaves with small leaflets. Inflorescence raceme, axillary.
Flowers are complete, bisexual, zygomorphic; sepals 5, green, fleshy; petals 5,
white. Fruit is pod, kidney shape, flattened, 2.5 cm long and 1.7 cm broad. One
margin is convex and other concave with mid-notched. Stem is used for fuel wood.
It is found in Rakhine, Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Yangon.
Unknown
Su-koke (or) Byaik (Bamar), Sa-lane-nwe (Rakhine), Su-kauk (Myeik)
103
Botanical name:
Figure 45. Derris scandens (Aubl.)
Figure 46. Derris trifoliata Lour.
104
(45)
Derris scandens (Aubl.) Pittier.
Family:
Leguminosae
Synonyms:
Brachypterum scandens W & A., Deguelia negrensis (Benth.) Taub., Deguelia

scandens Aubl., Derris guianensis Benth., Derris degrensis Benth.,
Vernacular names:
Mi-gyaung-nwe (or) Nwe-phyu (Bamar), Taw-pone-nwe (Myeik).
Description:
An evergreen very large woody climber. It has not aerial roots. Bark is dark-grey to
black. Leaves are compound leaves, alternate, leaf axis is up to 19 cm long. Leaflets
are opposite, 3-5 pairs. Lower pairs are smaller than upper pair. Leaf blades are
elliptic-lanceolate, entire, with a pointed tip. Inflorescence is a raceme or panicle,
of pea-like flowers, axillary. Flowers are pale rose coloured. Fruit is a dry pod, hairy,
flat, oblong, pointed, one margin thicker than other. Each pod contains 1-3 round,
flat seeds. It is found on lowland, also in landward of mangroves. It is a Southeast
Asian species.
(46)
Botanical name:
Derris trifoliata Lour.
Family:
Leguminosae
Synonyms:
Dalbergia heterophylla, Deguelia trifoliata (Lour.) Taub., Deguelia uliginosa (Wild.)

Baill., Derris heterophylla (Willd.) Backer.
Vernacular names:
Nwe-net or Ka-byoke-nwe (Bamar), Nwe-boke (Rakhine), Nwe-net (Myeik)
Description:
A woody vine-like shrub or climber, up to 15 m long. Bark is smooth, dark brown.

Young stems are dark red. The alternate compound leaves are pinnate, 3-5
leaflets, dark green, shiny, rounded at the base, a long tapering at the tip. Flowers
are bisexual. The inflorescence is slender, racemes, 7-20 cm long, with few to
numerous flowers. The pods are slightly, disc-like, 3-4 cm by 2 cm, 1-2 seeded.
Seeds are flat and round, and bronze-green when it is dry. It is abundant on muddy
shores, along tidal streams, mangrove swamps, etc. Derris provides shelter for the
smaller creatures of the mangroves. Distribution is from East Africa to subtropical
and tropical Asia to tropical Australia. Used as fish-poison and as medicine.
105
Botanical name:
Figure 47. Dolichandrone spathacea (l.f.) K.Schum
Figure 48. Drymoglossum piloselloides
106
(47)
Dolichandrone spathacea (l.f.) K.Schum.
Family:
Bignoniaceae
Synonyms:
Bignonia javanica Thunb., Bignonia longiflora Wild. Ex DC., Bignonia longissima

Lour., Bignonia spathacea L., Dolichandrone lingissima K. Sch.,
Vernacular names:
Ye-tha-khut (Bamar), Set-kawet (Myeik)
Description:
An ever green, small tree, 5-20 m tall, often crooked. Bark is grey to dark brown,
somewhat fissured in old trees. Leaves are compound leaves, 2-4 pairs of opposite
leaflets, with terminal leaflet, leaf blades are ovate to lanceolate, unequal sided
and long-tipped, young leaves slightly pinkish. Flowers are large, trumpet-shaped,
white or greenish yellow. Fruits are up to 45 cm long, flattened, curved like a bean
pod. Seeds are numerous, squarish, with thick corky wings. This grows in the backmangrove zone and banks of tidal rivers and estuaries. It occurs from the coast of
Malabar (India) throughout Southeast Asia to the west-Pacific and the Solomon
Islands. Wood is lightweight wood and used for fishing net floats. Leaves are used
to make mouth-wash for thrush. Flowers year round.
(48)
Botanical name:
Drymoglossum piloselloides (Linn.) Presl.
Family:
Polypodiaceae
Synonyms:
Acrotichum heterophyllum L., Drymoglossum heterophyllum C. Chr., Notochlaena

piloselloides Kaulf., Oetosis piloselloides O. K.,
Vernacular names:
Unknown
Description:
It is an epiphyte. Rhizome is long and creeping. Leaves are simple and entire.
Sterile leaves are fleshy, have smooth surface, nearly circular, and about 1 cm
across, without stalks. Fertile leaves are elongated from 3 to 12 cm long, and have
about 1 cm long petioles. The edge of the fertile leaf bears spores. It is a common
epiphytic fern on old trees in mangroves and lowlands. Natural distribution is
from Northeastern India, throughout Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and
northern Australia. Leaves have medicinal uses.
107
Botanical name:
Figure 49. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk
Figure 50. Eupatorium odoratum L.
108
(49)
Botanical name:
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.
Family:

Synonyms:
Asteraceae
Vernacular names:
Kyeik-hman (Bamar)
Description:
A herb, subsucculent. Stem is erect and grows to an average height of 45-50 cms,
with many spreading branches and fibrous roots, often rooting at lowest nodes.
Leaves are simple, opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, shallow serrate, measuring
13cm by 3cm, purplish in strong sun, sessile. Flowers - has both ray flowers and
disk flowers, 1-3 flower heads in inflorescense, axillary and terminal, peduncles to
-2cm long. It grows in wet areas. Eclipta alba has many traditional medicinal uses.
A black dye obtained from Eclipta alba is used for dyeing hair and tattooing.
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Botanical name:
Eupatorium odoratum L.
Family:

Synonyms:
Asteracea
Vernacular names:
Bizat (Bamar), Gone-ta-line (Rakhine)
Description:
A herb or shrub speices. Leaves are opposite or alternate. Flowers heads are
corym-bose, homogamous. Involucre long or short: bracts few- or many- seriate,
sub- equal or outer shorter; receptacle naked. Corollas all equal, regular, tubular;
limb 5 lobed or toothed. Anthers appendaged. Style- arms long, obtuse. There are
about 400 species.
Unknown
109
(50)
Figure 51. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl.
Figure 52. Finlaysonia obovata Wall
110
(51)
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl.
Family:
Cyperaceae
Synonyms:
Fimbrisstylis cyrtophylla Miq., Fimbristylis longgispicata (non Steud.) Camus,

Fimbristylis marginata Labill., Fimbristylis polytrichoides (non R.BR.)
Vernacular names:
Unknown
Description:
A perennial species, with a short woody creeping rhizome. Stems are rigid, smooth,
greyish-green, 20-80 cm long. Leaves are much shorter than the stems, 2-10 cm
long. They have a tongue, consisting of a dense fringe of short hairs. Flowers cluster
are usually contracted into a dense head, 3-5 cm long. There are 2-3 leaflets at
the base of the flower cluster. Nut is biconvex, strongly compressed, obovate to
oblong-obovate, straw like to dark, greyish-brown. It grows on clayey soils, wet
and sunny condition, in areas subjected to regular inundation by brackish water.
(52)
Botanical name:
Finlaysonia obovata Wall.
Family:
Asclepiadaceae
Synonyms:
Finlaysonia maritima Backer, Olus crepitans Rumph., Secamone maritima Bl
Vernacular names:
Byauk-nwe (Bamar), Kyakin (Rakhine), Setku-nwe (Myaik)
Description:
Climber, up to 5 m high, stem is woody, slender, produce white latex when it is

broken. Leaves are simple, opposite. Leaf blades are narrowly lanceolate on
young shoots and ovate on old branches. Petioles are thick and red. Flowers are in
clusters, axillary, greenish yellow and noxious smelling. Peduncles are thick, violet,
covered with short hairs. Fruits are fleshy, widely spread, have a hooked, pointed
top, ovoid; look like horns of a buffalo. It occurs along the tidal creeks in mangrove
forest. It grows from the Bay of Bangal through Southeast Asia to Moluccas. Young
leaves are edible.
111
Botanical name:
Figure 53. Flagellaria indica L.
Figure 54. Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
112
(53)
Flagellaria indica L.
Family:
Flagellariaceae
Synonyms:
Flagellaria minor Bl., Flagellaria philippinensis Dlmer, Palmijuncus laevis Rumph.,

Flagellaria indica var. gracilis Backer.
Vernacular names:
Myauk-kyein (Bamar), Kyaung-phet (Myeik)
Description:
Perennial climber. Stem is 2-15 m long and 1-3 cm diameter, woody at the base.
Leaves are lamina, mostly 1040 cm long and 520 mm wide, glabrous, apex
tapering into a coiled tendril. Flowers are solitary, grouped in terminal clusters,
white, fragrant. Fruits are round, about 6mm in diameter, shiny, pink to orange,
usually 1-seeded. It is a common climber in moist forests, grows along mangrove
margins, frequently along streams or in gullies and often forming dense thickets.
It occurs from Tropical Africa through South Asia and Southeast Asia Northern
Australia. Stem is used for basket work, but quality is not good as rattan.
(54)
Botanical name:
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
Family:
Malvaceae
Synonyms:
Hibiscus abutiloides Willd., Hibiscus celebicus Koord., Hibiscus cuspidatus Sol. Ex

Park., Hibiscus elatus (non Sw.) Miq.,
Vernacular names:
Thaman-shaw (Bamar), Thin-pan (Rakhine), Shaw-pin (Myeik)
Description:
A shrub or tree, up to 15 m tall. Bark is grayish-brown and smooth. Stem may reach
30 cm in diameter. Leaves are simple, heart shape, rather large 8-20 cm long, 6-15
cm across, bright green on the upper surface, and grayish-green and hairy below.
Flowers are bisexual, bright yellow with a deep red centre upon opening. Fruits are
light brown, ovoid, dry capsule about 2 cm long, splitting into 5 segments and 10
cells of seed at maturity. Native is from Eastern and Northern Australia, Oceania
and Southeast Asia. Grows on the beach, by rivers and in mangrove swamps.
Flowering occurs throughout the year. Wood is used as firewood. Bark used to
make durable rope.
113
Botanical name:
Figure 55. Hoya carnaso (L. f.) R. Br.
Figure 56. Ipomoea alba Linnaeus
114
(55)
Botanical name:
Hoya carnaso (L. f.) R. Br.
Family:
Asclepiadaceae
Synonyms:
Unknown
Vernacular names:
Commonly known as Wax plant.
Description:
Twining epiphytes, usually rooting at nodes. Leaves are simple, thick and fleshy.
Some leaves are mottled with speckles of silvery white. Umbel inflorescences,
flowers are small, star shaped, pink or white. Calyx small, scales 5. Corolla rotate
or star-like, fleshy, often wax- like. Seeds oblong or ovate plumed. Hoya carnosa
is native to Eastern Asia and Australia. This species is used to treat high blood
pressure and cholesterol levels.
Botanical name:
Ipomoea alba Linnaeus.
Family:
Convolvulaceae
Synonyms:
Calonyction aculeatum House
Vernacular names:
Nwe-kazun-phyu (Bamar)
Description:
A perennial herb, up to 5-30 m tall with twining stems. The leaves are simple,
entire or three-lobed. The flowers are large, 8-14 cm diameter, fragrant, white or
pink. The flowers open quickly in the evening and last through the night, remaining
open until touched by the morning sun. On overcast days, the blossoms may
remain open for longer. The flowers also tend to remain open longer during cool
temperatures. The name Moonflower derives from their blooming in the evening
and their being round in shape like a full moon.
115
(56)
Figure 57. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet.
Figure 58. Leucaena leucocephala
116
(57)
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet.
Family:
Convolvulaceae
Synonyms:
Convolvulus bilobatus Roxb., Convolvulus brasiliensis Linne, Convovulus marinus

Rumph., Convolvulus maritima, Convolvulus pes-caprae Linne,
Vernacular names:
Pinle-kanzun (Bamar), Khauglaung-pan (Rakhine)
Description:
A creeping vine, perennial herb. Branches may reach up to 30 m in length. It

produces a milky juice when injured. Taproots are long and deep. Leaves are simple,
alternate, somewhat elliptical, have shallow notches at the apexes, leaf blades
measuring 3-14 cm by 2.5 12 cm, long petioles. Flowers are axillary. Corollas
are funnel-shaped. Color ranges from pink to red-purple or violet. Four seeds per
fruit are produced. Seeds are brown in color. It occurs along the beaches. It grows
just above the high tide line along coastal beaches, forming large mats that assist
in stabilizing sands. It occurs in tropical islands of North and South America, east
central Africa, west central Africa, India, Asia, and Australia. Seeds are a good
remedy for stomach ache. Leaves are used to treat swellings, boils and ulcers, and
juice of stem is for bites and stings.
(58)
Botanical name:
Leucaena leucocephala.
Family:
Fabaceae
Synonyms:
Acacia leucocephala (Lam.) Link., Leucaena glauca Benth.., Mimosa glauca sensu
L., Mimosa leucocephala Lam.
Vernacular names:
Bawzagaing (Bamar)
Description:
Shrub or tree up to 18 m tall. It is shrubby and branching strongly after coppicing.

Bark is greyish and has prominent lenticels. Leaves are compound leaves, bipinnate
with 10-20 pairs of leaflets, variable in length up to 35 cm, with a large gland at
the base of the petiole. Flowers are in globose heads with a diameter of 2-5 cm.
Pod 14-26 cm x 1.5-2 cm, flat, brown at maturity. Seeds 18-22 per pod. It is widely
distributed throughout the tropics. It is commonly used in tropical reforestation
and agroforestry systems.
117
Botanical name:
Figure 59. Melastoma villosum.
Figure 60. Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle
118
(59)
Botanical name:
Melastoma villosum. Sims
Family:
Melastomataceae
Synonyms:
Melastoma decemfidum Roxb ex Jack
Vernacular names:
Description:
Unknown
A shrub, erect, up to about 6 feet tall, young branches subquadrangular, bark brown
to grey. Leaves are simple, ovate to lanceolate, base rounded apex acute, margins
entire, upper surface with some hairs, vein distinct, petiole long Inflorescence
terminal, 1-3 flowers, 5-merous, petals bright purple, outer stamens longer, pink
anthers. Fruit is fleshy capsule, edible, young leaves and roots medicinal use. On dry
or swampy ground in scrubs or grasslands, open places, roadsides. Distribution in
China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, , Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines.
Botanical name:
Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle.
Family:
Rutaceae
Synonyms:
Merope spinosa, Paramignya angulata (Willd.) Burkill, Paramignya longispina HK.,

Sclerostylis spinosa
Vernacular names:
Taw-shauk (Bamar), Pyar-shauk-pin (Rakhine), Taw-shauk (Myeik)
Description:
A branchy shrub, up to 3 m tall. Stem has 1.5- 3.5 cm long woody spines in the
axils. Leaves are simple, alternate position. Leaf edges are slightly notched, blunt
or slightly pointed apex. Leaf blades are thick, leathery, resinous, having limelike odour if bruised; covered with translucent dots. Flowers are solitary, axillary,
bisexual, 5-merous, white, fragrant. Fruits are berry, lemon-like, 2-5 cm long, with
3 flatten sides so that the fruit is triangular in cross-section forming 3 chambers;
each contain 1 large, long, flattened seed. This species grows on landward
mangroves and along river banks. Its natural distribution is form West Bengal
eastward through Southeast Asia; Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Java (Indonesia)
and Papua New Guinea. It is used as folk medicine to treat womb contraction.
119
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Figure 61. Paspalum sp.
Figure 62. Phoenix paludosa Roxb.
120
(61)
Botanical name:
Paspalum sp
Family:
Poaceae
Synonyms:
Unknown
Vernacular names:
Buffalo grass, Pyaung-sa, Sour grass
Description:
Paspalum species are grasses. Stems are flattened at base; leaf blades flat to
folded; inflorescence of one to many spike-like branches, branches alternate or
sometimes paired and forked at end of stem; spikelets in 2 to 4 rows along lower
side of inflorescence branches. There are many Paspalum species worldwide.
Paspalum species are eaten by ducks, swans and other water birds.
(62)
Botanical name:
Phoenix paludosa Roxb.
Family:
Arecaceae
Synonyms:
Unknown
Vernacular names:
Thinbaung (Bamar), Thinbaung (Rakhine)
Description:
A palm, up to 6m tall. The stems are sender, grey and persistent spiny leaf stalks.
Leaf sheaths are fibrous and left scars on the stem. Leaves are bright green, persist
near the top of the stem, inserted on the trunk. Flowers are unisexual, cluster
looks like a stiff brush, axillary. Clusters are numerous. Berries are oval, about 1 cm
long. Seeds have a lateral embryo, unique in Phoenix. It occurs on the landward
margin of mangroves, and also in open places forming extensive dense. Its natural
distribution is from east Africa, India, Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Vietnam,
Cambodia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula and Indonesia. Palm cabbage and fruits are
edible.
121
Figure 63. Pluchea indica (L.) Less.
Figure 64. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
122
(63)
Pluchea indica (L.) Less.
Family:
Asteraceae
Synonyms:
Pluchea foliosa DC., Baccharis indica L., Erigeron denticulatum Burm.f.
Vernacular names:
Khayu (Bamar), Hin-khayu (Rakhine), Ye-khayu (Myeik)
Description:
It is a shrub with many branches, up to 1-3 m tall. Young shoots have soft hair. Later
it becomes glabrate. Leaves are simple, alternate, ovate to reverse egg-shaped,
margin is serrate. Leaves are obscurely glandular on both surfaces, and very
aromatic when crushed. The leaf has short stalk or nearly sessile and no stipules.
Inflorescence consists of many heads in either terminal or axillary. Peduncles are
short or stemless. The base of the flower head is flanked by leaflets in 6-7 rows.
The one-seeded fruit is cylindrical, dry indehiscent. It is brown with about 5 ribs. It
occurs in littoral areas such as mangroves, brackish swamp, tidal flats. It is shaded
out by taller shrubs and trees. Seed disperse by wind, and have a short viability.
It is native of India, through Southeast Asia and Indo-China to Australia and the
Pacific Islands.
(64)
Botanical name:
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre.
Family:
Legununosae
Synonyms:
Caju pinnatum O. Kuntze., Cytisus pinnatus Linn., Dalbergia arborea Willd., Derris
indica (Lam.) Bennet., Galedupa indica Lam., Galedupa maculata Blanco,
Vernacular names:
Thinwin-phyu (Bamar), Thawin (Rakhine)
Description:
A medium sized tree, up to 10 m tall. The trunk is short with thick branches and
spread canopy. The bark is grayish- brown, and yellow on the inside. Taproot is thick
and long; lateral roots are numerous. Leaves are in alternate, pinnate compound
consist of 5 or 7 leaflets which are arranged in opposite with single terminal leaflet.
Leaflets are 5-10 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, and pointed at the tip. Inflorescences
are racemes, axillary, on short peduncle with pink or white small flowers. Pods
are elliptical, 3-6 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, woody with thick wall, which usually
contains a single seed of light brown color. It can grow on most soil types ranging
from stony to sandy to clayey. It does not do well on dry sands. It is highly tolerant
of salinity. It grows along coasts, sandy beds and river banks. It is native in India
and Myanmar. Commonly used as fuelwood. Timber is not durable. The oil is used
as a fuel, lubricant and in soap making. The oil is used as folk medicine to treat
human and animal skin diseases.
123
Botanical name:
Figure 65. Sarcolobus globosus Wall.
Figure 66. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.
124
(65)
Sarcolobus globosus Wall.
Family:
Asclepiadaceae
Synonyms:
Sarcolobus banksii, Sarcolobus globosa R. & S., Sarcolobus globosus subsp.

globosus, Sarcolobus globosus subsp. peregrinus (Blanco) R.E. Rintz.
Vernacular names:
Shoke-htwe-nwe (Bamar), Theik-ka-lain (Rakhine), Sa-mon (Myeik)
Description:
A shrubby climber, up to 4 m, with a smooth stem. Leaves are slightly fleshy,

oblong, with hairs on the upper surface. Small flowers are in cluster, 5-10 flowers
in a cluster, axillary, patels 5, sepals 5, yellow with longitudinal purple streaks,
covered by short hairs on the inside. Fruits are solitary, brown, elliptic with a very
unequal base, measuring 8-9 by 7-8 cm. The fruit is thick, fleshy, and rich in milky
latex. Seeds are numerous, flat, obovate, surrounded by a thick, wing-like margin
and buoyant. It is common on muddy mangroves. It is flowering throughout the
year. It is found in India, Bangladesh through Southeast Asian, and Ayeyarwady,
Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.
(66)
Botanical name:
Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Family:
Goodeniaceae
Synonyms:
Buglossum litoreum Rumph., Lobelia frutescens Mill., Lobelia plumieri (non L.)
Burm., Scaevola frutescens, Scaevola koenigii Vahl.,
Vernacular names:
Yae-phau-pin (Chaung Tha)
Description:
A spreading shrub or small tree, up to 7 m tall. Slender branches are white. Leaf
scars are conspicuous. Leaves are simple, arranged spirally and opposite, densely
crowded at the end of branches. Leaf blades are oblong to obovate. White hairs
occur in the leaf axils. Flowers are in long cluster, axillary, peduncle 1 cm long.
Flowers are bisexual, white or pale yellow. Calyx is short, petals have violet stripes
on the inside. Corolla tube is 1-1.5 cm long. The fleshy, white fruits are 1 cm
long, with 1-2 corky seeds. Fruits are dispersed by birds. It grows especially on
sand dunes and well drained areas forming extensive colonies. Several parts of
this plant are used in local medicine. Wood is resistant to sea water and used for
making nails for canoes. It naturally grows through out Southeast Asia.
125
Botanical name:
Figure 67. Scirpus sp.
Figure 68. Sesbania sp.
126
(67)
Scirpus sp.
Family:
Cyperacea
Synonyms:
Scirpus ternatanus Reinw. ex Miq., Scirpus chinensis Munro
Vernacular names:
Unknown
Description:
Scirpus spp consists of a large number of aquatic, grass-like species. Common

names are deergrass or grassweed. The genus grows in wetlands and moist soil.
Some species specialize in saline, marshy, environments such as intertidal mudflats; others prefer ponds or lake-sides and river-beds. They have grass-like leaves,
and clusters of small spikelets, often brown in colour. Some species (e.g. S. lacustris)
can reach a height of 3 m, while others (e.g. S. supinus) are much smaller, only
reaching 20-30 cm tall. Scirpus species are often planted to inhibit soil erosion and
provide habitat for other wildlife. They are also used in some herbal remedies; the
plant's rhizomes are collected dried in the sun before use.
(68)
Botanical name:
Sesbania sp.
Family:
Fabaceae
Synonyms:

Vernacular names:
Unknown
Description:
Herbs or short-lived trees with fast growth rate, association with several nitrogenfixing Rhizobia in the soil that cause formation of numerous and large nodules
in the plant roots. Leaves are compound, paripinnate, with numerous opposite
deciduous leaflets. Calyx is broad campanulate, with short nearly equal teeth. Pods
are long, linear, dehiscent, seeds numerous, separated by distinct transverse bars.
Fifty species of Sesbania have been described in tropical and subtropical regions
of the world. Wood is white and soft. This genus also have several potential uses
including forage, poles for light construction, fuelwood, pulpwood, live fences,
medicines, shade trees for other crops and gums.
Nyan (Bamar)
127
Botanical name:
Figure 69. Tamarix troupii Hole.
Figure 70. Vanda sp.
128
(69)
Botanical name:
Tamarix troupii Hole.
Family:
Tamaricaceae
Synonyms:
Unknown
Vernacular names:
Sarpin (Bamar), Pyar-pinle, Sar-pinlin (Rakhine),
Description:
Shrub or small tree with pendulous branches. Leaves are small, subulate, triangular
base, acute, mostly scale-like, alternate, estipulate, usually sessile, mostly with
salt-secreting glands. Flowers are bisexual, in racemes or panicles, spiniform,
peduncle is short, pinkish-white flowers; calyx 4 or 5, persistent; petals 4 or 5, free,
deciduous after anthesis or sometimes persistent. Capsule is conic, dehiscent.
Seeds are small and white, numerous, hairy.
(70)
Botanical name:
Vanda sp.
Family:
Orchidaceae
Synonyms:

Vernacular names:
Unknown
Description:
Epiphyte, but it is not parasitic. Leaves are flat and strap, sometime cylindrical,
fleshy and have parallel veins. Flowers are in clusters, up to 15 flowers on a stalk,
flattened, 2-4 inches across, fragrant, and have variety of colors: blue, orange,
yellow, pink and white, often spots. Flowering occurs in a few months and the
flowers last for 2 to 3 weeks. Vanda genus is one of the five most horticulturally
important orchid genera. Many Vanda orchids are regarded as endangered species
in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. vv species
distributed in India, Himalaya, SE Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea,
southern China and northern Australia.
Thitkhwa (Bamar)
129

^
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
6. Description of vegetation in Myanmar language

(1)
kuaA'trnf
tuifefoyfpf tDb&ufwDa,hwyfpf (Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl)
rsdK;&if;trnf atuifefao;pD; (Acanthaceae)
a'otac:
c&mjzL (Arm)? zuf&efql;? uRJpm;c&m (&cdkif)? c&m (jrdwf)
toHk;0ifyHk
xkaxmif;NyD; toD;rIefYudk aoG;oefYaq;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tylavmifem vdrf;aq;tjzpfvnf;aumif;

toHk;jyKonf/ toD;ESifhtjrpfudk a&mBudwf &&Sdvmaomtzwfudk a>rqdyfajzaq;ESifh jrm;qdyf
ajzaq;tjzpf toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ xdkif;EdkifiHwGif c&myif\yig;yg;udkBudKcsuf &vmaomt&nfudk
ausmufuyfwGif ausmufwnfjcif;a&m*gtwGuf toHk;jyKaMumif;od&Sd&onf/ tacgufjyKwfa&udk tat;rd
zsm;emjcif;ESifh "mwfrwnfh ta&jym;,m;,Hjcif;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif om;onfrdcifrsm;
EdkY&nftxGufaumif;&ef t&Gufudk[if;cg;&nfcsufaomufonf/
139
tyif\kuaA'qdkif&moGifjyifvuPmrsm;

tyifobm0 yifaysmhtrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ yifpnfrsm; axmifrwff (odkUr[kwf) jyefYum; NcKHyifuJhodkYjzpfonf/ 4-5
ay cefYtxd jrifhEdkifonf/

yifpnf
yifpnfonf wkwfcdkifql;rsm;yg&Sdaom yifpnfdk;wHi,frsm;pGm xGufavh&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;jzpf rsufESmcsif;qdkifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf awmifhwif;rmaMum iSufaysm&Guf yHkoPmef
&Sdonf/ &Gufem;[dkufrsm;jzpfaeNyD; &GufxdyfESifh &Gufem;[dkufwdkY\xdyfrsm;wGif cRefjraomql;rsm;&Sdonf/
ql;rsm;onf aea&mifaumif;pGm&&Sdygu aumufaewwfNyD;? aea&mifaumif;pGmr&&Sdygu cyfjym;jym;jzpf
aewwfonf/ t&Gufonf tpdrf;&ifha&mif&SdNyD; t&dyfatmufwGif ql;rsm;rygbJ&SdEdkifonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;onf tpkvdkuf&Sd tyfacsmif;ykHyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;onf tudkif;rsm;\ xdyfrSxGuf
aom xdyfxGufyef;cdkif trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;pkaygif; toD;tjzpf zHGUNzdK;wwfonf/ yef;yGifh
rsm;onf tjzLa&mif&SdNyD; Mumvmaomtcg tndKa&miftoGif ajymif;vJvmonf/ yGifhum;aeaom
yef;yGifh\ tvsm;onf 1 vufrcefU&dSonf/

toD;
tufuGJoD; trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ &ifhrSnfhaomtoD;\t&G,ftpm;rSm 1 vufr cefU&Sdygonf/ jym;csyf
av;axmifhpyfpyf yHko@mef&Sdonf/ &ifhrSnhfaomtoD;onf tufuGJNyD;jym;csyf tjzLa&mif&Sdaom
taph rsm;onf rdciftyifrS 6 aycefYtxd ta0;odkY avESifhtwl jyefYvGifhwwfygonf/
jyefUESHU&ma'o
tdEd,EdkifiHrS ta&SUawmiftm&SESifh ypdzdwfork'&mtaemufzufuRef;rsm;? MopaMw;vswdkuf\ tylydkif;
a'otxd jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0uGsef;ay:? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;wdkY
aygufa&mufonf/
a*[aA'
rsdK;pdwfonf 'Da&tjrifhqHk;a&mufonfh &GHUEHGwGifaygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/ tyifBuD;atmuf t&dyf&
aomae&mrsm;wGifomru tvif;yGifhae&mrsm;wGifyg aygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh a&csKdvTrf;
aom jrpf0rsm;ESifh jrpfurf;wavsmufwGif tpkvdkufaygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/ rsKd;pdwf0iftyifrsm;onf
'Da&awmysufae&mrsm;wGif xlxyfpGmaygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/ ukef;wGif;ydkif;wGifvnf; aygufa&mufEkdif
onf/
(2)
&kuaA'trnf
tuifefoyfpf tpfvpfpDzdk;vd,yfpf (Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.)
a'otac:
c&mr&rf;(Arm)? zuf&efql;? c&m (&cdkif)? c&m (Nrdwf)
tyif\&kuaA'qdkif&moGifjyifvuPmrsm;

tyifobm0 awmifhwif;axmifrwfaom (odkUr[kwf) yifaysmhcsKHEG,ftrsKd;tpm;jzpfum 6 ay cefYtxd jrifhEdkifonf/
tGefYudkif;wufrsm;onf axmifrwfNyD; touf&ifhvmonfESifhtrQ idkufusaeavh&Sdonf/

yifpnf
yifpnfonf wpfcgwpf&H t0ga&mif&SdNyD; ql;rsm;yg&Sdonf/ yifpnfonf ab;udkif;jzmrIenf;NyD; yifpnf
tqpfrsm;wGif avSLtjrpfrTm;av;rsm; xGufavh&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;jzpf rsufESmcsif;qdkifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf tpdrf;&ifha&mif&SdNyD; awmifhwif;rmaMum
iSufaysm&GufyHkoPmef&Sdonf/ &Gufem;onf tawmftwef[dkufNyD; t[dkuf\xdyfrsm;wGif ql;rsm;&Sdonf/
t&Guftom;xlonf/ za,mif;vTmyg&SdNyD; awmufyaom tpdrf;&ifha&mif&Sdonf/ vHk;0t&dyfatmufwGif
aygufa&mufaeygu ql;rsm;xGufavhr&Sdyg/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvkdufyGifhonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;onf tyfacsmif;ykHjzpfonf? yef;yGifhrsm; >ywfodyfpGmxGufavh
&Sdonf/ tudkif;rsm;\xdyfrSxGufaom xdyfxGufyef;cdkiftrsKd;tpm;jzpfonf/ yef;yGifhonf c&rf;a&mif
jzpfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;onf vSypGmjzifh xdyfxGufyef;cdkiftrsKd;tpm;rsm;ay:wGif txyfxyfxGufavh&Sd
onf/ yGifhcsyfrsm; BuD;rm;onf/ yGifhum;aeaom yef;yGifh\ tvsm;onf 2 vufrcefU&dSonf/ yGifhcsyfonf
tjyma&mif(odkY) c&rf;a&mifjzpfonf/

toD;
&ifhrSnfhaomtoD;\ t&G,ftpm;rSm 1 vufrcefY &Sdygonf/ awmufytpdrf;a&mif&Sdaom toD;awmifh
rsm; pkNyHK oD;avh&Sdonf/ jym;csyf av;axmifhpyfpyf yHkoPmef&Sdonfh tufuGJoD;trsKd;tpm;jzpfygonf/
&ifhrSnhfaomtoD;onf tufuGJNyD;jym;csyf tjzLa&mif&Sdaom taphrsm;onf rdciftyifrS 6 aycefY
txd ta0;odkY avESifhtwljyefYvGifhwwfygonf/
jyefUESHU&ma'o
tdEd,awmifydkif;? oD&dvuFm? tif'dkcsKdif;em;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? zdvpfydkifESifh MopaMw;vsajrmufydkif;txd
jyefUESHUaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmedkifiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:? weoFm&DESifh &cdkifa'owdkYwGif ayguf
a&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
tcsKdUaom 'Da&awmtyifrsdK;rsm;uJhodkU qm;"mwfudk tjrpftqifhwGifom ppfxkwfjcif;r[kwfbJ? t&Guf\
rsufESmjyifrSppfxkwf rdk;a&? avESifhtwl jyifyodkY z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh wpfcgwpf&H
qm;"mwftm; t&Guf\tay:rsufESmjyifwGif yHkaqmifcJi,frsm;toGifjzifh awGU&avh&Sdonf/ t&dyf&aom
ae&mrsm;wGifomru tvif;yGifhae&mrsm;wGifyg aygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
jrefrmjynfwGif a'ocHrsm;onf t&GufESifhtjrpfudk 'lvm? tdk;tqpfa&mifjcif;? taMumtm;enf;jcif;
ESifh jrm;qdyf? a>rqdyfajzjcif;wdkYwGif toHk;jyKonf/
140
(3)
kuaA'trnf
tuifefoyfpf aAmfvlbdvpfpf (Acanthus volubilis Wall.)
a'otac:
c&mEG,f (Arm)? uifyd (&cdkif)? Zav;EG,f (Nrdwf)
141

tyifobm0 yifaysmhtrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ c&myiftrsdK;tEG,fjzpfaomfvnf; EG,fwufwwffaomaMumifh c&mEG,f
[kac:onf/ c&mEG,fyifonf tjcm;tyifrsm;\ &Guftkyfxdwdkif EG,fwufwwfavh&Sdonf/

yifpnf
yifpnfonf qvif'gykHjzpfonf/ aysmhajymif;NyD; acGvdrftql;rJhum tpdrf;&ifha&mif&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;rsufESmcsif;qdkifxGufonf/ t&Guf\tem;rsm;onf ajymifacsmonf (odkU)
tenf;i,ft0dkufrsm;jzpfaewwfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ql;ryg&SdbJ yifpnf\ tv,fydkif;txufwGif
xGufaom t&Gufrsm;\ t&G,ftpm;onf ydkrdkMuD;rm;onf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvkdufyGifhonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;tyfacsmif;ykH&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; >ywfodyfpGmxGufavh&Sdonf/
tudkif;rsm;\ xdyfrSxGufaom xdyfxGufyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tjzLa&mifyef;yGifhrsm;jzpfonf/ yGifhum;aeaom
yef;yGifh\ tvsm;onf 1 vufr rS 1 vufr cGJcefU&dSonf/

toD;
tufuGJoD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfjyD; toD;wifrIenf;yg;onf/ &ifhrSnfhaomtoD;\ t&G,ftpm;rSm 1 vufr
cefUom &Sdonf/
jyefUESHU&ma'o
awmiftm&S? ta&SUawmiftm&SESifh ygyl0ge,l;*DeDwdkUwGifawGU&Sd&wwfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0
uGsef;ay:? weoFm&DESifh &cdkifa'owdkY aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&0ifaom &THUEGHrsm;wGif jrufyifrsm;ESifh a&maESmaygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
rav;wdkif;&if;aq;toHk;t& tapUtrIefUudk aoG;oefUap&ef a&ESifha&maESmaomufjcif;ESifh tempdkrsm;
udk uko&mwGiftoHk;jyKonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif a'ocHrsm;onf t&GufEkrsm;udk [if;csdK? [if;cg;
csufaomufMuonf/
(4)
kuaA'trnf
tcdkwpfcRef atmf&D,rf (Acrostichum aureum Linnaeus)
rsdK;&if;trnf w,f&Da';pD; (Pteridaceae)
a'otac:
iSufBuD;awmiftBuD; (Arm)? rdI[if; (&cdkif)? Zvkyfaiguf (Nrdwf)?

tyifobm0 bHkedrfhyiftrsdK;tpm; (zef;yif) jzpfonf/ opfyifBuD;rsm;\atmufwGif tHkvdkufrsm;jym;pGmaygufonf/
6 aycefY jrifhonf/

yifpnf
yifpnfawmifhwif;NyD; axmifrwfonf/ atmufajcwGif tzwfrsm;ESifh zHk;tkyfxm;onf/

tjrpf
dkifZkrf;tjrpf trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/

t&Guf
t&Gufrsm;onf iSufarT;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ 3 ay cefY &SnfNyD; Asuf 20 vufrcefY&Sdonf/ i,f&G,fpOfwGif

awmufyaom teDa&mif&Sdonf/ &GufrTmrsm; 10-20 cefYyg&Sdonf/ rsdK;atmifaom &GufrTmrsm;\xdyfwGif
eDndKa&mifpydk;rsm;ESifh zHk;tkyfxm;onf/ rsdK;ratmifaom &GufrTmrsm;\&Gufjym;onf 0dkif;us,fjyefYNyD;
xdyfydkif;odkY cRefoGm;onf/ t&Gufrsm;\tay:zufrsufESmjyifonf awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&Sd atmuf
rsufESmjyifonf ta&mifazsmhonf/ t&Guf\tem;onf wpfcgw&HwGif vIdif;wGefYrsm; jzpfay:wwfonf/
pydk;xkwfvkyfaom qJvfrsm;onf tkwfcJusdK;a&mifrS oHacs;a&mifajymif;oGm;onf/ &Gufaygif;xdyfzsm;&Sd
&GufrTm 5-8 pkHwGifom pydk;rsm;o,faqmifxm;onf/
yef;yGifh tyGifhtoD;raqmifyg/

toD;
rsdK;yGm;&eftwGuf t&GufwGif pydk;rsm;udkxkwfvkyfonf/
jyefUESHU&ma'o
ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oESifh urmwpf0Srf; tylydkif;a'orsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif
{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:? weoFm&DESifh &cdkifa'owdkYf aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmrsm;\ ukef;wGif;buf a&0yf{&d,mrsm;? yifv,furf;dk;wef;rsm;wGif ajrtopfjzpfxGef;aom
{&d,mrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ qm;ief&nfBudKufyifjzpfaomfvnf; ykHrSefBuD;xGm;&eftwGuf a&csdKudk
vnf; vdktyfaomtyifjzpfonf/ tvif;a&miftajctaetrsdK;rsdK;wGif aumif;pGmaygufEkdifonf/
avmif;&dyfcHEkdifonf/ t&dyfatmufwGif yif&nfysHEIef;avsmhenf;apjcif;jzifh qm;ief'gPfudkcHEkdifonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a'ocHrsm;onf t&GufEkrsm;udk okwfaomfvnf;aumif;? csufjyKwfaomfvnf;aumif;
pm;oHk;Muonf/ t&Gufrsm;udk uRJ? EGm;tpmtjzpfvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKonf/ tjrpfajcmuftrIefYrsm;udk
temrsm;ESihf tylavmifjcif;rsm;uko&mwGiftokH;jyKonf/
142
(5)
kuaA'trnf
tcdkwpfcRef pyDpD,dkqrf (Acrostichum speciosum Wild.)
rsdK;&if;trnf w,f&Da';pD; (Pteridaceae)
a'otac:
iSufBuD;awmiftao; (Arm)? rdI[if; (&cdkif)? Zvkyfaiguf (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 iSufBuD;awmif tBuD;uJhodkY tyGifhtoD;raqmifonfh bHkedrfhyiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif iSufBuD;
awmiftao;u ydki,fonf/ ESpf&SnfcHaom zef;yifjzpfonf/

yifpnf
tjrpfrsm;ESifh t&Gufdk;wHrsm;\atmufajcwGif yifpnfudk tzwfrsm;ESifhzHk;tkyfxm; onf/
tjrpf dkifZkrf;tjrpftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/

t&Guf
143
t&Gufrsm;onf iSufarT;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ iSufBuD;awmiftBuD;ESifh rsm;pGmqifwlonf/ uGmjcm;onfrSm

iSufBuD;awmiftao;onf tyifkHi,fjcif;? t&Gufydkao;jcif;? &GufrTm\xdyfzsm;onf tenf;i,fao;
oG,fNyD; cRefoGm;jcif;wdkYjzpfonf/
yef;yGifh tyGifhtoD;raqmifyg/

toD;
rsdK;yGm;&eftwGuf t&GufwGif pydk;rsm;udkxkwfvkyfonf/
jyefUESHU&ma'o
tm&Swdkuf\tylydkif;a'o? MopaMw;vswdkuf? ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owpfcGifvkH;wdkYwGif jyefYESHY ayguf
a&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:? weoFm&DESifh &cdkifa'owdkY aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
iSufBuD;awmiftBuD;uJhodkYyif 'Da&awmrsm;\atmuf? tyifBuD;rsm;atmuf? t&dyf&aomae&mrsm;?
'Da&twuftusrsm;aomae&mrsm;wGif tHkvdkuf rsm;jym;pGmaygufonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
iSufBuD;awmiftBuD;udk tokH;jyKouJhodkYjzpfonf/
(6)
kuaA'trnf
at*sD,,fvpfwpfpf a&mhwef'Dzdk;vD;,m; (Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb.)
rsdK;&if;trnf yvlbuf*Dae;pD; (Plumbaginaceae)
a'otac:
qm;yif (odkY) qm;Asufyif (Arm)? qm;abmif (&cdkif)? y'ef; (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 NcKHyif(odkY) tyifi,frsdK;jzpfonf/ tom;rmonf/ 6 ay rS 9 ay txdjrifhonf/

yifpnf
yifpnf\atmufajconf yg;ysOf;uJhodkYxGufonf/ tudkif;tcufrsm;wGif tenf;ESifhtrsm; a&jrKyfrsm;
&Sdonf/ t&GufrStrm&Gwfrsm; usef&pfonf/

tjrpf
avSLjrpfrsm;r&Sdyg/ yifpnft&if;onf yg;ysOf;uJhodkYjyefYum;aeonf/

t&Guf
yef;yGifh

toD;
jyefUESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
t&Gufrsm;rSm&GufxD;jzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;wnfaeykHrSm &GufvTJ(odkY) ckacGyHk jzpfonf/ tukdif;xdyfwGif

pkNyKHxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;bJOykH0dkif;onf? t&Guftom;xlonf? om;a&uJhodkYrmonf? rsufESmjyif
ajymifacsmonf? t&Guf\ tem;rsm;wGif vIdif;wGefYrsm;ryg&Sday/ rsOf;NydKifozG,f &GufaMumrsm;yg&Sdonf/
&Gufdk;wHatmufajconf tzwftoGifjzpfNyD; tudkif;udk zkH;tkyfxm;onf/
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf? tqHk;&Sdyef;cdkifrsm;jzpfNyD; tudkif;rsm;xdyfrS yef;cdkifrsm;xGufonff/ yef;yGifh
wpfyGifhcsif;pDwGif yGifhcsyf 5 ckyg&SdNyD; yGifhcsyf>yefywfvnfwGif qufvsufwnf&Sdonf/ yGifhzwftHkrS quf
vsuf&Sdaom yGifhzwf 5 ckonf tjzLa&mif&Sd wdkaomyGifhzwf>yefwGif wGJqufaeonf/
toD;onf tufuGJoD;jzpf taphwGif;pmonf a&jrKyfuJhodkYyGonff/
tdEd,? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf? jrefrmESifh xdkif;EkdifiHwdkYwGif aygufa&mufygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh
weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
'Da&twuftus&SdaomZkeftwGif;? 'Da&awmrsm;\ tedrfhydkif;&THUEGHrsm;? tvif;yGifhaomae&mrsm;? qm;
"mwf ydkrdk&&Sdaom yifv,fESifheD;aomzufwGif oJajr(odkY) ausmufwHk;?ausmufcJqefaom ajrqDvTmrsm;
wGif aygufa&mufonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;\ ukef;wGif;buftydkif;wGif tawGU&enf;yg;onf/
yifpnfudk a'ocHjynfolrsm;\aetdrf? wJrsm;? aqmufvkyf&efESifh avScsnf&eftwGuf wdkiftjzpftoHk;jyK
Buonf/
144
(7)
kuaA'trnf
at*sD;p&m;pf aumfeDulvm;wrf (Aegiceras corniculatum (Linnaeus) Blanco)
rsdK;&if;trnf rmqifae;pD; (Myrsinaceae)
a'otac:
a&c&m; (Arm)? *sufovkH; (&cdkif)?
145
tyifobm0
NcKHyif (odkYr[kwf) tyifyktrsKd;tpm;jzpf tjrifhay 12 aycefYxd&Sdonf/

yifpnf/
yifpnfrSmacsmarGU tacgufrSmrD;cdk;a&mifjzpfonf/ tjrpfrsm;onf ajrrsufESmjyiftay:ydkif;wGif
xif&Sm;pGm r&Sday/

t&Guf/
t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufvGTJwnf&Sdonf/ MuuffOajymif;jyefyHkjzpfonf/ t&Guf\tem;wGif
vIdif;wGefYrsm; ryg&Sday/ t&Gufonf ajymifacsm ao;i,faom tpuftajymufrsm;&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;
wGif qm;ief&nfpdrfhxGufEkdifonfh*vif;rsm; yg&Sdonf/

yef;yGifh/
yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ xD;ykHyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tudkif;xdyfrS yef;cdkifxGufonf/ wpfcdkifvsif 15 20 yGifh yg&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; vdifpkHjzpfonf/ ao;i,fNyD; tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ arT;&eHY&Sdonf/ 'DZifbm
vrS rwfvtxd yGifhonf/

toD;/
tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ toD;\t&G,ftpm;onf 2 vufr cefY &Snfaom toD;awmifhjzpfonf/ tenf;i,f
aumufum xdyfzsm;cRefonf/ toD;\ atmufajconf ckacGyHkoPef&Sdonf/ tpdrf;Eka&mif&Sdonf/
&ifhrSnfhvQif yef;a&mif? teDa&mifjzpfvmonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &ifhrSnfhaomtoD;rsm;udk arv? ZGefvESifh
Zlvdkifvrsm;wGif pkaqmif;Ekdifygonf/
jyefUESHU&ma'o
tdEd,? oD&dvuFm? awmifwkwf? ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vs? ygyl0ge,l;*DeDESifh aqmfvrGefuRef;
wdkYjzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
jrpfkd;wpfavQmuf&Sd a&csKda&iefpyfaoma'orS a&iefydkif;txdawGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;tyifrsm;onf wpfcg
w&H wpfpkwpfa0;wnf; xlxyfpGmaygufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;udk rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tacgufudk tempdrf;rsm; tanmfuif;ap&ef aoG;vdrf;jcif;
jzifhvnf;aumif;? ig;zrf;&mwGif tacgufjzifh rl;a0apjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKBuonf/ vSyaom
yef;yGifhrsm;ESihf arT;&eHYaMumifh ysm;&nfxkwfvkyf&mwGif tvGefta&;ygonf/ t&GufEkonf csOfaom
t&om&SdNyD; tpdrf;wdkYp&mtjzpfpm;okH;onf/
(8)
kuaA'trnf
tufAfpD;eD;,m; t,fbm (Avicennia alba Blume)
rsdK;&if;trnf tufAfpDeD;a,;pD; (Avicenniaceae)
a'otac:
orJhBuufwuf (Arm)? jymykyf (&cdkif)? vrJh (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tyifBuD;rsKd;jzpf wpfcgw&HrSm tudkif;rsm;>ywfodyfaeaom NcHKykwftjzpf awGY&onf/ &GuftkyfjyefYum;
wpfcgw&HrSm tudkif;rsm; yifpnf\atmufajcteD;xd xGufwwfonf/ tyiftjrifh ay 60 xuf rjrifh
yg/

yifpnf
tacgufonf acsmarGU El;nHhaom tajrmif;pif;rsm;yg&SdNyD; rD;cdka&mif (odkYr[kwf) tpdrf;ykyfa&mifjzpf
onf/

tjrpf
cJwefykH avSLjrpfrsm;jzpfonf/

t&Guf
t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpf rsufESmcsif;qdkifxGufonf/ t&GufyHkoPmefrSm avmfuufoD;yHkrS bJOykHtxd
&Sdonf/ t&Guf\xdyfzsm;rsm;cRefonf/ t&Guf\tay:rsufESmjyifonf rsm;pGmaom *vif;tpuftaysmuf
rsm;ESifh awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/ atmufrsufESmjyifonf ajymifvufNyD; aiGrifa&mif &Sdonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvkdufyGifhonf/ tqHk;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tudkif;xdyf (odkYr[kwf) tudkif;ESifht&GufMum;rS
yef;cdkifxGufonf/ yef;cdkifay:wGif ao;i,faomt0ga&mifyef;yGifhrsm;onf 10 yGifhrS 30 yGifhxd &Sdonf/
yGifhzwf 4 ck&Sd t0ga&mifrS vdarmfa&mifodkYajymif;onf/ yGifhcsyf 4 ck&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; rwfv rS
pwifyGifhygonf/

toD;
toD;onf tufuGJoD;jzpf uawmYyHkcyfjym;jym;jzpfonf/ toD;\t&G,ftpm;onf 1.5 vufr cefY
&Snf 1 vufrcefY us,fonf/ xdyfwGif iSufEkwfoD;uJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ rD;cdk;pdrf;a&mif&Sd toD;wpfoD;
vQif taphwpfaphomygonf/ tyifxufwGifyif tanmufaygufEkdifygonf/ Mo*kwfvESifh pufwifbmv
rsm;wGif &ifhrSnfhaomtoD;rsm;udk pkaqmif;Ekdifygonf/
jyefUESHU&ma'o
taemuftdEd,? awmiftm&S? ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vsESifh ypdzdwftaemufbufa'owdkY jzpfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
ajcmufaoGYaom jrpfurf;yg;wpfavQmufrS &TUHEGHydkif;jzpfaom yifv,furf;pyfa'oxd aygufa&mufyg
onf/ topfjzpfxGef;aomvwmjyifrsm;wGif a&S;OD;pGmaygufaomtyifjzpfonf/ jrifhrm;aom qm;ief
&nf'Pfudk cHEkdifonfhtyifjzpfonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
orJhom;onf xif;? rD;aoG;tjzpf t&nftaoG;raumif;yg/ &mbmrdIif;wdkuf&mwGifomokH;onf/ taphudk
jyKwffpm;oHk;Ekdifonf/ tacgufESifhtaphudk ig;rsm;tqdyfoifhap&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? tacgufrS
tap;udk oaEwm;&mwGif toHk;jyKMuonf/ temaygufa&m*grsm;twGuf orJh&Gufudk jymcstkef;qDESifh
a&mvdrf;ay;Muygonf/
146
(9)
kuaA'trnf
tufAfpD;eD;,m; r&D;em; (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.)
rsdK;&if;trnf tufAfpDeD;a,;pD; (Avicenniaceae)
a'otac:
orJhjzL (Arm)? jymjzL (&cdkif)
147
kuaA'qdkif&moGifjyifvuPmrsm;

tyifobm0 NcKHyif (odkYr[kwf) tyifvwfrsKd;jzpf 10 30 ayxd jrifhonf/

yifpnf
tacgufonf tjzLa&mif? acsmhuvufa&mif&Sdonf/ ajcmufaoGUaomtcg uGswfqwfaomtacgufrsm;
tzwfvdkufuGmonf/ uefYvefYjzwfydkif;rsm;wGif tudkif;onf av;axmifhyHkjzpfonf/ tudkif;tcufrsm;onf
vdrfaumufavh&Sdonf/

tjrpf
cJwefykH avSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ rsufESmcsif;qdkifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOykHrS avmfuufoD;ykHtxd&Sdonf/ tvsm;
2 vufrcefY &Snfonf/ t&Guftom;xlonf/ t&Guf\tay:zufrsufESmjyifonf acsmarGYNyD; pdrf;0g
a&mif&Sd atmufrsufESmjyifonf ao;i,faom tarT;rsm;ESifhtwl aiGrifa&mif(odkYr[kwf) rD;cdk;a&mif
jzpfonf/ t&GufrsufESmjyifESpfzufpvkH;wGif qm;udkppfxkwfaom*vif;rsm;&Sdonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ yef;cdkifwGifyef;yGifh 2yGifhrS 12yGifhtxd >ywfodyfvsufyGifhonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;
tudkif;rsm;\xdyfrS xGufonf/ yGifhzwfrsm;onf tjzLa&mifrSt0ga&mifodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ pl;&Saom
teHY&Sdonf/ rwfvrSpwif tyGifhyGifhonf/

toD;
toD;cGHaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ axmifhpGef;ygESpfvkH;ykH&Sdonf/ xdyfwGif iSufEIwfoD;uJhodkYjzpfonf/ tom;xl
onf/ rD;cdk;pdrf;ta&mifazsmhazsmhjzpfonf/ toD;wGif BuD;rm;aom taphwGif;pm (taph&Guf) &Sdonf/
4if;onf tyifaygufudk0ef;&Hvsuf&Sdonf/ yifxufrsdK;aygufoD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ rdciftyifay:wGifyif
tanmufaygufNyD;? tyifayguftjzpfa<uusonf/ Mo*kwfvESifhpufwifbmvrsm;wGif toD;rsm; &ifhrSnfh
onf/
jyefUESHU&ma'o
tmz&duta&SUzufurf;ajcwpfavQmuf? awmiftm&S? ta&SUawmiftm&SwpfvTm;ESifh MopaMw;vs wdkYjzpf
Muonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'/
jrpf0rsm;wGif 'Da&a&mufaomZkt
H wGi;f qm;ief&nfEiS hf a&csKd a&iefpyfae&mrsm;wGif ydrk zkd NHG zKd ;onf/ t&Guf
rS qm;rsm;udkppfxkwfEkdifojzifh qm;tiHEIef; jrifhrm;vsifvnf; cHEkdif&nf&Sdonf/xdkodkY a*[pepftrsdK;rsdK;wGif
&SifoefEkdifojzifh orJhjzLonf tjcm;opfrsdK;rsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGmwGJzufaeEkdifonf/ jyif;xefaom&moDOwk?
avjyif;rsm;? ydk;rTm; a&m*grsm;udkvnf;cHEkdifonf/ xkdaMumifh topfjzpfxGef;aom&GHUajrrsm;wGif a&SUajy;
opfrsdK;tjzpf pwifaygufa&mufonf/ odkY&mwGif t&dyfusa&mufjcif;udk rcHEkdifacs/ orJhawmrsm;onf
ig;? ykZGefrsm; om;aygufyGm;&mawmrsm; jzpfonf/
toHk;0ifyHk/
opfom;udk xif;tjzpfoHk;onf/ t&Gufudk tylavmifemrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? tacgufrStap;udk
oaEwm;aq;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? orJh&Gufudkjymcs tkef;qDESifha&mum temaygufa&m*grsm;twGuf
vnf;aumif; tokH;jyKMuygonf/
(10)
kuaA'trnf
tufAfpD;eD;,m; atmhzfpDe,fvpfpf (Avicennia officinalis L.)
rsdK;&if;trnf/ tufAfpDeD;a,;pD; (Avicenniaceae)
a'otac:
orJhBuD; (Arm)? jym (&cdkif)
kuaA'qdkif&moGifjyifvuPmrsm;

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;aom tyifBuD;rsKd;jzpfNyD; 75 aytxdjrifhonf/

yifpnf
tacgufonf yg;vTmacsmarGUNyD; pdrf;0ga&mifrS rD;cdk;ndKa&mifajymif;oGm;onf/ tacguf\rsufESmjyifwGif
tpuftaysmufrsm;pGm yg&Sdonf/

tjrpf
cJwefykH avSLjrpfrsm;jzpfonf/

t&Guf
yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefUESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpf rsufESmcsif;qdkifwnf&Sdonf/ bJOajymif;jyefyHk(odkYr[kwf) us,fjyefYaom

iSufaysm&GufyHkjzpfonf/ t&Guf\xdyfonf 0dkif; atmufajconf cRefonf/ 2 - 5vufrcefY&Snf
1- 2.5vufrcefY us,fonf/ t&Guftem; tenf;i,fwGefYvdyfonf/ t&Guftom;xlNyD; acsmarGUonf/
tay:zufrsufESmjyifonf awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&Sd tpuftaysmuf? tayguffrsm;pGmjzifh zHk;tkyf
xm;onf/ atmufrsufESmjyifwGif pdrf;0ga&mifEl;nHhaom tarT;rsm;? ap;uyfaomtqDrsm;jzifh zHk;tkyf
xm;onf/
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvdkufxGufonf/ yef;cdkifonf OD;acgif;yHktqHk;&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tudkif;rsm; xdyfrS
xGufonf/ wpfcdkifvsif yef;yGifh 2 - 12 yGifhtxd yg&Sdonf/ yGifhnmwHr&Sdacs/ yef;yGifh\ta&mifrSm
t0ga&mifjzpfonf/
toD;onf tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ bJOyHkcyfjym;jym;ESifh xdyfwGif iSufEIwfoD;uJhodkY&Sdonf/ toD;onf 1
vufrcefY &Snfonf/ toD;udk tarT;wdkrsm;jzifhzHk;tkyfxm;onf/ wpfoD;vQif taphwpfaphyg&Sdonf/
taphonf BuD;rm; cyfjym;jym;jzpfNyD; taphcGHryg&Sday/ a&xJwGiftanmufxGufonf/
rl&if;a'orSm ta&SUygupwef? oD&dvuFm? awmiftm&S? ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vswdkY jzpfMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
'Da&awmtwGif;ydkif;usaom &TUHEGHrsm;? 'Da&twuftus&Sdaom jrpfurf;yg;wpfavQmuf? urf;ajcESifh
ajredrfhydkif; EHk;ydkYcsonfh ae&mrsm;wGifaygufa&mufonf/
opfom;udk xif;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? bDdk? tdrf? avS? aqmufvkyfjcif;wdkYwGifvnf;aumif;? tacgufESifh
tjrpfrsm;udk qdk;aq;tjzpfvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKMuonf/ tacgufESifhtoD;udk tm;wdk;aq;tjzpfESifh
temrsm;ta&mifusap&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonf/
148
(11)
kuaA'trnf
bl*sD&m qvif'&Dum (Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BI.)
rsdK;&if;trnf dkifZdkzdka&;pD; (Rhizophoraceae)
a'otac:
ESHjAL; (Arm)? ESHjzL (&cdkif)? jAL;ykwf (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tNrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/ tjrifh 60ay txdjrifhonf/

yifpnf
tacgufrSm rD;cdk;a&mif&Sdonf/ yifpnfwGif av&SLayguftzkrsm;&Sdonf/ yifpnftajcwGif edrfhaom
yg;ysOf;rsm;&Sdonf/
tjrpf 'l;qpfykHtjrpfxkH;rsm;&Sdonf/
t&Guf
yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefYESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ bJOyHkoPmef&Sdonf/ tvsm; 3 - 7vufr? teH

1 - 3vufr t&G,ftpm;&Sdonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ &GufxdyfcRef &Guf&if;onf oyfykHoPmef&Sdonf/
t&Gufyg;vTmNyD; awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/ &GufpG,f&Sdonf/ t0gazsmh(odkY) tpdrf;a&mifjzpfonf/
&GufnmwH &Snfonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;onf tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tudkif;ESifht&GufMum;rS yef;cdkifrsm;xGufonf/
wpfcdkifvsif 2yGifh (odkY) 3yGifY yg&Sdonf/ yGifhzwftkHonf acsmrGwfNyD; tpdrf;Eka&mif&Sdonf/ yGifhzwf 8 ck
onf toD;wGif axmifhrSefjyKvsufuyfaeonf/ yGifhcsyfrsm; tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif rMumrD
tndKa&mifajymif;oGm;onf/ t0dkuf2ckyg tjyifbuftem;wGif tjzLa&miftarT;rsm;yg&Sdonf/
'DZifbmv? Zefe0g&Dvrsm;rS pwifyef;yGifhygonf/
taphrS tanmufaygufvmaomtGefYavmif; (toD;[krSwf,lavh&Sdonf) onf aq;jyif;vdyfESifhwl
6vufrcefY &Snfonf/ tpdrf;a&mif(odkY) t0ga&mifyGifhzwfrsm;onf toD;wGifaxmifhrSefjyK wG,fuyf
usef&pfonf/ tyifaygufonf tenf;i,fauG;aumuf c&rf;a&mif&Sdonf/ rdciftyifay:wGif&SdpOf
tanmufxGufaom yifxufrsdK;ayguftoD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ {NyDv? arv? ZGefvrsm;wGif &ifhrSnfhaomtoD;rsm;
&&SdEkdifygonf/
tdEd,? oD&dvuFm? jrefrm? xdkif;? AD,uferf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? rav;&Sm;? zdvpfydkif? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD?
ypdzdwfuRef;rsm;? MopaMw;vsajrmufykdif;a'orsm;wGif jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD?
&cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
trsm;tm;jzifhajrap;? &THUap;ajrrsdK;wGifvnfaumif;? orJhyifrsm;\ taemufbufwGifvnf;aumif; ayguf
a&mufonf/
t&GufEkrsm;udkjyKwfNyD;aemuf qm;pdrfvnf;aumif;? tpdrf;twdkif;vnf;aumif; pm;oHk;Muonf/
tacgufudk [if;cwftarT;tBudKiftjzpf toHk;jyKonf/ opfom;onf av;vHrmaMumojzifh aqmufvkyf
a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKonf/ xif;? rD;aoG;tjzpf vlBudKufrsm;onf/ tylpGrf;tif trsm;qkH;ay;Ekdifonfh
'Da&awmopfrsdK;jzpfonf/ tacgufrSxl;qef;aomteHYwpfrsdK;xGufojzifh ig;rsm;ta0;odkYajy;Muonf/
149
(12)
kuaA'trnf
bl*sD&m *sifrfEkddkifZm (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.)
a'otac:
jALtkyfaqmif; (Arm)? csif;rem;a'gif;? wGwfcarmuf (&cdkif)? aqmif;BuD; (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/ tjrifhay 90 txdjrifhonf/

yifpnf
tacgufrSm tndK&ifha&mif&Sdonf/ yifpnfwGif avSLaygufrsm;&Sdonf/ ig;taMu;cGHuJhodkY tayG;rsm;&Sdonf/
yifpnfajc&if;wGif yg;ysOf;rsm;jzpfaeonf/

tjrpf
tyifatmufajrBuD;ay:wGif 'l;qpfykHavSLjrpfrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ tjrJwrf;a&0yfaomae&mrsm;wGif yifpnf
ay:rS avSLjrpftwdkrsm; xGufwwfonf/
t&Guf
t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/
&GufqdkifxGufonf/
bJOykH&SnfarsmarsmrS
avmhuufoD;ykH&Sdonf/
&GufxdyfcRefonf/ t&G,ftpm;rSm 3 - 7 vufr t&SnfESifh 2 - 3 vufrtus,fcefY &Sdonf/ om;a&uJhodkY
rmonf/ teDa&mif&Sdonf/ &GufpG,fonfvnf; teDa&mif&SdEkdifonf/ jALtkyfaqmif;\ t&Guf\
xdyfzsm;ydkif;onf usOf;ajrmif;ao;oG,fonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;onf tudkif;tcufrsm;Mum;rS xD;wnf;xGufonf/ xlNyD;cRefaom t0dkufrsm;ygonfh 10ck
xufydkaom yGifhcsyfftHkonf trsm;tm;jzifh yef;a&mifrSteDa&mifodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ yGifhzwfrsm;onf
tndK a&mifrS vdarmfa&mifodkYajymif;NyD; 0wfqHzdkwdkif 3ckonf xdyfuyfaeonf/ wpfESpfvkH;eD;yg; yef;yGifh
onf/

toD;
tGefYavmif;(toD;[krSwf,lavh&Sdonf)onf oHvGifpdrf;a&mif&Sd xdyfydkif;&Sdonf/ toD;wGif
axmifph eG ;f rsm;&So
d nf/ ,if;onf vwfqwfonft
h csed f xif&mS ;rIr&Syd J ajcmufaoGUonft
h cgwGif ay:vGif
xif&Sm;onf/ t&G,ftpm;rSm 8 vufrcefY&Snf 0.75 vufrcefY vHk;ywf&Sdonf/ toD;rsm; {NyDvrS
ZlvdkifvtwGif; &ifhrSnfhonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tmz&duwdkuf\ awmifbufESihfta&SUbufurf;rS? tdEd,? oD&dvuFm? ta&SUawmiftm&SESifh ypdzdwf
ork'&mtaemufydkif;a'owdkYwGif awGY&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm;
aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
jAL;tkyfaqmif;onf jAL;ajcawmuf&Guf0dkif;rsm;ESifh rsm;aomtm;jzifh a&maESmaygufa&mufwwfonf/
'Da&awmtwGif; jAL;tkyfaqmif;udk ae&muGuf vTrf;rdk;yiftjzpfawGUEkdifonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;onf teDa&mif&SdNyD; tom;rmonf/ ykdifwdkifdkufjcif;? owKwGif;axmufwdkifrsm;? tdrfwdkifrsm;? y
&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? xif; ? rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf;aumif; tokH;jyKonf/ toD;udkpm;okH;
Ekdifonf/
150
(13)
kuaA'trnf
bl*sD&m [defeufqD; (Bruguiera hainesii C.G.Rogers)
rsdK;&if;trnf dkifZdkzdka&;pD; (Rhizophoraaceae)
a'otac:
NrdKifBuD; (odkY) aqmif;zdk (Arm)? NrdKifBuD; (&cdkif)

tyifobm0 tyifBuD;rsdK;opfyifjzpfonf/ tjrifh ay 100 cefYtxd &Sdonf/

yifpnf
yifpnf\tacgufonf tndKa&mifrS rD;cdk;a&mifodkYajymif; tyif\xdyfzsm;rS atmufajctxd 0gndK
a&mif tpuftajymufrsm;yg&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HrSm acsmarGUonf/ wdkaomyg;ysOf;rsm;&Sdonf/
tjrpf 'l;acgif;ykHavSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/
t&Guf
yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefYESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf bJOyHkoPmef&Sd 3.5vufrrS 6.5vufrxd

&Snfonf/ awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ wpfcdkifvsif 2 - 3 yGifh ygonf/ yGifhzwftkHonf &Snfawmifhwif;aom
t0dkuf 10 ck yg&Sdonf/ tpdrf;a&mifazsmha&mif&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyfrsm;onf tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ 3 - 4
vufrcefY &Snfonf? tarT;xlonf/ ao;i,faomyef;yGifhrsm;onf vdyfjymuJhodkYaomtif;qufrsm;\
tultnDjzifh 0wfrIeful;Muonf/ jrdKifBuD;yef;yGifhonf ESHjAL;yef;yGifhxufydkBuD;onf/
rdciftyifay:wGifyif zGHYNzdK;vmaom tGefYavmif;(toD;[krSwf,lavh&Sdonf)onf aq;jyif;vdyfyHk
oPmefESifhwl 4 vufrcefYtxd &Snfonf/ tzsm;wGif tenf;i,fxlNyD; aumufaeonf/ yGifhzwfrsm;
onf toD;wGif axmifhrSefwG,fuyfvsuf&Sdonf/
tdEd,EkdifiHESifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif jrefrmEkdifiHawmifydkif;ESifh xdkif;EkdifiHwdkYwGif us,fjyefYpGmayguf
a&mufrI&Sdonf/ rav;uRef;qG,fESifh ygyl0ge,l;*leDwdkYwGifvnf; awGU&Sd&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ?
&cdkifa'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
'Da&awma'orsm;\ ukef;wGif;ydkif;usaomae&mrsm;? tjrifhqkH;'Da&oma&muf&SdEkdifaom tawmf
ajcmufaoGUaomae&mrsm;wGif awGU&Sd&onf/
xif;tjzpftjyif aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;wGifygtokH;jyKonf/
151
(14)
kuaA'trnf
bl*sD&m ygADzavmf&m (Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) W. & A. ex Griff.)
rsdK;&if;trnf dkifZdkzdka&;pD; (Rhizophoraaceae)
a'otac:
0g;Budwfvdrf (Arm)? oDvm (&cdkif)? iSuf (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/ 15 ay rS 45ayxd jrifhonf/

yifpnf
yifpnfonfrD;cdk;a&mif&SdNyD;? tacgufrSm tajrmif;rsm;jzpfaeonf/

tjrpf
'l;acgif;ykH avSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/ 4if;tjrpfrsm;onf ajray:odkY 1 aycefYtxd jrifhfonf/

t&Guf
t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD;jzpfonf? &GufqdkifxGufonf? t&Gufrsm; bJO&SnfarsmarsmykH&SdMuonf?
&GufxdyfcRefonf? &Guf&if;odkYoG,fonf/ t&Gufonfpdrf;0ga&mif&Sd &GufpG,frSm t0gEka&mifjzpfonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;onf tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;&Sdyef;cdkiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tudkif;ESifh t&GufMum;rS
yef;cdkifxGufonf/ wpfcdkifwGif 3-7 yGifhygonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; pdrf;0ga&mif&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyf 8-ck&SdNyD;
yGifhcsyftkHonf >yefykHjzpfaeonf/ yGifhcsyfrsm;onf toD;awmifhESiYftvsm;vdkufNydKifvsuf cdkifjrJpGm
wG,fuyfusef&pfonf/

toD;
tyifavmif;(toD;[krSwf,lavh&Sdonf)onf rdciftyifay:wGifyifzGHUNzdK;onf/ yifxufrsdK;aygufoD;
trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ qvif'gyHk&Sd 6 vufrcefYf&SnfNyD; rsufESmjyifacsmarGUonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tdEd,? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf? qmrdk0guRef;pk? ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vswdkufajrmufydkif;a'orsm;wGif jyefYESYH
aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'rsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmrsm;\ twGif;ydkif;usaomae&mrsm;wGifawGU&Sd&NyD; rSwfwrf;rsm;t& BuD;xGm;rIaES;auG;NyD;
oufwrf;wdkaom tyifrsdK;jzpfonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;onf odyfonf;qrsm;onf/ tom;rmonf/ odkY&mwGif vG,fulpGmBuKHUNyD; tufuGJaMumif;rsm;
jzpfwwfonf/ owKwGif;axmufwdkifESifh ig;rQm;wHtjzpfokH;onf/ xif;? rD;aoG; t&nftaoG;
aumif;rGefonf/ tanmufxGufptyifaygufudk pm;okH;Ekdifonf/
152
(15)
kuaA'trnf
bl*sD&m qufqef*lvm (Bruguiera sexangula Loureiro)
a'otac:
jAL;a&T0g? jAL;Muufwuf (Arm)? oDvm (&cdkif)? aqmif;ao; (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/ tjrifh 40 ay txdjrifhEkdifonf/

yifpnf
tacgufrSm rD;cdk;a&mif? tndKazsmhta&mif&Sdonf/ tayG;acsmonf/ azgYESifhwlaomavSLaygufrsm;yg
onf/ yifpnftajcwGif yg;ysOf;jzpfaeonf/

tjrpf
'l;acgif;ykHavSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H axmufuefjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/
t&Guf
yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefYESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf? t&Gufjym;onf bJOykH&Snfarsmarsm(okdY) iSufaysm&GufykH&Sdonf/

&Guf&if;onf oyfykHuJhodkY&SdNyD; &Gufzsm;cRefonf/ tvsm; 3 - 6 vufr? teH 1 - 4 vufrt&G,f&Sdonf/
t&Gufrsm;onf om;a&uJhodkYrmonf? &GufpG,frsm;&SdNyD; tpdrf;a&mif(odkY) t0ga&mifoef;onf/ &Gufnm
onfvnf; t0ga&mifoef;onf/
wpfyGifhcsif;yGifhonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;onf tudkif;ESihft&GufMum;rSxGufonf/ yGifhzwftkHonf 0.5 vufrcefY
&Snfonf? yGifhzwft0dkuf 9 - 13 ckyg&Sdonf/ yGifhzwftem;rsm;wGif tarT;Murf;rsm;&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyfrsm;onf
t0ga&mifjzpfonf/ &ifhvmvQif vsifjrefpGm tndKa&mifodkYajymif;oGm;onf/ wpfESpfywfvnfvkH; yef;yGifh
onf/
toD;rsufESmjyifwGif axmifhpGef;(aZmif;)rsm;&Sdonf/ 0.5 vufrcefY&Snfonf? yifxufrsdK;aygufoD;rsdK;
jzpfonf/ tyifavmif;(toD;[krSwf,lavh&Sdonf)onf rdciftyifay:wGifyif zGHUNzdK;onf/ aq;jyif;vdyfyHk
&Sd 2 - 5 vufrcefY &Snfonf/ a&wGifarsmNyD; rsdK;jyefYyGm;onf/
tdEd,? oD&dvuFm? jrefrm? xdkif;? uarm'D;,m;? AD,uferf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? rav;&Sm;? zdvpfydkif? [dkifeefuRef;?
ESifh ypdzdwfuRef;rsm;wGif jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wDwdkif;aygufa&mufygonf/
yifv,furf;dk;wef;ESifh 'Da&a&mufaom acsmif;wpfavsmufwGifaygufonf/ pGwfpdkaomae&mwGif
jAL;tkyfaqmif;ESifhtwlwGJ aygufonf/
opfom;onf av;vHNyD;rmaMumonf/ odkY&mwGif vG,fulpGmtufuGJonf/ owKwGif;axmufwdkifrsm;ESifh
arsmwdkifrsm;? xif;? rD;aoG;rsm;tjzpf okH;onf/ tjrpfESifht&Gufudk tylavmifemrsm;wGiftokH;jyKonf/
153
(16)
kuaA'trnf
qD&Da,mhyf 'Duif'&m (Ceriops decandra (Griff..) Ding Hou)
a'otac:
r'r (Arm)? ubdkif (&cdkif)? ubdkif (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tNrJpdrf;tyifi,f(odkY) NcKHtrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tjrifhay 15ay(5 rDwm)cefY jrihfonf/

yifpnf
tacgufonf tndKa&mif&Sdum ajymifacsmrStzwfrsm;&Sdwwfonf/

tjrpf
ao;i,faom yg;ysOf;rsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf? &GufqdkifxGufonf? bJOykH&Snfarsmarsm&Sdonf? tvsm; 4 vufr teH 2vufr
t&G,f&Sdonf/ awmufajymifaomtpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfNyD; OD;acgif;ykHyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tudkif;ESihf
t&GufMum;rSyef;cdkifxGufonf/ wpfcdkifvQif yef;yGifh 2 - 4 yGifh yg&Sdonf? yef;yGifhrsm;wGif yGifhnmwHr&Sdacs?
yef;cdkifdk;wHonf wdkNyD;rmonf/ axmifhcRef;rsm;ygonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;ao;i,fNyD; tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/
tjzLa&mifyGifhcsyftkHonf &ifhvmonfESifhtrQ tndKa&mifodkYajymif;oGm;onf/ wpfESpfywfvHk; tyGifh yGifh
onf/

toD;
toD;\xdyfydkif;onf vHk;0dkif;NyD; axmifrwfaeaom taetxm;jzifhoD;avh&Sdonf/ yGifhzwfwnfNrJonf/
toD;onf 0.5 vufr cefYom &Snfonf/ yGifhzwftHkwGif av&Iaygufrsm;ESifh tuGuftajymufrsm;yg&Sdonf/
wpfESpfywfvnfvkH; toD;oD;onf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tdEd,wdkuf? ta&SUawmiftm&S? ta&SUwDarmESihf ygyl0ge,l;*DeDwdkYwGif jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmrsm;\twGif;ydkif;rS ukef;wGif;bufae&mrsm;? aeYpOf 'Da&tjrifhqHk;a&muf&SdNyD; a&csdK0ifa&mufrI
&Sdaomae&mrsm;? ykHrSefyifv,fa&iefEIef;xufrydkaom tief"gwf&&Sdaomae&mrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/
oufywf 8 ESpfjzifh ikwfwufcRefjcif; "rwmrsdK;qufvkyfief;udk aqmif&GufEkdifonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
'Da&awmopfrsdK;rsm;teuf r'rom;onf trmqkH;jzpfonf/ wm&SnfcHEkdifpGrf;&SdonfhtwGuf wdkif?
avSaxmufwdkifESifh u&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;\ vufudkifdk;rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif toHk;jyKonf/ xif;rD;aoG;
tjzpfvnf; toHk;jyKonf/ tacgufonf aq;zuf0if*kPfowd&SdNyD; wifeif<u,f0ojzifh qdk;aq;xkwf&m
wGifvnf;aumif; toHk;0ifonf/
154
(17)
kuaA'trnf
qD&Da,mhyf w,f*,fvf (Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Roxb.)
a'otac:
r'r-arQm (Arm) ? ubdkif-a&eD (&cdkif)? yef;vHk; (Nrdwf)
155

tyifobm0 tyifi,ftrsdL;tpm;jzpfonf/ tyifBuD;vnf;awGUEkdifonf? tjrJpdrf;opfrsdK;jzpfonf/ tjrifh 20 - 40
aycefYom &Sdonf/

yifpnf
yifpnf\tacgufonf tndKazsmha&mif(odkY) teDa&mifoef;onf? tacgufonf acsmarGUonf(odkU)
yHkoPmefrrSefaom tufuGJaMumif;rsm;&Sdonf/ vHk;ywf 8 - 16 vufrcefY &Sdonf? &GufpG,frS zGHUNzdK;
vmaomtudkif;rsm;onf xdyfzsm;rsm;jym;csyfonf/ ao;i,faomyg;ysOf;rsm;&Sdonf/
tjrpf 'l;qpfykHtjrpfxkH;rsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfum &GufqdkifxGufavh&Sdonf/ bJOajymif;jyefykH&Sdonf/ &Gufxdyf0dkif;NyD; t[dkufyg&Sd
um &Guf&if;cRefonf/ tvsm; 2 - 3 vufr ESihf teH 1-2.5 vufrt&G,f &Sdonf? &Gufem;acsmonf/
t&dyfatmufwGif tpdrf;&ifha&mif&SdNyD; aea&mifatmufwGifrl awmufyaompdrf;0ga&mif&Sdonf/ tom;xl
um om;a&uJhodkYrmonf/ ajymifacsmNyD; tarT;r&Sdacs/ &GufaMumrTmrsm; rxif&Sm;yg/ &GufpG,f tpHkvdkuf
&SdNyD; tudkif;xdyf&Sd&GufpG,frsm;onf jym;csyfonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;&Sdyef;cdkiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tudkif;ESifht&GufMum;rS yef;cdkif
xGufonf/ wpfcdkifvsif 4 10 yGifhcefY ygavh&Sdonf/ tpdrf;a&mifyGifhzwf 5 - 6 ck&SdNyD;? yGifhzwf
tpG,frsm;onf toD;wGifaemufjyefvSnfhNyD; wG,fuyfaeMuonf/ tjzLa&mifyGifhcsyfonfvnf; 5 - 6 ck
&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyftkHwGif t[dkuf 2 ck &Sdonf/

toD;
cGHaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ rdciftyifay:&SdpOfwGif tamufxGufonf/ yifxufrsdK;aygufoD;rsdK;jzpfonf/
tyifavmif;onf(toD;ESifhrSm;avh&Sdonf) aq;jyif;vdyfykHoPmef&Sdonf/ tvsm; 6 vufr rS 1 ay
txd &Snfonf/ taphwpfaphwnf;om yg&Sdonf/ xif&Sm;aomaxmifhpGef;rsm;&Sdonf/ wGJvsm;usaeaom
taetxm;jzifh oD;avh&Sdonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tmz&duta&SUzsm;rS ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vstxd jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif
{&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmtwGif;ykdkif;? &Hzef&Hcg'Da&a&mufEkdifaom? a&pD;a&vmaumif;aom? ae&mrsm;wGif aygufa&muf
onf/ r'rarsmonf a&m*g? ydk;rTm;? qm;ief"mwfESifh a&0yfjcif;wdkYudk aumif;pGmcHEkdif&nf&Sdonf/ r'r
arsmawmudk tuGufvdkuf oD;oefYawGU&wwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H jAL;tkyfaqmif;? jAL;ajcaxmufyifrsm;
atmufwGif awGU&avh&Sdonf/ obm0rsdK;qufjcif;aumif;rGefaomaMumifh pkdufcif;jyKvkyf&efyif rvdktyf
acs/
toHk;0ifyHk
r'rarsmtom;onf 'Da&awmopfrsdK;rsm;wGif trmqkH;jzpfonf/ xif;? rD;aoG; t&nftaoG;
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf/ tacgufonf wifeif"mwf<u,fpGmyg0ifojzifh qdk;aq;csufvkyf&mwGifokH;onf/
toD;udkpm;oHk;Ekdifonf/ opfudk tdrf? avS? rsm; aqmufvkyf&mwGif toHk;jyKonf/
(18)
kuaA'trnf
tdyfZdkum&D,m t*,fvdkcg (Excoecaria agllocha L.)
rsdK;&if;trnf ,lzdkbDa,;pD; (Euphorbiaceae)
a'otac:
wa&m (Arm)? usuef; (&cdkif)? wa&m (Nrdwf)?

tyifobm0 &Gufa<u tyifBuD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf? &GuftkyfyHkoPmeftrsdK;rsdK;&Sdum tjrifhay 60 cefY jrifhonf/

yifpnf
yifpnf\tacgufonf Murf;wrf;NyD; tndKa&mif&Sdum taygufrsm;ygaom tacgufzwfrsm;ESifh zHk;tkyf
vQuf&Sdonf/
tjrpf ajray:avSLjrpfrsm;r&Sday/

t&Guf
yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefYESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
&GufxD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ bJOajymif;jyefyHkrS t&if;ESifhtzsm;ESpfbuf tcsdK;nDoG,faomykH&Sdonf?

t&Guf\xdyfonf t0dkuf(odkY) xdyfcRefonf/ tvsm; 1.5 5 vufr ESifh teH 1 2 vufrt&G,f
&Sdonff/ &Gufem;onf trsm;tm;jzifh twGefYrsm;&Sdwwfonf/ t&Gufonf ajymifacsmNyD; tom;xlonf/
&GufnmwHonf 0.5 1 vufreD;yg;&SnfNyD; t&if;wGif*vif; 2 ck&Sdonf/ &GufEkonf yef;a&mifoef;NyD;
&ifhvmaomf awmufyaomteDa&mifodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ &Gufa<ucgeD;csdefwGif wpfyifvHk;eD;yg;teDa&mif
jzpfaeonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf? aMumifNrD;yef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tudkif;ESifht&GufMum;rS yef;cdkifxGufonf/
yef;yGifhrsm; ao;i,f yGifhnmrJhonf/ yef;cdkifay:wGif aMumifvdrftaetxm;jzifh axmifrwfpGm yGifhMu
onf/ tzdkyif? tryiftjzpf oD;jcm;awGU&onf/ tryGifhonf ydkao;i,fNyD; yef;cdkifay:wGif >ywfodyfpGm
yGifhavh&Sdonf/
tufuGJoD;trsdK;tpm; jzpfonf? toD;\yHkoPmefonf vHk;0dkif;NyD; 0.5 vufrcefY tcsif;&Sdonf/
tajrmif;oHk;ajrmif;ygonf/ taphrsm; tndK&ifha&mif&SdNyD; a&wGifay:onf/
tdEd,EkdifiH? oD&dvuFmEkdifiH? ta&SUawmiftm&S? wkwfEkdifiHawmifydkif;? wdkif0rf? *syefEkdifiHawmifydkif;?
MopaMw;vsESifh ypdzdwfuRef;EkdifiHrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESifh weoFm&D
a'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
ydkukef;wGif;usaom 'Da&tjrifhqHk;wufonfh {&d,mrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ xdkUtjyif ausmufajrESifh
&THUxlaomae&mrsm;wGifvnf; aygufa&mufEkdifonf/ wa&myifonf qm;ief'gPfESifh ajcmufaoGUrSKudk
cHEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ tvif;yGifhae&mrsm;wGif vQifjrefpGm &SifoefBuD;xGm;EkdifouJhodkU t&dyfusaomae&mrsm;
wGifvnf; &SifoefEkdifonf/
opfom;onf ayghyg;NyD;tjzLa&mif&Sdum opfaMumajzmifhpif;onfh opfaysmhrsdK;jzpfonf/ tvG,fwul
aqG;ajrUEkdifonf/ y&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyfEkdifonf/ teHUqdk;&Sdjcif;aMumifh xif;tjzpftoHk;jyKr&ay/
tyifrSxGufaom EdkUap;a&miftap;onf tqdyf&Sdojzifh rsufpdESifhxdawGUrdygu ,m,DrsufpduG,fjcif;ESifh
ta&jym;a&mifjcif;jzpfay:wwfonf/ tap;udk ig;zrf;&mwGifvnf;aumif; jrm;qdyfvl;&mwGifvnf;
aumif; toHk;jyKMuonf/
156
(19)
kuaA'trnf
[&DwD;&m; azgrD;pf (Heritiera fomes Bunch. Ham.)
rsdK;&if;trnf pwmusLvDa,;pD; (Sterculiaceae)
a'otac:
a&uepdk? yifv,fuepdk (Arm)? a&Zdk; (&cdkif)? uepdk (Nrdwf)
157

tyifobm0 tyifBuD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ tjrifh 75 ay cefUtxd jrifhonf/
yifpnf yifpnfwGifyg;ysOf;rsm;&Sdonf/
tjrpf oyfykHavSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ &GufvTJxGufonf/ t&Gufonf bJO&SnfarsmarsmyHk (odkY) avmhuufoD;yHk&Sdonf/
tvsm; 4 6 vufrESifh teH 2 3 vufr t&G,f&Sdonf? &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Guftom;xlNyD;
tenf;i,frmaMumonf/ t&Guf\tay:rsufESmjyifonf acsmarGUNyD; tpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/ atmuf
rsufESmjyifonf rD;cdk;azsmha&mif&Sdonf/ tarG;wdkrsm; cyfBuJBuJ&Sdvsuf tenf;i,fMurf;wrf;onf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf? yef;cdkifrsm;onf tcufrsm;jzmNyD; atmufzufodkYwGJvsm;usaeMuonf?
vdifrpHkyef;yGifhrsm;jzpfonf/ ao;i,fNyD; EdkUESpfa&mif&SdMuon? yGifhnmwHrsm;wGif tarT;rsm;&Sdonf/

toD;
cGHrmoD;jzpfonf/ tufuGJoD;r[kwfyg? toD;wGiftrTmrsm;&Sdonf/ &ifhrSnfYaomtcgtufuGJNyD; tawmif
ygaomtaphrsm; a&wGifarsmygoGm;onf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tdEd,? oD&dvuFm? b*Fvm;a'U&SfESifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwGifaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD
ESifh &cdkifa'orsm;aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
vwmajrESifh ukef;wGif;pyfaom 'Da&0ifonfhjrpfacsmif;wpfavsmufwGif aygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;ukdavSESifh y&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGiftoHk;jyKEkdifonf/
(20)
kuaA'trnf
[&DwD;&m; vpfwdk&m;vpfpf (Heritiera littoraliss Dryand.)
rsdK;&if;trnf pwmusLvDa,;pD; (Sterculiaceae)
a'otac:
ukef;uepdk (jrefrm)

tyifobm0 tudkif;tcufrsm;jzmxGufavh&Sdaom tyifBuD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ 30 75 ay (15 -25 rDwm) cefY tjrifhay
&Sdonf/

yifpnf
tacgufrSm rD;cdk;a&mift&ifh(odkY) yef;Eka&mif&Sdonf/ tacgufacsmrGwfNyD; tzwfvefonf/ toufBuD;
vmaomtcg tajrmif;rsm;jzpfay:vmonf/ zGHUNzdK;aom yg;ysOf;rsm;&Sdonf/

tjrpf
yg;ysOf;rsm;onfavSLjrpfuJhodkY tvkyfvkyfonf/

t&Guf
t&Gufrsm; ckywfyHk0dkufvsufxGufonf/ azsmhaomvdarmfa&mif&Sdum yg;NyD;awmifhwif;onf/ &SnfoG,fyHk
&Sdum 10 - 20 pifwDrDwm&Snfonf/ t&Guf\tay:rsufESmjyifonf tpdrf;&ifha&mif&SdNyD; t&Guf\
atmufzuf rsufESmjyifwGif Mu,fyHkoPmeftaMu;zwfrsm; wpfckESifhwpfckxyfvsuf wnf&Sd aeaom
aMumifh aiGjzLa&mifjzpfaeonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhonf ao;i,fNyD; t&G,ftpm;rSm 0.5 pifwDrDwmcefUom &Sdonf/ acgif;avmif;yHkoPmef&Sd
yef;yGifhrsm;onf tudkif;tcufrsm;\xdyfrSxGufaom yef;cdkifrsm;ay:wGif tpkvdkufyGifhavh&Sdonf/ tzdkyGifh
yGifhaomtyif tryGifhyGifhaomtyif[l oD;jcm;&Sdonf/

toD;
toD;onf tcGHrmNyD; awmufyaom tndKa&mifrS r&rf;a&mif&Sdonf/ toD;\ ab;zufwpfavsmuffwGif
ajrmif;&SdNyD; yHkoPmefrSm oabFm? oAmefESifhqifwlonf/ toD;onf a&wGif &ufowywfrsm;pGm a&ay:
wGif aygavmarsmEkdifNyD; 'Da&vSdKif;jyif;ESifhtwlarsmygum tanmifhaygufEkdifonf/ toD;wpfoD;wGif
taph wpfaphomyg&Sdonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
ta&SUtmz&du? rufwm*ufpumrS awmifwkwf? ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vsajrmufydkif;ESifh ypdzdwf
wdkUwGif jyefYESHUaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&muf
ygonf/
a*[pepf
opfawmrsm;ESifhqufpyfaomae&m? oJxlaomyifv,furf;pyfponfh ukef;wGif;ydkif;wGif aygufa&muf
onf/ ukef;uepdkonf wa&myif? orJhyif? yifv,ftkef;yifponfh tyifrsm;ESifhtwl qufEG,fayguf
a&mufavh&Sdonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;udk avSwnfaqmuf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? tdrfoHk;y&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif vnf;aumif; toHk;
jyKonf/ toD;ESifhtaphudk 0rf;udkufjcif;? 0rf;oGm;jcif;a&m*grsm; uko&mwGiftoHk;jyKonf/ tjrpfudk
ig;zrf;&mwGif tqdyftjzpftoHk;jyKMuonf/

158
(21)
kuaA'trnf
uifef',fvD,m uifef',fvf (Kandelia candel (L.) Druce)
a'otac:
jAL;bdkif;awmifh (Arm)? awmifyGef; (&cdkif)? jAL;cGefYnif; (Nrdwf)
159

tyifobm0
tyifi,frsKd;jzpfNyD; tjrifhay 20 ausmfcefYomjrifhonf/

yifpnf
tacgufonf acsmarGU rD;cdk;a&mif(odkYr[kwf) eDndKa&mifjzpfonf/
tjrpf ao;i,faomyg;ysOf;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpf rsufESmcsif;qdkifwnf&Sdonf/ &Gufjym;onf awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&Sd
bJOyHk (odkYr[kwf) iSufaysm&GufyHkjzpfonf/ 2.5 vufr 5.4vufrcefY&Snf 1.2 vufrrS 2.5
vufrcefY us,fonf/ t&Guftem;onf twGif;ydkif;odkYaumuf t&Guf\dk;wHonf 0.5 vufr 0.8
vufr&Snfonf/ &GufpG,fonf jym;aomfvnf; udkif;\xdyfzsm;ydkif;odkY tenf;i,fvdrfaumuf oGm;
onf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ yef;cdkifonf tqHk;&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tudkif;ESihf t&GufMum;rSxGufonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;onf wpfpkwpfa0;wnf;&Sdonf/ udkif;cGrsm;Mum;wGif tjzLa&mifyef;yGifhrsm;onf 4 yGifh rS 9
yGifhxd &Sdonf/ 0wfqHzdkwHrsm;pGmyg&Sdonf/ ao;oG,faom yGifhcsyfrsm;onf 5 ck - 6 ck &Sdonf/ tif;quf
rsm;jzifh 0wfrIeful;onf/

toD;
toD;onf bJOyHkjzpfNyD; 0.8 vufr - 1.2 vufrcefY &Snfonf/ tpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/ yifxufayguf
toD;rsdK;jzpfonf? tGefYavmif;(toD;ESifhtrSwfrSm;wwfMuonf)onf 10 vufrrS 1 ay 4 vufr cefY
&Snfvsm;t&if;ESifhtzsm;ESpfbufpvkH;odkY oG,foGm;onf/ cdkifjrJaeaom yGifhcsyfrsm;onf toD;xdyfwGif
OD;xkyfaqmif;xm;ouJhodkY &Sdonf/ yGifhcsyfxdyfzsm;rsm;onf toD;tnmwHbufodkY vefvsuf&Sdonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tdE,
d ? ta&SUawmiftm&S? wkwEf idk if ?H lusL;uRe;f ? *syefEidk if aH wmifyikd ;f ? plrmMwm;awmifyikd ;f ESihf abmfe,
D kd
ajrmufydkif;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmwGif tenf;qHk;awGY&Sd&NyD; twGif;ydkif;usaomae&mrsm;ESifh 'Da&twuftus&Sdaom jrpf0Srf;
vGifjyifrsm;wGif tpktzGJU vdkufaygufa&mufonfudk awGY&Sd&onf/ tyifrsKd;onf ajrqDvTmwdkufpm;jcif;udk
taumif;qHk;umuG,fEkdifNyD; urf;dk;wef;umuG,fjcif;twGuf toHk;jyKMuonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;udk xif;tjzpf t"dutoHk;jyKMuonf/
(22)
kuaA'trnf
vlrfepfZ&m vpfwdk&D;,m; (Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Viogt.)
rsdK;&if;trnf uGefb&Daw;pD; (Combretaceae)
a'otac:
tdrfhroG,fteD(Arm)? oQm;yif (&cdkif) xm;0,frdSKif; (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;? tyifvwf? &GuftkyfjyefYum;onf/ tjrifh ay 70 txdjrifhEkdifonf/

yifpnf
yifpnfonf trnf;a&mif&Sdonf/ tacgufwGif eufaomtufuGJaMumif;rsm;&Sdonf/
tjrpf 'l;acgif;ykHavSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
t&Guftom;xlNyD; t&nf&Trf;onf/ yvwfpwpfuJhodkY xlydef;ydef;jzpfonf/ t&Gufonf a,mufrykHjzpfNyD;
t&Gufxdyfonf bJOykHjzpfonf/ &GufnmwHwdkonf/ t&GufxGufykHrSm ckywfjzpfonf/ tudkif;\tqkH;wGif
t&Gufrsm; pkNyHKxGufonf/ t&Gufxdyfzsm;wGif ao;i,faomt&nftdwfrsm;&Sdonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;onf ao;i,fNyD;teDa&mif&Sdonf/ tqkyfvdkufyGifhonf/ xdyfxGufyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;yGifhwGif
awmufyaomteDa&mif yGifhcsyfi,f 5 ckpD&Sdonf/ 0wfqHwdkifonf yGifhcsyfxuf ydkrdk&Snfvsm;onf/ yef;yGifh
rsm;onf arT;&eHY&SdNyD; yef;0wf&nfrsm;pGmxkwfvkyfonf/

toD;
toD;rSmao;i,fonf/ yef;tkd;ykH&Sdonf/ azgYuhJodkY a&wGifaygavmarsmygNyD; rsdK;aphrsm;a&jzifhjyefYESHYonf/
toD;wpfoD;wGif taphwpfaphomyg&Sdonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
ta&SUawmiftm&S? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD? MopaMw;vsajrmufydkif;wdkYwGif aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif
{&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmrsm;\twGif;buf oJa&maESmaom&THUajr? ajraysmY? 'Da&ta&mufenf;aomae&m? a&csdK&&SdEkdif
aomacsmif;rsm;wpfavsmufwGif aygufa&mufygonf/ t&Gufxdyfzsm;&dS t&nftdwfrsm;onf avxJrS
EkdufBwdK*sif"gwfudk pkwf,lay;aombufwD;&D;,m;rsm;yg&Sdonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;onf tvGefrmaMumojzifhwefbdk;&Sdonf/ qm;iHa&atmufwGif ESpfaygif; 50 MumNyD;aemuf
rysufrpD;&SdaMumif;awGU&Sd&onf/ txl;ojzifh tacgufudkrcGgbJ tokH;jyKvQifjzpfonf/ wHwm;? qdyfcH
wHwm;? vSnf;0ifdk;? Murf;cif;? ZvDzm;wkH;rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/ ESif;qDeHYarT;NyD; ysOftjzpf
qGJaqmifrI&Sdojzifh bDdkjyKvkyf&efoifhawmfonf/ odkY&mwGif ysOfBuD;BuD;rm;rm; r&&SdEkdifyg/

160
(23)
kuaA'trnf
vlrfepfZ&m a&pDrdkqm (Lumnitzera racemosa (Jack) Viogt.)
rsdK;&if;trnf uGefb&Daw;pD; (Combretaceae)
a'otac:
tdrfhroG,ftjzL? ysH&Sm; (Arm)? yifv,f&Sm; (&cdkif)
161

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;aom tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tjrifh ay 30 cefYom jrifhonf/

yifpnf
yifpnfonf eDndKa&mif&Sdonf/ tacgufwGif a'gifvkduftufuGJaMumif;rsm;&Sdonf/ topfxGufaom
tudkif;i,frsm;onf teDa&mifodkYr[kwf tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H yxrwGiftarT;tenf;i,f&SdNyD;
xdkaemuf ajymifacsmoGm;onf/
tjrpf wdkaomavSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
t&Guftom;xlNyD; t&nf&Trf;onf/ yvwfpwpfuJhodkY xlydef;ydef;jzpfonf/ t&Gufonf a,mufrykHjzpfNyD;
t&GufxdyfwGif ao;i,faomtcsdKifh&Sdonf/ &GufnmwH&Snfonf/ t&GufxGufykHrSm &GufvTJxGufonf/
tudkif;\tqkH;wGif t&Gufrsm;pkNyKHxGufonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;onf ao;i,fNyD;tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ t&Guftudkif;rsm;Mum;rS yef;cdkifxGufonf/ yef;cdkifwGif
yef;yGifhrsm;onf yGifYnmwHr&SdbJ tqkyfvdkufyGifhonf/ yef;yGifhwGif yGifhcsyfi,f 5 ckpD &Sdonf/ 0wfqHwdkifESifh
yGifhcsyffwdkY t&SnfwlnDonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;onf &eHYodyfrxGufyg/ yef;0wf&nfrsm;pGm xkwfvkyfonf/

toD;
toD;rSmao;i,fonf/ opfom;uJhodkYrmNyD; tarT;tenf;i,f&Sdonf/ a&wGif aygavmarsmygNyD; rsdK;aph
rsm; a&jzifhjyefYESHYonf/ toD;wpfoD;wGif taphwpfaphomyg&Sdonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tmz&duwdkufta&SUbufurf;rS ta&SUawmiftm&S? wkwfjynfawmifydkif;? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD? MopaMw;vs
wdkufajrmufydkif;wdkYwGif aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; ayguf
a&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmrsm;\twGif;buf? oJqefaomajrESifh ajcmufaoGUaom&THUajrwdkYudk ydkESpfoufonf/ 'Da&
ta&mufenf;aomae&m? a&csdK&&SdEkdifaomacsmif;rsm;wpfavsmufwGif aygufa&mufygonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;onf rmaMumNyD;tMurf;cHonf/ qdyfcHwHwm;? wHwm;? avS? tdrftokH;taqmifypnf;rsm;?
jyKvkyf&mwGif tokH;jyKygonf/ tdrfYroG,fteDxuf tyifao;i,fojzifh t&G,ftpm;BuD;aom opf? ysOf
r&&SdEkdifyg/
(24)
kuaA'trnf
eDyg; zlwDuefpf (Nypa fruiticans Wurmb)
rsdK;&if;trnf at&Dau;pD; (Arecaceae)
a'otac:
"ed (Arm)? &Dtkef; (&cdkif)? ytkef; (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 yifpnfudk,fxnfr&SdbJ tkHvdkufaygufaom tyiftrsdK;tpm;jzpf tjrifhay 30 aycefYxd&Sdonf/

yifpnf
tyif\ud,
k x
f nfrmS tvsm;vdu
k f wGm;oGm;aygufa&muf ajrBu;D xJwiG f epfjrK yaf eNy;D tcuftvufrsm;rSm
ajray:wGif axmifrwfpGmxGufay:onf/
tjrpf dkifZkrf;tjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefYESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
t&GufrSm iSufarT;yHkoPmef&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ 12 ay rS 18 ay txd&Snfvsm;onf/

tyGifhrsm;onf vHk;0dkif;aomyHkoPmef&Sd tryef;cdkifyef;yGifhrsm;\xdyf aMumifNrD; yef;cdkifuJhodkYjzpfNyD;
teDa&mifjzpfonf/ tzdkyef;yGifhrsm;onf tudkif;tcufrsm;\atmufbufrsufESmjyifwGif&Sd t0ga&mif
jzpfonf/
toD;\tom;onf rmausm ab;wdkufcyfjym;jym;jzpfNyD; &Snfvsm;aomtajrmif;rsm;yg&Sdonf/
toD;wpfoD;wGif taph 1 ck rS 3 cktxd &Sdonf/ &ifhrSnfhvmaom tqHonf toD;rSuGJxGufNyD; 'Da&
twuftustvdkuf ta0;odkYarsmygoGm;onf/
tdEd,? jrefrm? xdkif;? rav;&Sm;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? abmfeD,dk? zdvpfydkif? l;usL;uRef;? e,l;*leD,m? aqmfvrGefuRef;?
MopaMw;vsajrmufydkif;? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
"edyifrsm;onf aysmhaysmif;aom &GHUEGHrsm;ESifh ajz;nif;pGma&GUvsm;aeaom jrpfa&pD;aMumif;ESifh 'Da&
twuftustvdkuf o,fydkYxm;aomtm[m&"mwfrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ ,if;tyifrsm;onf
a&csdKvTrf;&mjrpfacsmif;rsm;rS a&iefa'orsm;txdaygufa&mufonf/
&Snfvsm;NyD; iSufarT;ESifhwlaom "edyif\t&Gufrsm;udk a'ocHjynfolrsm;u oufu,ftdrf(odkYr[kwf)
aetdrfrsm;twGuf trdk;tjzpftoHk;jyKMuonf/ "ed&Gufrsm;udk awmif;,ufvkyfjcif;? oufu,fxdk;jcif;
rsm;wGif yHko@meftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh toHk;jyKMuonf/ yef;cdkif\dk;wHrSxGufvmaomt&nfudk "ed&nf?
csOfpk&nf(odkYr[kwf) usdKcsuf&mrS&&Sdvmaom oMum;&nftjzpf toHk;jyKEkdifonf/ i,f&G,fpOf taphudk
pm;oHk;Muonf/
162
(25)
kuaA'trnf
dkifZdkzdk;&m; tyDusLvm;wm; (Rhizophora apiculata Blume.)
a'otac:
jAL;ajcawmuftzdk? jAL;ajcawmuf&GufcRef (Arm)? jAL;aqmifa,mif (&cdkif)? yHk;trJ (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;tyifrsdK;jzpfonf/ 60aytxd jrifhEkdifonf/

yifpnf
tacgufonf rD;cdk;a&mifjzpf a'gifvdkufajrmif;rsm;yg&Sdonf/

tjrpf
udkif;axmufjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/ udkif;axmufjrpfonf yifpnfwGiftjrifh 15 aycefYtxd xGufEkdifonf/
tudkif;rsm;rSvnf; avSLjrpfrsm;wpfcgwpf&H xGufonf/
t&Guf
yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefYESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
&Gufjym;onf tv,fwGifus,f t&if;ESifhtzsm;bufodkY &SnfarsmarsmoPmef&Sdonf/ tus,f 1.5 2.5vufr ESifh tvsm; 3 - 6 vufrcefY&Sdonf/ t&Guft&if;xuf xdyfbufodkYydkcRefonf/ atmufbuf
rsufESmjyifwGif ao;i,faomteufa&mif tpuftaysmufrsm;&Sdonf/ &Gufv,faMum? &Gufdk;wH? &GufpG,f
wdkYonf teDa&mif&SdMuonf/
tqHk;&Sdyef;cdkifjzpf yef;yGifh 2 yGifhyg&SdNyD; yef;cdkifrSm wdkwkwfaom rD;cdk;&ifha&mifjzpfonf/ yef;yGifhrSm EdkYESpf
a&mifjzpfonf/ yGifhnmdk;wH ryg&Sday/
toD;rSm tndKa&mifjzpfNyD; vSHajymif;jyefyHkoPmef tay:rSatmufodkYwGJvsm;usaeonf/ toD;wGif
yGifhcsyfrsm;rSm tkyfvsufwnfjrJaeonf/ rdciftyifay:wGifyif tyifavmif; (toD;[krSwf,lavh&Sdonf)
zGHYNzdK;onf/ 1 aycefY&Snfonf/ acsmarGYNyD; xdyfydkif;rSmvHk;0dkif;onf/
tdEd,? b*Fvm;a'U&Sf? oD&dvuFm? ta&SUawmiftm&S? tylydkif;MopaMw;vs ESifh taemufypdzdwfuRef;
EkdifiHrsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
El;nHhaysmYaysmif;aom &THUEGHrsdK;wGif tpkta0;vdkufaygufa&mufNyD; tm;jyif;aom'Da&vIdif;'Pfudk cHEkdif&nf
&Sdonf/
xif;? rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tacgufudk qdk;aq;tjzpfvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKonf/
163
(26)
kuaA'trnf
dkifZdkzdk;&m; rlcdkem;wm; (Rhizophora mucronata Lam.)
a'otac:
jAL;ajcawmuftr? jAL;ajcawmuf&Guf0dkif; (jrefrm)? jAL; (&cdkif)? y&Hk;tjzL (Nrdwf)/

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;tyifrsdK;jzpf 75 ay rS 90 aytxdjrifhonf/

yifpnf
tacgufrSm tndKa&mif(odkY) teufa&mifjzpf acsmarGYNyD; tvsm;vdkuftajrmif;yg&Sdonf/

tjrpf
udkif;axmufjrpfrsm; jzmxGufvsuf&Sdonf/

t&Guf
t&GufrSm &GufqdkifxGuf bJOyHkoPmef &SnfarsmarsmjzpfaeNyD; 3 6 vufr xd&SnfNyD; 2 4 vufr
xd us,fonf/ t&Gufonf xlNyD;ajymifacsmojzifh &GufaMumrsm;udk rjrifEkdifay/ &Gufem;acsmonf/
t&Guf\atmufzufrsufESmjyifwGif teufa&miftpufrsm;&Sdonf/ &Gufnmonf 1.5 2 vufr &Snf
onf/ &GufpG,ftpHkvdkuf&Sdonf/ &GufpG,fae&mwGif trm&Gwfusefonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhonf tcdkifvdkufjzpf tudkif;rsm;Mum;rSxGufonf/ t0ga&mif&Sdonf/ yef;cdkifonf tqifh 2 qifh
3 qifhcGaeNyD; &Snfvsm;onf/ wpfcdkifvsif 4 yGifhrS 8 yGifhtxd &Sdonf/ acgif;avmif;ykHyGifhzwftkHwGif
yGifhzwf 4 ck&SdNyD; t0gEka&mif&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyf 4 ckonf ajymifvufNyD; EdkYESpfa&mif&Sdonf/

toD;
toD;onf cGHaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ bJOykH(odkYr[kwf) acgif;avmif;ykHjzpfNyD; 1.5 vufr - 2 vufr cefY
&Snfonf/ ajymifacsmNyD; tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ aphwpfaphom&SdNyD; tyifay:wGifyif tanmufxGufonf/
tyifavmif;onf pD;u&ufykH&Snfvsm;vmNyD; t&Snf 2 ay? tcsif; 1 vufreD;eD;&Sdonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tylydkif;a'orsm;jzpfaom tmz&duwdkufawmifydkif;ESifhta&SUydkif;? tdEd,? awmifwkwfyifv,f?
rav;uRef;qG,fESifh MopaMw;vswdkufta&SUajrmufydkif;wdkYwGif aygufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ?
&cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
aeYpOf 'Da&twuftus&Sdaomae&m? a&csdKa&iefpyfaomae&m? EkH;ydkYcsxm;aom urf;ajcESifh EGHjyif
wdkYwGifaygufygonf/ pdkufysdK;p&mrvdkbJ obm0tavsmuf rsdK;qufjyefYyGm;rIaumif;ygonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
vTwdkuf&efcufcJonf/ ajrESifhwdkufdkufrxdvQif opfom;onfcdkifrmNyD; arsmwdkiftjzpfokH;Ekdifonf/
aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;? tdrfaqmufjcif; ? ig;zrf;u&d,mjyKvkyfjcif;wdkYwGiftokH;jyKonf/ tacgufudk
qdk;aq;xkwfvkyf&mwGifokH;onf/ xif;? rD;aoG;tjzpfokH;onf/ ig;uefrsm; uefabmifcdkifcefYap&ef jAL;ajc
awmuftrrsm;udk pdkufxm;Ekdifonf/

164
(27)
kuaA'trnf
qdkifzDzdk&m [dkufN'dKzDvfavpD;,m; (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F.).
rsdK;&if;trnf lbDa,;pD; (Rubiaceae)
a'otac:
yifv,fykHe&dyf&Guf0dkif; (Arm)
165

tyifobm0 tNrJpdrf;NcKHyif (odkY) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tudkif;rsm;pGmxGufonf/ tjrifh 10 aycefY&Sdonf/
tjrpf udkif;axmufjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

yifpnf
tacgufrSmtndKa&mifjzpfonf/ yifwufrsm;wGif tqDrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf om;a&uJhodkYajymifacsmonf/ bJOajymif;jyefykH&Sdonf/
3 vufr t&Snf? 1-2 vufr tus,f&Sdonf/ t&Guftdk;wGif *vif;rsm;yg&Sdaomt&Gufi,frsm;jzifh
xyfxm;onf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tudkif;rsm;tMum;rSxGufonf/ vdifpkHyef;yGifhrsm;jzpfonf/ yGifhnmwHrsm;
r&Sdyg/ yef;yGifhrsm;tjzLa&mifjzpfonf/ yGifhzwftkH>yefonf tzsm;wGifcGufykHjzpfNyD; tzwf 4 ck &Sdonf/
yGifhcsyftkHonf qvif'gykHjzpfNyD; teDa&mif&Sdonf/ tarT;&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyfrsm;onf zm;zm;vsm;vsm;&Sd
onf/

toD;
qvif'gykH&Snfonf/ tpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/ toD;tvsm;vkdufwGif 6 - 8 taMumajrmif;rsm;yg&Sdonf/
toD;wGif yGifhzwft<uif;tusefrsm;&Sdonf/ toD;onf a&wGifaygavmarsmygEkdifonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tdEd,EkdifiHawmifydkif;? oD&dvuFmuRef;? ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o? MopaMw;vswdkufajrmufydkif;? aqmfvrGef
uRef;rsm;\taemufzufa'orsm;wGif jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &cdkifESifh weoFm&D a'o
rsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&a&mufaomacsmif;ajrmif;rsm;\ urf;wpfavQmufESifh 'Da&awmrsm;\ ukef;wGif;buff &THUajr? oJajr?
ausmufaygrsm;aomajrwdkUwGif aygufygonf/ a&csdK0ifa&mufjcif;udk rcHEkdifyg/ 'Da&tBudrfrsm;pGm
a&muf&Sdaomae&mrsdK;udk ydkrdkESpfoufonf/ wpfESpfywfvnfvkH; yef;yGifhonf/ toD;rsm;pGmoD;aomfvnf;
opfaphrsm;\ tyifaygufEIef;enf;yg;onf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;udk tdrfokH;ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/ wdkifarsm tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
xif;tjzpfvnf;aumif;tokH;jyKonf/ om;a&e,f&ef"gwfaygif;ESifh qdk;aq;"gwfaygif;rsm;pGmyg0ifonf/
t&Gufudk tpmtdrfa&m*guko&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
(28)
kuaA'trnf
qufqlAD,rf ydkYusLvmuyfpx&rf (Sesuvium portulacastrum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus.
rsdK;&if;trnf tdkifZdka,;pD; (Aizoaceae)
a'otac:
'&,fvQm? qwfvQm (Arm) ? usD;vQm (&cdkif)? usKH;reD; (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 ajrjyifay:wGm;oGm;aom ESpf&SnfcH yifaysmhjzpfonf/ tjrifh 1 aycefYjrifhEkdifonf/

yifpnf
xlxJNyD;? acsmrGwfonf/ yifpnfonf 3 ayausmfcefY&Snfonf/ ajrjyifwGif tcsif; 6 aycefY tus,ftxd
us,fjyefYpGmaygufEkdifonf/
tjrpf yifpnfqpfMum;rStjrpfrsm;xGufonf/

t&Guf

yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefYESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ t&GufrSmao;ao;&Snf&Snfjzpfonf/ tom;xlonf/ acsmrGwfonf/ tpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/

&GufnmwHr&Sdyg/
wpfyGifhcsif;jzpfonf/ yef;a&mif&Sdonf/ yGifhnmwH&Sdonf/ wpfESpfywfvnfvkH; yef;yGifhonf/
tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/
ajrmuftar&duwdkuf? awmiftar&duwdkuf? tmz&duwdkuf? tm&SwdkufESifh MopaMw;vswdkuf? tylydkif;
a'orsm;wGif jyefYESYHaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; ayguf
a&mufygonf/
tylydkif;ESifh ortylydkif;a'orsm;wGif us,fjyefYpGmaygufonfYopfrsdK;jzpfonf/ oJqefaom&THUap;ajr?
yifv,furf;dk;wef;a'owGif xkH;ausmufajr? oJausmufajr? trsdK;tpm;rsm;? qm;aygufajrESifh 'Da& a&
mufaomajrjyefYae&mrsm;wdkYwGif aygufonf/
oJaomifckHrsm;cdkifjrJapa&;? ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;ESifh tvSpdkufysdK;jcif;wdkYwGif tokH;jyK&ef
tvm;tvm&Sdonf/
166
(29)
kuaA'trnf
qdkem&m;&Sm; t,fvfbm (Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith)
rsdK;&if;trnf qdkem&mwDa,;pD; (Sonneratiaceae)
a'otac:
vrkwowf? vrJh (Arm)? vrf;rl; (&cdkif)/
167

tyifobm0 opfyif? tjrifh 65 aycefYtxdjrifhonf/

yifpnf
tacgufonf rD;cdk;a&mifazsmhazsmh(odkYr[kwf) tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ acsmrGwfonf/

tjrpf
cJwHykH avSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ t&Gufonf bJOykH(odkY) t0dkif;ykH&SdNyD; t&Gufxdyfzsm;0dkif;onf/ 2 3
vufr t&Snf&Sdonf/ tom;xlNyD; om;a&uJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ t&GufEkrsm;onf tpdrf;a&mifazsmhNyD;
xdyfzsm;wGif rxif&Sm;aom yef;a&miftpGef;tuGuf&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;wGif qm;tydkrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;NyD;
&ifhaomtcg 4if;t&GufudkacRcsonf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhrsm;onf BuD;rm;onf/ tjzLa&mif0wfqHwdkifrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ ao;i,faomyGifhcsyf 6 ckyg&Sdonf/
yGifhzwfrsm;onf twGif;bufwGif teDa&mifjzpfonf/ 0wfrIHcHwdkifonf tpddrf;a&mif&Sdonf/ wpfESpfywfvkH;
yef;yGifhonf/ tifqufydk;rsm;ESifhvif;qGJrsm;u csdKaom0wf&nfrsm;udk vma&mufpm;okH;onf/

toD;
toD;vkH;0dkif;onf/ 2 vufrcefY tcsif;&Sdonf/ toD;wGif yGifhzwfrsm;usefaeNyD; yGifhzwfrsm;\tzsm;rsm;
onf toD;nmwHzufodkY vefvsuf&Sdonf/ toD;rsm;onf tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ toD;twGif;rS taphrsm;
onf cyfjym;jym;jzpfNyD; ao;i,fonf/ a&wGifaygavmarsmEkdifonf/ wpfoD;wGif taph 150-200 cefY
yg0ifonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tmz&duwdkufta&SUzufrS ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vswdkuftxd jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmrsm;\ yifv,fbufrsufESmpmae&mrsm;? trsm;tm;jzifh oJqefaomajrrsm;wGif aygufonf/
qm;ief"gwftrsdK;rsdK;udk cHEkdifonf/ tumtuG,f&Sdaom jrpf0topfydkYcsaom aomifjyif? vwmjyifrsm;
wGifa&S;OD;pGmaygufa&mufaom a&SUajy;tyifrsdK;jzpfonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;onf odyfonf;qrsm;onf/ qm;ief&nfwGif tif;qufydk;rTm;'gPfudk cHEkdifonfhtwGuf
avSjyKvkyfjcif;? ydkifwkdifdkufjcif;? wHwm;ESifh tdrfaqmufvkyfjcif;? y&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;wGif
tokH;jyKonf/ wdkif? arsm? xif;tjzpfvnf; tokH;jyKonf/ tylu,fvdk&Drsm;pGmxkwfaomfvnf; jym
rsm;pGmjzpfonf/ tacgufudk qdk;aq;csufvkyf&mwGifokH;onf/
t&GufudkcsufjyKwfpm;okH;Ekdifonf/
vufacsmif;ykHtjrpfrsm;udk ig;zrf;ydkufrsm;cs&mwGif azgYwkH;tjzpftokH;jyKonf/
(30)
kuaA'trnf
qdkem&m;&Sm; atyufwvm; (Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.)
a'otac:
uefYyvm (Arm)? Nym;ZD; (&cdkif)? tr&m (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 BuD;rm;aomopfyifjzpfonf/ tjrifhay 100 txd jrifhEkdifonf/ &GuftkyfBuD;rm;NyD; yGifhaeonf/
wGJvsm;usaeaom tudkif;tcuftvuf vGefpGmrsm;jym;onf/

yifpnf
tacgufonf yg;NyD;acsmarGUonf/ ykHoPmeftrSefr&Sdaom tufuGJaMumif;rsm;&Sdonf/ yifpnfonf
tndKazsmhta&mif&Sdonf/ yg;ysOf;rsm;&Sdwwfaomfvnf; rxif&Sm;acs/
tjrpf cJwHykHavSLjrpfrsm;pGm&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ t&Gufyg;NyD; &Snfarsmarsmjzpfonf/ 2 4 vufr t&Snf? 1
vufr Asuf&Sdonf/ t&Gufonf xdyfzsm;wGifpkcRefoGm;onf/

yef;yGifh
yef;yGifhonfBuD;rm;NyD; wpfyGifhcsif;yGifhonf/ tudkif;xdyfwGif yGifhonf/ tudkif;wpfudkif;wGif yef;yGifh 3 - 7
yGifh yg&Sdonf/ yGifhzwf 4ck ygonf/ yGifhcsyfryg&Sdacs/ 0wfqHwdkifrsm;pGm&SdjyD;? 0wfrHIcHonf BuD;NyD;
xD;ykHoPmefjzpfonf/

toD;
tom;xlaom cGHaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ cyfjym;jym;t0dkif;ykH&Sdaom toD;vkH;jzpfonf/ t&G,ftpm;rSm
1-vufrcefY tcsif;&Sdonf/ toD;xdyfwGif 0wfrIHcHwdkif qufvufwnfjrJonf/ toD;rsufESmjyifonf
acsmrGwfNyD; tpdrf;Eka&mif &Sdonf/ toD;cdkifrsm;onf yifpnfrS wdkufdkufxGufonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tdEd,? oD&dvuFm? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf? jrefrmEkdifiHurf;dk;wrf;rsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&S\
tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif rawGU&Sd&acs/
a*[aA'
'Da&awmrsm;twGif; oD;oefYuefYyvmawmrsm;tjzpf awGYEkdifonf/ txl;oNzifh ukef;wGifydkif;ae&m?
qm;iH"gwfenf;yg;aomae&mwGif jzpfygonf/ opfrsdK;udk tjcm;rsdK;pkwl opfrsdK;ESpfrsdK;rS atmufygtcsuf
4 csufjzifhvG,fulpGmcGJNcm;Ekdifonf/

(1) t&Gufrsm;&SnfarsmarsmjzifhxdyfwGifpkcRefjzpfaejcif;?

(2) yGifhcsyfryg&Sdjcif;?

(3)
yGifhzwf 4 ckyg&Sdjcif;?

(4)
0wfrIHcH onf BuD;NyD;xD;ykHoPmefjzpfjcif;?
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;udk ysOftjzpftokH;jyK&efaumif;rGefonf/ avSmfwuf? vGef;? aowmrsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tokH;NyK
onf/
168
(31)
kuaA'trnf
qdkem&m;&Sm; pDqD,dkvm;&pf (Sonneratia caeseoLaris (L.) Engl.)
a'otac:
vrk (Arm)? vrf;bdkuf (&cdkif)?

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;opfyif? tyifvwf jzpfonf/ ay 35 txdjrifhonf/ &GuftkyfjyefYum;onf/

yifpnf
yifpnfonf tzwfvdkuftayG;rsm;jzifhMurf;onf/ rD;cdk;a&mif&Sdonf/ tudkif;rsm;onf av;axmifhjzpf
onf/

tjrpf
t&Guf
yef;yGifh
toD;
jyefYESHU&ma'o
a*[aA'
toHk;0ifyHk
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ &GufpG,fr&Sdyg/ t&Gufonf bJOykH(odkYr[kwf)&Snfarsmarsmjzpfonf/

2-5 vufr t&Sn?f 1 - 2 vufrtus,f t&G,f&Sdonf/ t&Guftajconf us,fonf/ t&Guf
xdyfzsm;0dkif;onf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Gufonf om;a&uJhodkYajymifacsmaeonf/ rsufESmjyifESpfbufpvkH;
wGif &GufaMumrsm; jzmvsufawGU&onf/
yef;yGifYrsm;BuD;rm;onf/ wpfyGifhcsif;yGifhonf/ tudkif;rsm;\xdyfrSxGufonf/ wpfudkif;wGif 1 - 3 yGifh &Sd
onf/ yGifhcsyfrsm;onf MuufaoG;a&mif&Sdonf/ ao;oG,faomtjzLa&mif 0wfqHwdkifrsm;pGm&Sdonf/
tv,fwGif ydkrdk&SnfxGufaeaom 0wfrHIcHwdkif&Sdonf/
cGHaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ cyfjym;jym;t0dkif;ykH&Sdaom toD;vkH;jzpfonf/ 2 vufrausmfcefY tcsif;&Sdonf/ toD;
atmufajcwGif yGifhzwftkHonf cGuftjzpf toD;udkvufcHxm;onf/ toD;rsufESmjyifonf ajymifacsm
jzpfonf/ tndKazsmha&mif&Sdonf/
tdEd,? oD&dvuFmEkdifiH? ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vswdkuftylykdif;a'o? aqmfvrGefuRef;pk wdkYwGif
jyefYESHUaygufa&mufonf/
'Da&awmrsm;\twGif;ydkif;? qm;ief&nfta&mufenf;aomae&m? &THUap;ajreufaomae&m? 'Da&
twuftusnifomaom acsmif;rsm;wpfavsmuf? jrpf0rsm;rS a0;aomae&mrsm;wGifaygufonf/
opfom;onfav;onf/ opftjzpf t&nftaoG;nHhonf/ a&iefwGifrl wdkifpdkufjcif;? avSjyKvkyfjcif;
wdkYwGifokH;onf/ toD;tEkudk pm;okH;Ekdifonf/ csOfaomt&om&Sdojzifh &Smvum&nftNzpftokH;jyKonf/
tacgufudk om;a&e,fvkyfief;? qdk;aq;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKonf/
169
(32)
kuaA'trnf
qdkem&m;&Sm; *&pfzfoD (Sonneratia griffithii Kurz.)
a'otac:
vb (Arm)? vrf;bdkuf (&cdkif)?

tyifobm0 tyifvwfopfyifrsdK;jzpfonf/ tjrifhay 75 aycefYtxdjrifhonf/ &GuftkyfjyefYum;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H
tukdif;rsm; wGJvsm;usaewwfonf/ tjrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/

yifpnf
tacgufonf tndK&ifha&mif&Sdonf/ tyifi,frsm;wGif tacgufonf tarT;rsm;jzifh ajymifacsmaeNyD;
BuD;vmaomtcg tufuGJaMumif;rsm;jzpfvmonf/

tjrpf

t&Guf
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Gufjym;onf bJOajymif;jyefykHrS t0dkif;ykH
txd&Sdonf/ &Guf&if;0dkif;onf/ tom;xlonf/ tarT;r&Sdyg/ awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/
&GufnmwdkNyD; &Guf&if;zk&Sdonf/ &GufpG,fr&Sdyg/ &Gufv,faMumonf tpdrf;a&mif&SdNyD; aMumzufwGif
xif&Sm;onf/

yef;yGifh
tqHk;&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkifwGifwpfyGifhcsif;yGifhonf/ yef;yGifhonfvdifpkHjzpfonf/ tpdrf;azsmha&mif

yGifhzwf 6 - 8 ck&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhonf ESpfjcrf;nDjzpfonf/ &Snfvsm;ao;oG,faom tjzLa&mif0wfqHwdkif
rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyfr&Sdyg/ xdkaMumifh t*FgrpkHaomyef;yGifhjzpfonf/

toD;
tom;xlaom cGHaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ cyfjym;jym;t0dkif;ykH&Sdaom toD;vkH;jzpfonf/ toD;xdyfwGif iSufEIwf
oD;ykH0wfrHIcHwdkifESifh toD;atmufajcwGifyGifhzwfrsm;onf wnfjrJvsuf&SdMuonf/ toD;rsufESmjyifonf
ajymifacsmjzpfonf/ tndKazsmha&mif &Sdonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
xdkif;EkdifiH? rav;uGsef;qG,ftaemufzufurf;rS b*Fvm;a'h&Sf ta&SUawmifbuftxd jyefYESHYaygufa&muff
onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
jrpfacsmif;rsm;\ta&SUrsufESmpm? topfjzpfxGef;aomvwmjyifrsm;wGif awGU&avh&Sdonf/
toHk;0ifyHk rod&Sdyg/
170
(33)
kuaA'trnf
Zdkifvdkum;ywfpf *&ifaewrf (Xylocarpus granatum J. Koening.)
rsdK;&if;trnf rDvDa,;pD; (Meliaceae)
a'otac:
yifv,ftkef; (Arm)? &Dtkef; (&cdkif)?
171

tyifobm0 tyifvwfjzpfonf/ &GuftkyfjyefYum;onf/ tjrifh 75 ay cefYjrifhEkdifonf/

yifpnf
tacgufyg;onf/ eDndKa&mif? vdarmfndKa&mif &Sdonf/ tayG;tzwfrsm;&Sdonf/ yg;ysOf;rsm;&Sdonf/

tjrpf
yg;ysOf;jrpfrsm; ajray:wGifwGm;oGm;vsuf&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ 8 vufrcefY&Snfonf/ &Gufnmonf 1 - 2 vufrcefY &Snfonf/ &GufrTmrsm;onf
rsufESmcsif;qdkif 2 pkH xGufonf/ &Gufaygif;\tqkH;wGif &GufrTmtpkHjzifhqkH;onf/ &GufrTmrsm;onf
tom;xlonf/ ajymifacsmonf/ bJOykH&SdNyD; &Gufxdyf0dkif;onf/

yef;yGifh
yef;cdkifonf 2 - 3 vufrcefY &Snfonf/ ao;i,faomyef;yGifh 8 - 20yGifh yg0ifonf/ tjzLa&mif?
yef;a&mif&Sdonf/
toD; tajrmufqHuJhodkY vkH;aeonf/ tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ tpdrf;(odkYr[kwf) tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ toD;cGHonf
opfom;uJhodkY&Sdonf/ toD;twGif; trTmav;rTm&Sdonf/ &ifhrSnfhtoD;uGJtufaomtcg 3 - 4 vufr
t&G,f&Sdaom taphta&twGuf 8 20 aph xGufusvmonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tmz&duta&SUydkif;? tdEd,wdkuf? ta&SUawmiftm&S? awmifypdzdwfuRef;rsm;? MopaMw;vswdkufajrmufydkif;
a'orsm;wGifaygufa&mufygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; aygufa&muf
ygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&a&mufaomae&mrsm;? &moDtvdkufa&csdK&Ekdifaomae&m? urf;ajcwpfavsmuf 'Da&tjrifhqkH;
a&mufaomae&mrsm;wGif aygufonf/ &THUajrrsdK;rSoJEHk;ajrrsdK;txd ajrtrsdK;tpm;rsm;wGif awGU&Sd&yg
onf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;onfESpfvdkzG,f yef;Eka&miftqif;&Sdojzifh vlokH;ypnf;tvStyESifh aq;wHydkufjyKvkyf&mwGif
tokH;jyKonf/
(34)
kuaA'trnf
Zdkifvdkum;ywfpf armfvlqif;ppf (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M.Roem.)
rsdK;&if;trnf rDvDa,;pD; (Meliaceae)
a'otac:
use (Arm)? yeef (&cdkif)? yifv,ftkef; (Nrdwf)

tyifobm0 tyifajzmifhrwfonf/ tjrifh ay 80 txd jrifhonf/ t&Gufa<uopfrsdK;jzpfonf/

yifpnf
tndKazsmha&mif&Sdonf/ tacgufwGif axmifvdkuftzwffrsm; vefvsuf&Sdonf/
tjrpf oyffykHavSLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf
&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufaeaom &GufrTm 2 pkH 3 pkH &Sdonf/ &GufrTmonf bJOykH &Snfarsmarsm
&Sdonf/ &GufxdyfwGiftcRefjzpfonf/ &Gufa<u&moDwGif t&Gufrsm; rlvtpdrf;&ifha&mifrS vdarmfa&mif?
t0ga&mif? teDa&mifrsm;odkYajymif;onf/

yef;yGifh
tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;onfao;i,fNyD; yef;Eka&mif? t0gEka&mif? tjzLa&mif &SdMuonf/ wpfcdkif
vQif yef;yGifh 9 yGifhrS 35 yGifhtxd yg0ifonf/ yef;cdkifonf 3 vufrcefY tvsm;&Sdonf/

toD;
toD;vkH;0ef;onf/ ojAKoD;t&G,f&Sdonf/ toD;cGHonf opfom;uJYodkYjzpfNyD; trTmrsm; zGJYpnf;xm;onf/
taph 4 aphrS 16 aphtxd yg0ifonf/
jyefYESHU&ma'o
tdEd,wdkuf? ta&SUawmiftm&S? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD? ypdzdwftaemufawmifydkif;uRef;rsm;? Mop
aMw;vswdkufajrmufydkif;a'orsm;wGif aygufa&mufygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESifh weoFm&D
a'orsm; aygufa&mufygonf/
a*[aA'
'Da&tv,ftvwfESifh 'Da&tjrifhqkH;a&mufaomae&mrsm;? 'Da&awmrsm;\ twGif;bufESifh ukef;ajrbuf
ae&mrsm;? yifv,furf;ajc&SdoJaomifckHrsm;\taemuf bufae&mrsm; wGifaygufygonf/ a&csdKa&muf
aom ae&mrsm;udkESpfoufonf/ ausmufp&pfqefaomajr? oJqefaomajr? &THUajrrsm;wGifawGU&avh
&Sdonf/
toHk;0ifyHk
opfom;onf tenf;i,fayghaomfvnf; toifhtwifhrmaMumonf/ tdrf? avSaqmufvkyfjcif;? ud&d,m
wefqmyvmrsm;\vufudkifdk;jyKvkyfjcif;wdkYwGif
tokH;jyKonf/
xif;tjzpfvnf;tokH;jyKonf/
wdkif;&if;aq;tjzpf taphudk tpmtdrfESifhtlvrf;aMumif;a&m*grsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiH
wGif toD;udk trsdK;orD;rsm;om;tdrfaq;tjzpfvnf;aumif;tokH;jyKonf/
172
(35)
&kuaA'trnf
t,fbD;ZD;,m; y&dkpD&m
rsdK;&if;trnf vuf*f,lrifedk;pD;
a'otac:
ppf? opfjzL (Arm)

tyifMuD;jzpfonf/ ay 60 cefYjrifhonf/ t&Gufonf iSufarT;&Gufaygif; trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/
iSufarT;&Gufaygif; 2 - 5 pkHyg&Sdonf/ &GufrTm 6 - 10 pkHcefYygonf/ &GufrTmrsm;onf bJO&SnfarsmarsmykH&Sdonf/
0.4 0.8 vufr teH ESifh 1 1.5 vufrt&Snf&Sdonf/ yef;rsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tudkif;
xdyfzsm;rsm; rSvnf;aumif;? tyifxdyfydkif;wGif t&GufESifhtudkif;rsm;tMum;rS vnf;aumif; yef;cdkifrsm;
xGufonf/ yGifhnSmwHrsm;ryg&Sdacs/ 0wfqHwdkifrsm;&Snfvsm;onf/ yGifhzwftkHonfjyGefykH jzpfaeonf/
ajymifacsmjyD;tarT;r&Sdyg/ yef;yGifhrsm;onf uefawmh ykHjzpfonf/ toD;onf tufuGJ oD;awmifhjzpfonf/
&ifhrSnfhvsif ajcmufaoGUjyD; eDndk a&mif&Sdonf/
&kuaA'trnf
atjrJrm rufu,efqpfpf
rsdK;&if;trnf avmf&if;ao;pD;
a'otac:
usD;aygif; (Arm)

uyfyg;yifjzpfonf/ yifpnfacsmrGwfonf odkY&mwGif tqpfrsm;wGifyifpnf MuD;onf/ tudkif;rsm;
pGmxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOykHrS tenf;i,f
&SnfarsmarsmykHtxd &Sdonf/ &Gufxdyf0dkif;onf/ &GufnSmwHwdkonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkuf yGifhonf/
xD;ykHyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wHay:wGif wpfcdkifcsif; (odkY) tpkHvdkuf&Sdonf/ yef;cdkif&kd;wHonf 1
vueD;eD;&Snfonf/ xD;ykHyef;cdkif\ tv,frSyef;yGifhrsm;wGifyGifhnSmwHr&Sdyg/ yef;yGifhrsm; teDaa&mif?
t0ga&mif? tpdrf;a&mif wdkYjzpfEdkifonf/ toD;onfbJOykHt0dkif;jym;jzpfonf/ toD;wGif yGifhzwftkH
qufvufcdkifjrJvsuf&Sdonf/ tndka&miftarT;tenf;i,f&Sdonf/ e,l;*DeD,m? MopaMw;vs ajrmufydkif;?
wdkYwGifjyefYESYHaygufyGm;onf/ 'Da&awmwGifomawG&jyD; orJh? r'r? oa&m? tdrfhroG,f? jAL;? ESifh vrkyif
rsm;wGif uyfyg;yiftjzpf awGU&onf/
173
(36)
(37)
&kuaA'trnf
bdkif'if ykdifvdkqm
rsdK;&if;trnf tufpfwma&;pD;
a'otac: tyif\&kuaA'qdkif&moGifjyifvuPmrsm;

opfaysmhyifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf yifpnfonfopfom;uJhodkYrmonf/ tjrifh 3 ay ausmfcefY&Sdonf/
tarGT;vkH;0eD;yg;r&Sdyg/ wpffcgwpf&H tarT;xlxyfpGm &Sdwwfonf/ yifpnfwGif teDa&mif tpGef;
txif;rsm;&Sdonf/ tudkif;rsm;rvkH;bJ axmifhrsm;yg&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf iSufarT;&Gufaygif; jzpfonf/
&GufqdkifxGufonf/ &GufrTm 3-4 &Guf&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm; bJOykHrS &SnfarsmarsmykH txd&Sdonf/
&GufxdyfcGsefonf/ &Gufem;vToGm;ykH&Sdonf/ &GufnSmwGiftenf;i,f awmifyH&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdk
ufyGifhonf/ tudkif;xdyfrSxGufaom xdyfxGufyef;cdkif (odkY) t&GufESifhtudkif;Mum;rSxGufaom
Mum;xGufyef;cdkifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wH &Snfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;ao;i,fonf/ t0ga&mif (odkY)
vdarmfa&mif&Sdonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wHwGif tarT;rsm;&Sdaom t&Gufi,frsm; jcH&Hvsuf &Sdonf/ opfaphrsm;onf
qvif'gykH&SdjyD; 0.5 vucefYom&Snfonf/ tenf;i,f aumufonf/ tajrSmif;av;ck&Sdonf/ wpfESpf
ywfvnfvkH; yef;yGifhonf/ vrf;ab;? pGefYypfajrae&mrsm;? ajcmufaoGUjyD; ajrMoZmnHYzsif;aom
ajrae&mrsm; wGifaygufonf/ jrefrmedKifiHwGif &cdkifjynfe,f? csif;jynfe,f? rauG;wdkif;? rEav;wdkif;?
ESifh ppfudkif;wdkif;wdkYwGifawGU&Sd&onf/
(38)
&kuaA'trnf
ba&mifvdk0D,m wmqm
rsdK;&if;trnf wDvDa,;pD;
a'otac:
a&oref; (odkY) a&uepdk (Arm)? jcLqef(&cdkif)

jcKHyifrsdK;jzpfonf/ tjrifh 6 aytxdjrifhavh&Sdonf/ tudkif;rsm; tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ acsmrGwfonf/
tajrSmif;rsm;yg&Sdonf/ tudkif;rsm;i,fpOfwGiftaMu;cGHuJhodkYtzwfrsm; &Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;rSm &GufxD;
jzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf t&if;us,fjyD;tzsm;odkY oG,fonf/ &Guf&if;0dkif;jyD; &GufxdyfcGsefonf/ teH
1-2 vurS tvsm; 2.5-8 vurxd&Sdonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Gufonfom;a&uJhodkYrmonf/
t&Guf\ tay:rsufESmjyif onfajymifacsmjyD; atmufrsufESmjyifwGiftarG;rsm;&Sdonf/ &GufnSmwH 1
vucefY &Snfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;wGif yef;yGifhtenf;i,fom &Sdonf/
xdyfxGuf (odkY) Mum;xGuf yef;cdkifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;onf yef;a&mif&SdjyD; t&if;bufwGif
t0ga&mif&Sdonf/ toD;onf tufuGJoD; (odkY) cGHrmoD;jzpfonf/ ESpfvkH;ykH&Sdonf/ vu0ufcefY&Sdonf/
ta&mifrSm rD;cdk;pdrf;a&mif azsmYazsmhjzpfonf/ toD;cGHay:wGif tndKa&mif azghuJhodkYtzwfi,f rsm;&Sd
onf/ 'Da&awmrsm; wGifaea&mifaumif;pGm&aomae&mrsm;? 'Da&a&mufaom acsmif;rsm; wpfavSsmuf?
&THUajrrsm;? wdkYwGifaygufa&mufygonf/ jyefYESYHaoma'orsm;rSm tdEd,wdkufrS ta&SUawmiftm&S
txdjzpfonf/ jrefrmedkifiHwGif rGefjynfe,f? weoFm&Dwdkif;? {&m0wDwdkif; ESifh &cdkifjynfe,fwdkYwGif
awGU&Sd&onf/ xif;yiftjzpf tokH;jyKygonf/
174
(39)
(40)
&kuaA'trnf
uvD&dk'if'&rf tifemrD
rsdK;&if;trnf Ambifae;pD;
a'otac:
awmaMumifyef;? yifv,faMumifyef; (Arm)? oref;ZD (jrdwf)?

jcKHyif (odkY) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H EG,fwufwwfonf/ tjrifh 10 aycefY&Sdonf/ yifpnfonf
opfom;uJhodkYrmonf/ acsmrGwfonf/ tudkif;rsm;onf wGJvsm;usvsuf&Sdonf/ tudkif;EkpOf tarT;rsm;
zkH;tkyfaeonf/ t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf t&if;ESifhtzsm;ESpfbufodkY
tcsdK;nDoG,foGm;onf/ bJOykHvnf;&Sdonf/ &GufxdyfcGsefonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ tom;xlonf/
rsufeSmjyifacsmrGwfonf/ atmufrsufESmjyifwGif tpdrf;&ifha&mif tpufrsm;&Sdonf/ tcdkifvdkufyef;yGifh
onf/ yef;cdkifonf t&GufESifhtudkif;Mum;rS xGufonf/ tyif\ tay:ydkif;wGifrl tudkif;xdyfrSxGufonf/
wpfcdkifvSsif 3-7 yGifh&Sdonf/ yGifhzwf 5 ckygonf/ yGifhzwftkHonf cGufykH(odkY)acgif;vmif;ykH jzpfjyD;
yGifhzwfrsm;wGif tarT;rsm;&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyf 5 ck&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyfrsm; MuD;rm;jyD;0kdif;onf/ yGifhcsyftkH>yefonf
0.5vu-1.4vu &Snfonf/ 0wfqHwdkif 4 ckonf yef;yGifhxuf &Snfvsm;jyD; teDa&mif&Sdonf/
toD;vkH;0dkif;jyD;xdyfjym;onf/ toD;xdyfwGif iSufEIwfoD;uJhodkY&Sdonf/ a&csKda&iefpyfae&mrsm; ESifh 'Da&
awmtwGif; ayguf a&mufonf/ tdEd,? oD&dvuFm rS ta&SUawmiftm&S? wkwfjynfawmifydkif;?
MopaMw;vswdkuf txdjyefYESHYonf/ toD;ESifhtjrpfudk ig;ESifhyifv,fa&ow0gwdkY\ tqdyfwufjcif;udk
uko&mwGiftokH;jyKonf/ &Gufudkxdcdkuf&Semrsm;wGiftokH;jyKonf/
175
&kuaA'trnf
ueAmvD,m rm&DwD;rm;
rsdK;&if;trnf vuf*sLrDae;pD;

wGm;oGm;yif (odkY) EG,fyifjzpfonf/ tyif\tnGefYjzifh&pfywfjyD;wG,fwufonf/ tqpfrsm;rS
tjrpfrsm;xGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrTm 3 ckyg&Sdonf/ xdyfwGif&GufrTmwpfckjz
ifhqkH;onf/ &GufrTmrsm;onf bJOykH&Sdonf/ &Gufxdyfonf Mwd*HykHjzpfavh&Sdonf/ t&Guftom;xlonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;tckdifvdkuf yGifhonf/ t&GufESifhtudkif;Mum;rSyef;cdkifxGufonf/ yef;cdkift&dk;wH&Snfonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;onf teDa&mif (odkY) c&rf;a&mifjzpfonf/ toD;onftufuGJoD; jzpfonf/ yJoD;awmifhuJhodkY
jzpfonf/ wpfoD;vsif 2 aphrS 10 aphtxdyg0ifonf/ oJaomifjyifrsm;ESifh 'Da&awmrsm;\ ukef;wGif;
bufae&mrsm;wGifaygufonff/ ta&SYawmiftm&SwpfcGifvkH;wGif obm0tavsmuf jyefYESHYaygufa&muf
onf/ Ekaom toD;eSifhtaphrsm;udk jyKyfpm;&onf/ yef;yGifhudk[if;cwf tarT;tMudKif tjzpf tokH;
jyKonf/
(41)
&kuaA'trnf
pdkifEkd'kH 'ufwdkifvef
rsdK;&if;trnf ydka,;pD;
a'otac:
ajrpmjruf? jrif;pm;jruf (Arm)

ESpf&SnfcHyif? jrufyifjzpfonf/ yifpnf\tqpfrsm;rS tjrpfrsm; xGufonf/ atmufzuftqpfrsm;rS
yifpnft&kHvkdufxGufonf/
wGm;oGm;aomyifpnfrsm;ESifh
&dkifZkrf;rsm;jzifh
us,fjyefYaom
jrufcif;jyifjzpfvmonf/ axmifrwfaom yifpnfrS yef;yGifhonf/ yef;yGifh&Sdaom yifpnfonfacsmrGwfonf/
qvif'gykHjzpfjyD; tacgif; &Sdonf/ t&GufwpfcsdKUtrT;yg&SdjyD; wpfcsdKUwGiftarT;ryg&Sdacs/ &GufxdyfcGsefonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkifwGif qvif'gykH yef;cdkiftao; 3-7
ckyg0ifonf/ yef;cdkiftvsm; 2 vucefY&Sdonf/ pdkpGwfaom ae&mrS ajcmufaoGUaomae&mtxd?
t&dyftenf;i,f&aom ae&mrS yljyif;aom aea&mifatmuftxd? ae&mtrsdK;rsdK;wGifaygufonf/
pGefYypfxm;aomajrrsm;? vrf;ab;rsm;? 'Da&awmrsm;\ukef;wGif;buf ajcmufaoGUaomae&mrsm;
wGifaygufonff/ ta&SU awmiftm&SwpfcGifvkH;wGifjyefYESYHaygufa&mufonf/
(42)
&kuaA'trnf
pifEdkrufx&m &rfrDzavm&m
a'otac:
jrif;u (Arm)? rSif;uef; (&cdkif)

jcKHyif (odkY) tyifvwfjzpfonf/ 15-40 aytxdjrifhonf/ tacgufonfacsmrGwf onf? rD;cdk;a&mif&Sdonf/
yifpnfwGifyg;ysOf; tenf;i,f&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufvTJxGufonf/ &GufrTm
2-6 ckonf tpkHvdkuf (trsm;tm;jzifh wpfpkH) &Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf om;a&uJhodkYrmonf/ t&Guf \
tem;ESpfbufrnDbJ cyfapmif;apmif;jzpfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ t&GufESifhtudkif;Mum;rS
yef;cdkifxGufonf/ tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wH wpfckwnf;ay:wGif yef;yGifhrsm;pDvsuf
yGifhonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wHwdkonf/ &dk;wHwGif ao;i,faom t&Gufrsm;&Sdonf/ vdifpkHyef;yGifhrsm;jzpfonf/
yef;yGifhrsm; t0gazsmha&mif&SdMuonf/ toD;onfcGHrmoD;jzpfonf/ tenf;i,fvkH;0ef;onf/
tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ tarT;wdkrsm;&Sdonf/ 'Da&awmrsm; \ukef;wGif;bufae&mrsm; wGifaygufonff/
&THUap;ajrrsm;wGif aygufavh&Sdonf/ tdEd,rS ta&SUawmiftm&S wpfcGif? ypdzdwfurf;ajca'orsm;wGif
aygufa&mufonf/ opfom;udk aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wpfcgwpf&HtokH;jyKonf/ odkY&mwGif
wm&SnfrcHyg/ tcef;wGif;okH;ypnf;rsm;twGufomoifhawmfonf/ wdkif;&if;aq;tjzpf t&GufESifh
taphudk ta&jym;a&m*grsm;uko&mwGifokH;onf/
176
(43)
(44)
&kuaA'trnf
a':vfbm*sD,m pydkifEdkqm
rsdK;&if;trnf azab;pD;
a'otac:
ql;ukwf (odkY) jAdKuf (Arm)? qvDEG,f (&cdkif)? ql;aumuf (jrdwf)

jcKHyif (okdY) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ yifpnfonfopfom;uJhodkYrmonf/ &pfywf EG,fwufwwfonf/ tjrifh
25 ay txd&SdEdkifonf/ tqpfrsm;wGif opfom; uJhodkYrmaom ql; 2 acsmif;&Sdonf/ ql;rsm;onf 1.6
vutxdt&Snf &SdMuonf/ a&aomufjrpfpepfzGHUjzdK;onf/ av&Ijrpfr&Sdyg/ t&Gufrsm;onf &Gufaygif;
jzpfonf/ &GufrTm rsm;ao;i,fonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ t&GufESifhtudkif;Mum;rS xGufonf/
tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; t*FgpkH? vdifpkH jzpfMuonf/ yef;yGifhudkESpfjcrf;nDjzpfatmif
wpfae&mwnf;rSom cGJpdwfEdkifonf/ tom;xlaom tpdrf;a&mif yGifhzwf 5ck? tjzLa&mifyGifhcsyf 5ck
&SdMuonf/ toD;onftufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ ausmufuyfyH?k cyfjym;jym;jzpfonf/ Asuf 0.7 vu? tvsm;
1 vu t&G,f&Sdonf/ tem;wpfbufckH;vsuf? useftem;wpfbufonf tv,fwGifcsdKifhjyD;cGuf
aeonf/ yifpnfudkavmifpmxif;tjzpftokH;jyKonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &cdkifjynfe,f? {&m0wD? weoFm&D?
&efukefwdkif;wdkYwGifawGU&onf/
177
&kuaA'trnf
a':vfbm*sD,m uifef'efemwif;qpfpf
a'otac:
a&csif;,m;EG,f (Arm)?

EG,fyifjzpfonf/ yifpnfonf opfom;uJhodkYrmonf/ tudkif;rsm;pGm xGufonf/ tnGefYjzifh
&pfywfwGufwufonf/ tacgufonf tndK&ifh a&mif&Sdonf/ acsmrGwfonf/ t&GufonfiSufarG;&Guf
aygif;jzpfonf/ &GufvTJxGufonf/ wpf&Gufvsif &GufrTm 3-7 ckyg&Sdonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOajymif;jyefykH?
wpfcgwpf&H &GufxdyfwGiftcsdKifhyg&Sdonf/ t&Guf\tay: rsufESmjyifonf tpdrf;&ifha&mif&Sdonf/
atmufrsufESmjyifonfawmufyjyD; &GufaMumrsm; xif&Sm;onf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;
r&Sdyef;cdkif jzpfonf/ t&GufESifh tudkif;Mum;rSxGufonf/ yef;cdkifwGiftcuf rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ yef;yGifh
rsm;onfvdifpkHjzpfonf/ tjzL a&mif&SdMuonf/ yGifhnmwHrsm; ryg&Sdacs/ toD;rSmtufuGJoD;jzpfonf/
cyfjym;jym;ESifh vjcrf;ykHjzpfonf/ yifv,furf;ajcwGifaygufaom opfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;\
ukef;wGif;bufae&mrsm;? 'Da&0ifa&mufaom acsmif;rsm;\urf;yg;ae&mrsm;wGif aygufonff/ a&csdK
&&Sd&efvnf;vkdtyfonf/ oD&dvuFm? tdEd, ta&SYbufurf;rS w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;? ta&SUawmif
tm&SwpfcGifvkH;wdkYwGif jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/
(45)
&kuaA'trnf
'J&pfpf puef'efpf
rsdK;&if;trnf vuf*sLrDedk;pD;
a'otac:
rdacsmif;EG,f (odkY) EG,fjzL (Arm)? awmykef;EG,f (jrdwf)

tjrJpdrf;yif? MuD;rm;aomEG,fyifjzpfonf/ yifpnfonfopfom;uJhodkYrmonf/ av&Ijrpfr&Sdyg/
tacgufonf tndKa&mif (odkY) trnf;a&mifjzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/
&GufvTJxGufonf/ t&Guf&dk;wHonf 8 vutxd&Snfonf/ &GufrTmrsm; xdyfqkdifvsuf 3-5 pkH&Sdonf/
t&if;bufrS&GufrTmrsm;onf xdyfbuf&GufrTm rsm;xuft&G,ftpm; ykdi,fonf/ &Gufjym;rsm;onf
t&if;ESifhtzsm;ESpfbufodkY tcsdK;nDoG,fonf (odkY) t&if;us,ftzsm;odkYoG,fonf/ &GufxdyfcGsefonf/
&Gufem;acsmonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ t&GufESifhtudkif;
Mum;rSxGufonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;yJaphykHjzpfonf/ yef;Eka&mif&SdMuonf/ toD;onftufuGJoD;jzpfonf/
tarT;&Sdonf/ jym;jym;&Snf&Snfjzpfonf/ tem;wpfbufonf useftem;wpfbufxuf ydkxlonf/
toDwpfoD;vsif taph 1-3 aphyg0ifonf/ ajredrfha'orsm;wGif aygufonf/ ta&SUawmif tm&S\
opfrsdK;jzpfonf/
(46)
&kuaA'trnf
'J&pfpfxdkif zdkvDa,wm
a'otac:
EG,feuf (odkY) ujAKwfEG,f (Arm)? EG,fbkwf (&cdkif)? EG,feuf (jrdwf)

jcKHyif (odkY) EG,fyifjzpfonf/ yifpnfonfopfom;uJhodkYrmonf/ tvsm; 40 aytxd&SnfEdkifonf/
tacgufacsmrGwfonf/ tndK&ifha&mif&Sdonf/ yifpnfi,fpOfwGif teD&ifha&mif&Sdonf/ t&Gufonf
&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufvGTJxGufonf/ iSufarT;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrTm 3 - 5 ckyg&Sdonf/
awmufyaom tpdrf;&ifh a&mif&Sdonf/ &Guf&if;0dkif;onf/ &GufxdyfcGsefonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifh
onf/ tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfjyD; qvif'gykH&Sdonf/ vdifpkHyef;yGifhrsm; jzpfonf/ yef;cdkiftvsm; 3 - 8
vucefY &Sdonf/ toD;rSmtufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ csyfjym;ykH&Sdonf/ Asuf 0.8 vu? tvsm; 1-1.6
vut&G,f&Sdonf/ wpfoD;vsifopfaph 1 - 2 aphyg0ifonf/ taphonfjym;jyD;0dkif;onf/ ajcmufaoGYvsif
aMu;nSdpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/ &TUHnGH xlxyfaomurf;ajc? 'Da&a&mufacsmif;rsm;wpfavSsmuf? 'Da&awmrsm;\
a&0yf{&d,mrsm;
wdkYwGifaygufonf/
tmz&duwdkufta&SUbufurf;ajcrS
tm&SwkdufESifh
MopaMw;vswdkufwdkY\
ortylydkif;ESifh
tylydkif;a'orsm;txd
jyefYESYHaygufa&mufonf/
aq;buf0iftyifjzpfonf/
178
(47)
(48)
&kuaA'trnf
'&dkifrdk*vdkqrf yDvdkqJvdGKuf'D;
rsdK;&if;trnf ay:vDydk'Da,;pD;

uyfyg;yiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ &dkifZkrf;tjrpfonf &Snfvsm;jyD;wGm;oGm;aeonf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;
jzpfonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&GufwGifrsdK;yGm; &efpydk;qJvfrsm;&Sdonf/ rsdK;ratmifaomt&Gufrsm;onf
tom;xlonf? rsufESmjyifacsmrGwfonf? t&Guf0dkif;onf? tcsif; 0.4 vucefYt&G,f &Sdonf?
&GufnmwHr&Sdyg/ rsdK;atmifaomt&Gufrsm;onf t&GufxdyfwGif pydk;rsm;o,faqmifxm;jyD; 1 vurS 5
vutxd &SnfxGufvmonf/ &GufnSmwHvnf; 0.5 vucefY&Snfonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;ESifh ajredrfa'orsm;
wGif toufMuD;aomopfyifrsm;tay:wGif awGU&avh&Sdaom uyfyg;yif trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tdEd,
ta&SUajrmuf rS ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o? ygyl0g e,l;*DeD? MopaMw;vswdkufajrmufykdif; txdjyefYESHY
aygufa&mufnf/ opfrsdK; \t&Gufudkb,aq;rsm;wGiftokH;jyKonf/
179
&kuaA'trnf
a':vDcsef'&krf; pygompDa,;
rsdK;&if;trnf bpfEdkeDa,;pD;
a'otac:
a&ocGwf (Arm)? pufu0uf (jrdwf)

tjrJpdrf;opfyif? tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tjrifh 65 aytxd&Sdonf/ yifpnf aumufauG;avh&Sdonf/
tacguftndKa&mif&Sdonf/ tyiftdkvsiftacguf wGiftajrSmif;rsm;ay:vmonf/ t&Gufrsm;&Gufaygif;
jzpfonf/ &GufrTm 2-4 pkH yg0ifjyD; xdyfwGif&GufrGTmwpf&GufjzifhqkH;onf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOykH (odkY) &Guf&if;
us,fjyD;tzsm;odkYoG,fonfYykH &Sdonf/ &GufxdyfcGsefonf/ &Gufem; ESpfbuft&SnfrnDyg/ t&GufEkpOf
yef;a&mif&Sdonff/ yef;yGifhrsm; MuD;rm;onf/ x&rfyufykHjzpfonf/ tjzL (odkY) pdrf;0ga&mif&Sdonf/
toD;onf tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ tvsm; 18 vutxd &Snfonf/ toD;wGif taphrsm;pGm yg0ifonf/
taphrsm;onf av;axmifh pyfpyfjzpfjyD;? awmifyHygonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;\ukef;wGif;buf? 'Da&a&muf
jrpfacsmif;rsm;\ wpfavsmuf? jrpf0rsm;ponfhae&mrsm;wGifaygufonf/ tdEd,EdkifiH rvmbm urf;ajcrS
ta&SUawmiftm&SwpfcGif? ypdzdwfork'&m taemufbufurf;? aqmfvrGefuGsef;pkrsm;txd jyefYESHY
aygufa&mufonf/ opfom;onfayghyg;onf/ ig;zrf;ydkufazghrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGifokH;onf/ t&Gufudk
cHwGif;oefY&Sif;a&; twGuftokH;jyKonf/ wpfESpf ywfvnfvkH; yef;yGifhonf/

(49)
&kuaA'trnf
tDuvpfyfwm t,fbm
a'otac:
MudwfrSef (Arm)

a&rsm;pGmyg0ifaom yifaysmhjzpfonf/ tyifaxmifrwfonf/ ysrf;rQ 1.5 - 2 aycefY jrifhonf/
tudkif;rsm;pGmjzmxGufonf/ tjrpfonfftrSsifrsm;pGm &Sdonf/ atmufzuftqpfrsm;rS tjrpfrsm;
xGufonf/ t&Gufrsm; &GufqdkifxGufonf/ &Guf&if;us,f tzsm;okdYusOf;oGm;onf/ &Gufxdyf
ao;jyD;cGsefonf/ Asuf 1 vuESifh t&Snf 5 vut&G,f&Sdonf/ &Gufem;wGif vToGm;rsm;&Sdonf/
t&Gufrsm;aea&mifatmuf wGifyef;a&mif&Sdonf/ &GufnSmwHr&Sdacs/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/
OD;acgif;ykHyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;onf tudkif;xdyf (odkY) t&GufESifhtukdif;Mum; rSxGufonf/ yef;cdkif
dk;wHonf 1 vueD;eD;&Snfonf/ MudwfrSefyifonf pdkpGwfaomae&mwGifaygufonf/ MudwfrSefyifudk
b,aq;wGifrsm;pGmtokH;jyKonf/ MudwfrSefyifrS trJa&mif qdk;aq;udk qHyifqdk;aq;ESifh aq;rSif
aMumifxdk;&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
(50)
&kuaA'trnf
,lygwdk&D,rf tdk'dk&mwrf
a'otac:
bdZyf (Arm)? *kefwvdkif; (&cdkif)

yifaysmhtrsdK;tpm;? jcKHyifjzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqdkif (odkY) &GufvTJ xGufonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvkdufyGifhonf/ tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ OD;acgif;ykHyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkifwGif
yef;yGifhrsm;onf rsufESmjyif wpfajy;nD&SdaeMuonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wHwGif vToGm;ykH tem;&Sdaom
ao;i,faom yGifhnSm&Gufrsm;&Sdonf/ tzdkyif (odkY) tryif [l&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyf 5ck&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyftkH>yef
onfqvif'gykH&SdjyD; xdyfwGif oGm;ykH 5 ckjzpfaeonf/ 0wfqHwdkifao;i,fonf/ 0wfrIHcHwdkif&Snfonf/
rsdK;pdwfaygif; 400 cefY&Sdonf/
180
(51)
&kuaA'trnf
zifb&pfpwdkifvpf zm&lS*sDeD,m
rsdK;&if;trnf qdkufyga&;pD;

ESpf&SnfcHyif? jrufyifjzpfonf/ dkifZkrf;tjrpfwdkonf/ yifpnfonfcdkifjrJonf? 10 vu rS 2.5
aytxd&Snfonf/ acsmrGwfonf/ cdkpdrf;ta&mif&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf yifpnfxufrsm;pGmwdkonf/
1-4 vucefYom&Snfonf/ t&Guft&if;wGif tarT;xlaom vSsmwpfck&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkuf
yGifhonf/ OD;acgif;ykHyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkifonf 1-2 vucefY &Snfonf/ yef;cdkifonf tnmrJh
yef;yGifhrsm;pGmjzifh odyfonf;pGmzGJUpnf; xm;onf/ yef;cdkift&if;wGif yGifhnSm&Guf 2-3 ck&Sdonf/ toD;onf
cGHrmoD;jzpfonf/ bJOajymif;jyefykH rS tenf;i,f&SnfarsmarsmykHtxd&Sdonf/ &THUap;ajr? pkdpGwf aomae&m?
aea&mifaumif;pGm&aom ae&mrsm;? 'Da&twuftus ykHrSef&Sdaom ae&mrsm; wGifaygufa&mufonf/
&kuaA'trnf
zifavqdk;eD;,m; tdkAdkAm;wm;
rsdK;&if;trnf tufpfuv,fyDa,a'pD;
a'otac:
ajAmufEG,f (Arm)? usuif; (&cdkif)? puLEG,f (jrdwf)

EG,fyifjzpfonf/ tjrifh 16aycefYtxdjrihfonf/ yifpnfonfopfom;uJhodkY jzpfonf/ vkH;0dkif;onf/
'gPf&m&vsiftjzLa&miftap;xGufonf/ t&Gufrsm; &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ t&Gufonf
EkpOfwGif ao;oG,f &ifhaomtcg bJOykHjzpfvmonf/ &GufnSmwHrsm;xljyD;teDa&mif&Sdonf/ yef;yGifh
rsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ t&GufESifhtudkif;Mum;rSxGufonf/ pdrf;0ga&mif&SdjyD; teYHqdk;xGufonf/
yef;cdkif&dk;wHxlonf/ c&rf;a&mif&Sdonf/ tarT;wdkrsm;zkH; tkyfvsuf&Sdonf/ toD;onftom;xlonf/
jyefYum;jyD; xdyfwGifcGsefvsuf csdwfjzpfaeonf/ uGsJ\OD;csdKykHo@mef&Sdonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;twGif;
acsmif;rsm; wpfavSsmufwGifaygufonf/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfrS ta&SUawmiftm&S wpfcGifwGifjyefYESHY
aygufa&mufonf/
181
(52)
(53)
&kuaA'trnf
zvuf*s,fvm;&D;,m; tif'Dum
rsdK;&if;trnf zvuf*s,fvm&Da,;pD;
a'otac:
ajrmufMudrf (Arm)? ajrmufMudrf (&cdkif)

ESpf&SnfcH? EG,fyifjzpfonf/ 6 - 18 aytxd&SnfEdkifonf/ yifpnftcsif; 1 vucefY&Sdonf/
yifpnft&if;ydkif;onf opfom;uJhodkYrmonf/ &Gufjym;onf usOf;jyD;&Snfonf/ Asuf 0.5 vu ESifh
t&Snf 16 vu txd&SdEdkifonf/ tarT;r&Sdyg/ &Gufxdyfao;oG,fjyD;vdyfae&m wG,fwuf&efcsdwfuJhodkY
jzpfae onf/ yef;yGifhrsm;wpfyGifhcsif;yGifhonf/ tzsm;wGif tpkvdkufyGifhonf/ tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/
teHUarT;onf/ toD;rsm;vkH;0ef;onf/ tcsif; 0.25 vu cefY&Sdonf/ yef;a&mif(odkY) vdarmfa&mif&Sdonf/
awmufyonf/ toD;wpfoD;vsiftaphwpfaphomyg&Sdonf/ pGwfpdkaomawmrsm;wGif awGY& avh&Sdonf/
'Da&awmrsm;\tem;owfrsm;wpfavSSsmuf? acsmif;rsm;ESifh vdSsKrsm;wGif xlxyfpGmawGU&onf/ yifpnfudk
jcif;awmif;rsm;,ufvkyf&mwGif okH;onf/ odkYaomf MudrfuJhodkYt&nftaoG;raumif;yg/
(54)
&kuaA'trnf
[pfbpfpfuyfpf wDvDa,;&Syf
rsdK;&if;trnf rmvfaA;pD;
a'otac:
oref;avsSmf (Arm)? oifyef; (&cdkif)? avSsmfyif (jrdwf)

jcKHyif (odkY) tyifvwfjzpfonf/ tjrifh ay 50 txdjrifhEdkifonf/ tacgufrSm rD;cdk;a&mifjzpfjyD;
acsmrGwfonf/ yifpnftcsif; 1 aytxd&SdEdkifonf/ t&Guf rsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ pG,fawmf&GufuJhodkY
ESvkH;ykH&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf Asuf 2 - 6vu? tvsm; 3 - 8vu t&G,f&SdMuonf/ tay:rsufESmjyif
onf awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&SdjyD; atmufrsufESmjyifonf cdkpdrf;a&mifESifh tarT;rsm;&Sdonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;vdifpkHjzpfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;onfawmufyaom t0ga&mifESifh tv,fwGifteDa&mif&SdMuonf/
182
toD;rsm;onf bJOykH&SdjyD; tndKazsmha&mif&Sdonf/ tufuGJoD;awmifhjzpfonf/ 1 vucefYt&Snf&Sdonf/

tuefY 5 ckjzifhtufuGJonf/ wpfoD;vsif taph 10 aphyg0ifonf/ yifv,f urf;ajca'o? jrpfacsmif;teD;?
'Da&awmrsm;? a&0yf{&d,m wdkYwGifayguf onf/ rl&if;a'oonf ta&SUawmiftm&S rS MopaMw;vswdkuf\
ta&SUbuf ESifh taemufbuf ork'&muGsef;rsm; txdjzpfonf/ opfom;udk avmifpmxif; twGuf
vnf;aumif;? tacgufudkavSsmfMudK; tjzpf vnf;aumif; tokH;jyKonf/
(55)
(56)
&kuaA'trnf/
tdkifydk;rD;,m; t,fvfbm
rsdK;&if;trnf uGefaAmfAsLav;pD;
a'otac:
EG,fuefpGef;jzL (Arm)?

ESpf&SnfcHyif yifaysmhjzpfonf/ tjrifh 15 - 100 aytxd yifpnfjzifh &pfywf EG,fwufonf/
t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ t[dkuf 3 ck&Sdonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf (odkY) yef;yGifhrsm; 3 - 6 vu tcsif;
t&G,ftxd MuD;rm;Muonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; arT;&eHY&Sdonf/ yef;a&mif(odkY)tjzLa&mif &SdMuonf/ naeydkif;
tcsdefrS vsifjref pGmpwifyGifhjyD; wpfnvkH;ESihfeHeuf aea&mifcsnf&onftxdyGifhonf/ &moDOwk
at;vsifydkMum&SnfpGmyGifhonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; vjynfYuJhodkY0kdif;pufjcif; ESifh ntcsdefyGifhjcif;wdkYaMumifh
rGef;zvm;0g; [ktrsm;uac:Muonf/
183
&kuaA'trnf
[dk,m umaeqdk
rsdK;&if;trnf tufpfuv,fyDa,a'pD;

&pfywfEG,fwufwwfaom uyfyg;yifjzpfonf/ tqpfrsm;rStjrpfxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&GufxD;
jzpfonf/ tom;xlonf/ tcsdKUt&Gufrsm;onf aiGa&miftpuftajymuf rsm;&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkif
vdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ xD;ykHyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; ao;i,fonf/ yef;a&mif
(odkY) tjzLa&mif&SdMuonf/ yGifhzwf 5 ck&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyftkHonfMu,fykH&SdjyD; tom;xlonf/ za,mif;
om;ESihfwlonf/ taphrsm;onf bJOykH (odkY) &SnfarsmarsmykH&Sdonf/ rl&if;a'oonf ta&SUtm&SESifh
MopaMw;vs wdkufwdkYjzpfMuonf/ aoG;wdk;a&m*gESifh aoG;aMumusOf;a&m*grsm;twGuf aq;buf0if
tyifjzpfonf/
(57)
&kuaA'trnf
tdkifydk;rD;,m; yufpfuyfya&;
rsdK;&if;trnf uGefaAmfAsLav;pD;
a'otac:
yifv,fuefpGef; (Arm)? acgif;avmif;yef; (&cdkif)

ESpf&SnfcHyifaysmh? wGm;oGm;yifjzpfonf/ tudkif;tcufrsm;jzifh ay 100 txdt&Snf&SdEdkifonf/
'gPf&m&vsif tjzLa&miftap;rsm;xGufonf/ a& aomufjrpfonfeufjyD;&Snfonf/ t&Gufrsm;
&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufvTJ xGufonf/ &Snfarsmarsm &Sdonf/ Asuf 1 vu tvsm; 5 vu cefYt&G,f
&Sdonf/ &GufxdyfwGif t[dkufi,frsm;&Sdonf/ &GufnSmwH&Snfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; t&GufESifhtudkif;
Mum;rSxGufonf/ yGifhcsyftkHonfacgif;avmif;ykH jzpfonf/ yef;a&mif (odkY) c&rf;a&mif&SdMuonf/
toD;wpfoD;vsif taph 4 aphyg&Sdonf/ taphrsm; tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ 'Da&tjrifhqkH;trSwf yifv,f
urf;ajcwpfavsmufwGif jyefYyGm;aygufa&mufonf/ us,fjyefYpGm jzmcif;xm; ouJhodkYaygufojzifh
yifv,furf;ajcrS oJaomifrsm;cdkifjrJa&;udk taxmuf tuljyKonf/ awmifESifhajrmuf tar&duwkdufwdkY\
tylydkif;a'ouGsef;rsm;? tmz&dutv,fydkif;\ ta&SUESifhtaemufbufurf;ajcrsm;? tdEd,? tm&S ESifh
MopaMw;vswdkuf wdkYwGifjyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/ taphudktpmtdrf a&m*g? t&Gufudk a&mif&rf;jcif;?
a&ylavmifjcif;? jynfwnfemrsm;? ydk;rTm; tqdyfwufjcif; wdkYudkuko&mwGiftokH;jyKonf/
(58)
&kuaA'trnf vlpD;em;vludkqufzvm
rsdK;&if;trnf azab;pD;
a'otac:
abmpudkif; (Arm)?

jcKHyif (odkY) tyifvwfjzpfonf/ tjrifh ay 60 cefhtxdjrifhonf/ ikwfwuf xGuftm;aumifonf/
tacgufonf tndKa&mif&SdjyD; xif&Sm;aomav0if aygufrsm;&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf 2 qifh
iSufarG;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrTmtpkH 11 - 12 pkHcefYyg0ifonf/ t&Guftvsm; 1 ay cefYxd&SdEdkifonf/
xif&Sm;aom &Guf&if;zk&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tcsif; 1-2 vu&Sdonfh
vkH;0dkif;onfYOd;acgif;ykH
yef;cdkifrsm;jzpfonf/
toD;onftufuGJoD;
tawmifhjzpfonf/
&ifhrSnfYvsiftndka&mifjzpfonf/ wpfoD;vsif taph 18-22 aphyg0ifonf/ tylykdif;a'owpfcGifvkH;wGif
jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/ tylydkif;a'o\ oD;ESHopfawma&maESmpkdufysdK;pepfwGif tokH;rsm;aomopfrsdK;
jzpfonf/
184
(59)
(60)
&kuaA'trnf
rD;&kyf tef*sLavwm
rsdK;&if;trnf &law;pD;
a'otac:
awma&Smuf (Arm)? ysm;a&Smuf (&cdkif)? awma&Smuf (jrdwf)

NcKHyifjzpfonf/ 10 aycefYtxdjrifhonf/ tudkif;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ yifpnfESifh tudkif;wdkYwGif 1 vu
cefY&Snfaom ql;trmrsm;&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufvTJxGufonf/ tom;xljyD;
om;a&uJhodkYrmonf/ tqD&Sdonf/ yGwfacsvdkufygu oHyk&m&eHYxGufonf/ t&Gufay:wGif tpuf
tajymufrsm;&Sdonf/ t&Guftem;rsm;wGif t[dkuftenf;i,f&Sdonf/ t&Gufxdyfzsm;onf tenf;
i,fcGsefonf (odkY) wkH;onf/ yef;yGifhrsm; wpfyGifh csif;yGifhonf/ t&GufESifhtukdif;Mum;rSxGufonf/
vdifpkHjzpfonf/ yGifhzwf 5 ck? yGifhcsyf 5ck pD&SdMu onf/ yef;yGifhrsm; tjzLa&mif jzpfonf/ &eHYarT;onf/
toD;onfcGHaysmYoD;jzpfonf/ oHyk&moD;ESifhqifonf/ odkY&mwGif cyf&Snf&Snf okH;ajrSmifhykHjzpfonf/
uefYvefY jzwfMunfhfvsif tcef; 3cef;yg0ifonf/ wpfcef;vsif &Snf&Snfjym;jym; taph wpfaphpDyg&Sdonf/
'Da&awmrsm; \ukef;wGif; bufae&mrsm;? acsmif;urf;em; wpfavsmuf wGifaygufonf/ taemuf
bifa*gvf ta&SUbufrS ta&SUawmif tm&S? jrefrm? rav;&Sm;? puFmyl? *smAm; (tif'dkeD;&Sm;) ESifh
ygyl0ge,l;*DeDwdkYwGif jyefYESHUaygufa&mufonf/ awma&Smufyifonf &ifacgif;ESifhom;tddrfa&m*grsm;
twGufb,aq;tjzpftokH;jyKonf/
185
&kuaA'trnf
r,fvmpwdkrm ADvdkqrf
rsdK;&if;trnf r,fvmpwdkrmaw;pD;

jcKHyiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tjrifh 6 aycefY&Sdonf? tudkif;rsm;tenf;i,f av;axmifhpyfpyf&Sdonf/
tayG; tndka&mif&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD; jzpfonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOykHrS tenf;i,f &Snfarsm
arsmykH txd&Sdonf/ &GufxdyfcGsefonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Guftay: rsufeSmjyifwGif tarT;
tenf;i,f&Sdonf/ &GufaMumrsm;xif&Sm;onf/ &GufnSmwH&Snfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/
tudkif;xdyfrSyef;cdkifxGufonf/ 1 yGifhrS 3 yGifhtxdygonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;wGif yGifhzwf 5 ck? yGifhcsyf 5 ckpD
&SdMuonf/ awmufyaomyef;a&mifyef;yGifhrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tjyifbufrS 0wfqHwdkifrsm; ydk&Snf Muonf/
cGHaysmhoD; jzpfonf/ tom;xlonf/ pm;&onf/ t&GufEkrsm;eSifh tjrpfwdkYonf aq;buf0ifonf/
a&0yfaomae&m odkYr[kwf ukef;ay:wGif jcKHawm? jrufawm? tvif;yGifhaomae&m? vrf;ab;
ponfwdkYwGifawGY&onf/ w&kyf? uarm'D;,m;? jrefrm? xdkif;? vmtdk? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? rav;&Sm;? zdvpfydkif
EdkifiHrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/
(61)
&kuaA'trnf
ywfpfylvrf rsdK;pk
rsdK;&if;trnf ydka,;pD;

ywfpfylvrf rsdK;pk onfjrufrsdK;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ yifpnf&dk;wHonftajcwGif jym;onf/ t&Gufrsm;onfjym;jyD;
acgufvsuf&SdMuonf/ yef;cdkifwGif tyfacsmif;ykH yef;cdkifrsm;pGmyg0ifonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;onf&dk;wHay:wGif
vTJvsuf (odkY) wpfcgwpf&H tpkHvdkuf (odkY) yifpnftqkH;wGifcGvsufxGufMuonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wHtajcwGif
tyfacsmif;ykHyef;cdkiftao; rsm;&Sdonf/ ywfpfylvrfrsdK;pk wGif rsdK;pdwfrsm;pGm yg0ifonf/ ywfpfylvrf
jrufrsdK;rsm;udk bJ? ief; ESifh tjcm;a&aysmfiSufrsm;u pm;aomufMuonf/
(62)
&kuaA'trnf
zdk;epf yvl'dkqm
rsdK;&if;trnf ata&;pD;
a'otac:
oifabmif; (Arm)? oifabmif; (&cdkif)

xef;yiftrsdL;tpm;jzpfonf/ yifpnfonfqvif'gykH&Sdonf/ tndKa&mifjzpfonf/ yifpnfwGif ql;rsm;
ygaom t&Guf&dk;wHta[mif;rsm; cdkifjrJae wwfonf/ t&GufonftrSsifrsmjzifhwnfaqmufxm;onf/
yifpnfay:wGif t&Gufae&monftrm&Gwftjzpfusef&pfonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf awmufyaom tpdrf;
a&mif&Sdonf/ yifpnfxdyfzsm;wGift&Gufrsm;pkaeonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;onf vdifrpkHtyGifhrsm;jzpfMuonf/
yef;cdkifonfyef;yGifhrsm;pkaygif; tvkH;jzpfaeonf/ toD;onfcGHaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ bJOykH&Sdonf/
taphrsm;wGif tnGefYavmif;onf ab;zufwGifwnf&Sdonf/ tcsufonf zdk;epfrsdK;pk0if tyifrsm;\
vuPmjzpfonf/ oifabmif;onf 'Da&awmrsm;\ukef;wGif; bufae&mrsm;? tvif;yGifhaeaom
ae&mrsm; wdkYwGifxlxyfpGmaygufonf/ tmz&du? tdEd,? uyvDuGsef;rsm;? jrefrm? AD,uferf? uarm
'D;,m;? xdik ;f ? rav;uGse;f qG,?f tif'ekd ;D &Sm; edik if w
H w
Ykd iG f jyefEY aYHS ygufa&mufonf/ oifabmif;tzl;ESit
fh oD;udk
pm;okH;&onf/
186
(63)
(64)
&kuaA'trnf
yGef*rD;,m; yifemwm
a'otac:
oif;0ifjzL (Arm)? o0if (&cdkif)

tyifvwfjzpfonf/ tjrifh ay 30 cefYtxdjrifhonf/ yifpnfwdkonf/ tudkif;rsm;jym;onf/
&GuftkyfjyefYonf/ tacguftndka&mifjzpfonf/ a&aomufjrpf&SnfjyD; ab;jrpfrsm;jym;onf/ t&Gufonf
iSufarG;&Gufaygif; jzpfonf/ t&GufxdyfwGif &GufrTmwpfckjzifh qkH;onf/ &GufrTm 5-7 ck&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;
tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqkH;r&Sd yef;cdkifjzpfonf? tudkif;ESihft&Guf Mum;rSxGufonf? yef;cdkifdk;wH wdkdonf/
yef;yGifrsm;ao;i,fjyD; yef;a&mif? tjzLa&mif&SdMuonf/ toD;onf tufuGJ oD;jzpfonf/ toD;tem;
ESpfbuf onf apGapmif;apmif;&Sdonf/ t&Snf 2 vucefY ESifh Asuf 1 vucefY&Sd onf/ toD;cGHxlonf/
wpfoD;vSsif taphwpfaphomygavh&Sdonf/ ajrtrsdK; tpm;trsdK;rsdK;? ausmufaygrsm; aomajr?
oJqefaomajr? ajrap;wdkYwGif aygufedkifonf/ odkY&mwGif ajcmufaoGUaomoJajrwGifaumif;pGm rayguf
yg/ yifv,furf;ajc ESifh jrpfurf;em;wpfavSsmufwGifaygufonf/ rl&if;a'otjzpf tdEd, ESifh jrefrm
EdkifiHwdkYaygufa&mufonf/ opfom;udk xif;tjzpf t"dutokH;jyKonf/ tqDudk acsmqD? avmifpmqD?
qyfjymwdkY csufvkyf&mwGifokH;jyKonfhtjyif vlESifhwd&pmefwdkY\ ta&jym;a&m*grsm;uko&mwGif
tokH;jyKonf/
187
&kuaA'trnf
yvlcsD,m tif'Dum
rsdK;&if;trnf tufpwma&;pD;
a'otac:
c,l (Arm)? [if;c,l (&cdkif)? a&c,l (jrdwf)

jcKHyifjzpfonf/ 3-9 aytjrifh&Sdonf/ tukdif;rsm;pGmxGufonf/ tudkif;rsm; i,fpOfwGif tarT;Ekrsm;&Sd
onf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufvTJxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOykHrS bJOajymif;jyefykHjzpfonf/
&Gufem;rsm; vToGm;ykH&Sdonf/ t&Guf\rsufESmjyifESpfbufpvkH;wGif xif&Sm;aom *vif;rsm;&Sdonf/
t&Guu
f akd csvu
kd v
f Qif ESpv
f zdk ,
G &f eHx
Y u
G o
f nf/ &Gun
f m wdjk y;D wpfcgwpf&v
H ;Hk 0r&Sad cs/ &Gupf ,
G v
f nf;r&Syd g/
OD;acgif;ykHyef;cdkifrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;onf tudkif;xdyf(odkY) t&GufESifhtudkif;Mum;rSxGufonf/
yGifhnSmwHrsm;wdkjyD; wpfcgwpf&HvkH;0r&Sdyg/ yef;ckdiftajcwGif ao;i,faom &Gufzwfrsm;&Sdonf/
toD;onf tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ qvif'gykH&Sdonf/ tnda&mifjzpfonf/ taMum 5 ck&Sdonf/
wpfoD;vsif taph wpfaphomyg&Sdonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;? a&csdKa&ief pyfaom &THYUTHawmrsm;? vwmjyifrsm;
wGifaygufa&mufonf/ odkY&mwGif 4if;xufjrifhaomtyifrsm; 0ifvmvsSif wjznf;jznf;aysmufuG,f
oGm;onf/ opfaphoufwrf; wdkonf/ avjzifhopfaphjyefYvGifhonf/ tddEd,wkdufrS ta&SUawmiftm&S?
tif'dkcsdKif;em;? MopaMw;vswkdufESifh ypdzdwfuGsef;rsm; odkYjyefYESYHaygufa&mufonf/
(65)
&kuaA'trnf
qmudkvkd;bwfpf *vdkbdk;qyfpf
rsdK;&if;trnf tufpfuv,fyDa,a';pD;
a'otac:
&SkwfaxG;EG,f(Arm) ?odkufuvdef (&cdkif)? qrkH (Nrdwf)

jcKHqefaom EG,fyifjzpfonf/ 13 aycefYtxdjrifhonf/ yifpnfacsmrGwf onf/ t&Gufrsm;tenf;i,ftom;
xlonf/ &Guf&if;us,ftzsm;odkYtenf; i,fusOf;oGm;onf/ tay:rsufESmjyifwGif tarT;rsm;&Sdonf/
ao;i,faom yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ wpfcdkifvsif 5-10 yGifhyg&Sdonf/ t&GufESifh tudkif;Mum;rS
xGufonf/ yGifhcsyf 5 ck&Sdonf/ yGifhzwf 5ck t0ga&mifjzpfjyD; yef;a&miftpif;rsm;ygonf/ twGif;bufwGif
tarGT;rsm;zkH;tkyfxm;onf/ toD;onftndKa&mif&Sdonf/ toD;vkH;tenf;i,f&Snfonf/ toD; atmuf
ajcrnDyg/ 4 vucefYtcsif;&Sdonf/ toD;onftom;xlonf/ tjzLa&mif tap;rsm;&Sdonf/
toD;wGiftaphrsm;pGmyg0ifonf/ taphonf bJO ajymif;jyefykH? cyfjym;jym;jzpfonf/ awmifyHygonf/
a&wGifarsmygEdkifonf/ 'Da&awmwGif tawGU&rsm;onf/ wpfESpfywfvnfvkH;yef;yGifhonf/ tddEd,?
b*Fvm;a'h&SfedkifiHwdkYrS ta&SUawmiftm&S txdjyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/
(66)
&kuaA'trnf
pu,fAdkvm wmum'g
rsdK;&if;trnf *Gwf'efeDa,;pD;
a'otac:
a&azghyif (Arm)

jcKHyif (okYd) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tjrifh ay 20 cefY&Sdonf/ &GuftkyfjyefYum; onf/ tudkif;rsm;
qvif'gykH&SdjyD; tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ tudkif;rsm;wGif &GufnSmae&m rsm;onf trm&GwfuJhodkYusef&pfonf/
t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD; jzpfonf/ &Gufjym; onf bJOajymif;jyefykHrS cyf&Snfarsmarsmjzpfonf/
&Gufqdkif(odkY)c&kywf xGufonf/ tudkif;zsm;wGif t&Gufrsm;pkjyKHaeavh&Sdonf/ t&Gufonf bJOajymif;jyef
ykHrS tenf;i,f&Snfonf/ &GufnSmwGif tarT;rsm;&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvdkufyGifhonf/ t&GufESifh
tudkif;Mum;rsm;rS yef;cdkifxGufonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wHrsm; 0.5 vueD;eD; &Snfonf/ vdifpkHyef;yGifhrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; tjzLa&mif (odkY) t0gazsmh a&mif&SdMuonf/ yGifhzwftkHwdkonf/ yGifhzwfrsm;\
twGif;zufwGif c&rf;a&miftpif;rsm; &Sdonf/ yGifhcsyftkHjyGefonf 0.5 vucefY&Snfonf/ toD;onf
cGHaysmhoD; jzpfonf/ tom;xlonf/ tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ t&Snf 0.5 vucefY &SdjyD; azghuJhodkYtaph1-2
aphygonf/ iSufrsm; pm;okH;jcif;jzifhrsdK;aphjyefYyGm;onf/ oJaomifckHrsm;? a&pD;a&vmaumif;rGef aomae&m
rsm;wGif wpfpkwpfa0;aygufyGm;onf/ tyif\ tpdwftydkif;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk b,aq;tjzpftokH;jyK
onf/ opfom;onf yifv,fqm;iHa&udkcHEdkif&nf&Sdojzifh avSrsm;pyf&mwGifoHtjzpf tokH;jyKonf/
ta&SUawmiftm&SwpfcGifwGif obm0tavsmufjyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/
188
(67)
(68)
&kuaA'trnf
qufpfbifeD;,m; rsdK;pdwf
rsdK;&if;trnf aZpD;
a'otac:
OmPfyif (Arm)? OmPfyif (&cdkif)?

yifaysmhrsdK;jzpfonf/ oufwrf;wdkonf/ tBuD;jrefonf/ tjrpfwGif EdkufBwdK*sifpkyf,lay;aom dkifZdkAD,rf
rsm;aexdkifjyD; tjrpfzkrsm;jzpfay:onf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrTmrsm;pGm&Sdonf/
&GufrTmrsm;&Gufqdkif xGufonf/ t&Gufxdyfonf&GufrTmtpkHjzifhqkH;onf/ aEG&moDwGift&Gufa<uonf/
yef;yGifhonf acgif;avmif;ykH&Sdonf/ toD;onftufuGJoD; jzpfonf/ toD;awmifhonf &Snfvsm;onf/
toD;wGiftaphrsm;pGmyg0ifonf/ tylydkif;ZkHa'otwGif; qufpfbif eD;,m;rsdK;pkwGif rsdK;pdwfaygif; 50
cefYyg0ifonf/ bufpkHtokH;0ifaom tyifrsdK;jzpfonf/ t&Gufudkpm;okH;&onf/ aq;zuf0if
tyifjzpfonf/ opfom;onftjzLa&mif&SdjyD; opfaysmY jzpfonf/ arsmwdkif? avmifpmxif;? aysmYzwfopf?
jcHpnf;dk;yif? xkdYtjyif avmifpmxif;tjzpftokH;jyKEdkifonf/
189
&kuaA'trnf
qm;ywfpf rsdK;pk
rsdK;&if;trnf qdkufyga&;pD;

rsdK;pkwGif a&aetyifrsm;? jrufuJhodkYtyifrsdK;rsm; rsm;pGmyg0ifonf/ a&0yfaomajredrfha'orsm;? pGwf
pdkaomajrrsm;wGifaygufa&mufonf/ tcsdKU rsdK;pdwfrsm;onf qm;iHajr? a&tjrJ0yfaeaom&THUnGefajrrsm;?
'Da&a&muffaom vwmjyifrsm;wGif&Sifoef&ef txl;jyKjyifrIrsm;&dMuonf/ jrpfMurf;cif;rsm;? a&uefrsm;
ESifh uefabmifrsm;wdkYwGif MudKufESpfoufMuaom rsdK;pdwfrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ 4if;wdkYwGif jrufyif
uJhodkYt&Gufrsm; ESifh ao;i,faom tyfacsmif;ykH yef;cdkifrsm;&SdMuonf/ trsm;tm;jzifhtndKa&mif&SdMu
onf/ tcsdKUrsdK;pdwfrsm; 10 aycefYtxdtjrifh&SdMujyD;? tcsdKUrsdK;pdwfrsm;onf 1 aycefYomjrifhonf/
pc&pfywfpf rsdK;rsm;udk ajrqDvTmwdkufpm;jcif;rS umuG,f&eff ESifh om;iSuf wd&pmefrsm;cdkatmif;aexdkif&
ef? pkdufysdK;Muonf/ 4if;tjyif pc&pfywfpf rsdK;rsm;\ &dkifZkrf;tjrpfrsm;udktajcmufvSrf;jyD; b,aq;
tcsdKUaz:pyf&mwGif tokH;jyKonf/
(69)
&kuaA'trnf
xr&pf x&lyD
rsdK;&if;trnf xr&Dau;pD;
a'otac:
qm;yif (Arm)? jym;yifv,f? qm;yifv,f (&cdkif)?

jcKHyif (okYd) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tudkif;rsm;wGJvsm;usaeonf/ t&Gufrsm; ao;i,fonf/ &GufvTJxGuf
onf/ &Guf&if;us,fjyD;tzsm;odkYao;oG,fum Bwd*HykHtajc&Sdonf/ &GufxdyfcGsefonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh
&GufnSmr&Sdyg/ &GufpG,fr&Sdyg/ t&GufwGif qm;udkppfxkwfaom*vif;rsm;&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; tcdkifvdkuf
yGifhonf/ tqkH;r&Sdyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkifwGiftcufrsm;pGm &Sdonf/ yef;cdkifdk;wHwdkonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;
onf vdifpkHjzpfonf/ yef;Eka&mif? tjzLa&mifyef;yGifhrsm; jzpfMuonf/ wnfjrJaom yGifhzwf 4-5
ckyg&Sdonf/ yGifhcsyf 4 - 5 ck onf wpfcsyfcsif; vGwfvyfpGm&Sdonf/ 0wfrIHul;jyD;aemuf yGifhcsyfrsm;aMuGusavh
&Sdaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwnfNrJaeonf/ toD;onf tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ atmufajcjym; tzsm;cGsef
aomtoD;vkH;ykH jzpfonf/ taphrsm;ao;i,f rsm;jym;jyD; tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ tarT;rsm;yg&Sdonf/
(70)
&kuaA'trnf Aif'grsdK;pk
rsdK;&if;trnf atmcpfa';pD;
a'otac:
opfcG (Arm)?

opfuyfyifjzpfaomfvnf; vufcHyifrSopf&nfudkpkyf,laom uyfyg;yifr[kwfacs/ t&Gufrsm;onf
jym;jyD;&Snfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H qvif'guJhodkY&Sdonf/ tom;xlonf/ &GufaMumrsm;jydKifvsuf&Sdonf/
yef;yGifhrsm;onftpkvdkuf &Sdonf/ yifpnf&dk;wHwpfckay:wGif tyGifhtenf;i,frS 15 yGifhtxd &Sdwwf
onf/ yef;yGifhrsm;onf cyfjym;jym;jzpfonf/ tcsif;2 vu rS 4 vutxd&Sdonf/ tcsdKUteHYarT;onf/
tjyma&mif? vdarmfa&mif? t0g&mif? yef;a&mif ESifh tjzLa&mif trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ rMumcP
tpuftajymufrsm;&Sd wwfonf/ vtenf;i,ftwGif;yef;rsm;yGifhavh&Sdonf/ yef;yGifrsm;onf 2 ywfrS
3 ywftxd wm&SnfcHonf/ Aif'grsdK;pkonf yef;refpdkufysdK;a&;t& ta&;BuD;aom opfcGrsdK;pk 5 pkteuf
wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ Aif'gopfcG rsdK;pdwfrsm;udk rsdK;wkef;aysmufuG,f&eftE&m,f&Sdaom rsdK;pdwf
rsm;tm; ukefoG,frIqdkif&m EdkifiHwpfumoabmwlnDcsuft& rsdK;wkef;aysmufuG,f&ef tE&m,f&Sdaom
rsdK;pdwfrsm;tjzpfowfrSwfxm;onf/ Aif'gopfcG rsdK;pdwfrsm;onf tdEd,EdkifiH? [dr0Em? ta&SU
awmiftm&S? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH? zdvpfydkifEdkifiH? e,l;*DeD,m? w&kwfEdkifiHawmifydkif; ESifh MopaMw;vswdkuf
ajrmufydkif;wdkYwGif jyefYESHYaygufa&mufonf/
190
7. References
Banerjee, LK; Sastry, RK and Nayar MP (1989). Mangroves in India: Identification manual
Botanical survey of India. Calcutta, India.
Bor, N. L. (1960). The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Pergamon Press, Oxford,
London, New York and Paris.
Davison, G.W. H. and P. K. L. Ng and Ho Hua Chew (2008). The Singapore Red Data Book:
Threatened plants and animals of Singapore. Nature Society, Singapore.
Hong, P.N. & H.T. San (1993). Mangroves of Vietnam. The IUCN Wetlands Programme, IUCN,
Bangkok,Thailand.
Hussain, Z. & G. Acharya (1994). Mangroves of the Sundarbans. Volume II: Bangladesh. IUCN,
Bangkok, Thailand.
Khan,M.S. (1980). Sonneratiaceae. Flora of BangladeshNo. 12. BangladeshNational Herbarium

andBangladesh, Agricultural Research Council (BRAC), Dhaka.
Kitamura, S., Anwar, C., Chaniago, A. and Baba, S. (1997). Handbook of Mangroves in
Indonesia: Bali & Lombok. The Development of Sustainable Mangrove Management Project,
Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Published by
the International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME).
Kochummen, K.M. (1972). Malvaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya, vol. 1, 309-314. Longman, Kuala
Lumpur.
Sahni, K.C. (1998). The book of Indian trees. Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford
University Press, Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai.
Seeber, G. , Weidelt, H.-J. and Banaag, V.S. (1979). Dendrological Characters of Important
Forest Trees from Eastern Mindanao. Philippine-German Rain Forest Development Project,
Published by German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Eschborn.
191
Jensen, M. (1995). Trees Commonly Cultivated in Southeast Asia: An Illustrated Field Guide.
RAP Publication: 1995/38, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP), Bangkok,
Thailand.

Deiva Oswin Stanley, 2011 - Mangrove Vegetation Diversity of Wunbaik Reserved Forest, Myanmar

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Deiva Oswin Stanley, 2011 - Mangrove Vegetation Diversity of Wunbaik Reserved Forest, Myanmar

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FAO-UN, Myanmar Publication 2011/04

The Mangrove Vegetation of

Deiva Oswin Stanley

Forest Department, Ministry of Forestry

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

First Edition: 2011

For Copies of the Book, write to:

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

2. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

3. Guidelines to use this Book

4.1 Index of mangrove vegetation and associated salt tolerant plant

4.2 Index of distinct characteristics of mangrove species

4.3 Photographic representations of the Wunbaik Mangroves

5. Description of Mangroves and Mangrove Associated Salt Tolerant Plant

6. Description of vegetation in Myanmar language

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

4. Mangrove Vegetation Diversity in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest

U Aye Myint Maung, Director General

Dr. Shin Imai, Former FAO Representative

Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations,

Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

Mangrove Vegetation Diversity of Wunbaik Reserved Forest

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

Figure 1. Location map of the Union of Myanmar

Information of the Union of Myanmar

Changes in Mangrove area

Tint Khaing, 2008

Figure 2. Location map of mangrove forests in Myanmar

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

Information of Rakhine State

2. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

Figure 3: Location Map of Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

Rakhine Mangrove Forests

Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

3. Guidelines to use this Book

Even pinnately compound

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

Lanceolate Oblong Elliptical

Spatulate Ovate Orbicular

Obtuse Rounded Truncate Auricula

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

Flower arrangement (or inflorescence):

Stone fruit ( drupe )

General structure of species description

(a) shape tree (tree/shrub/herb etc.)

(a) shape (straightness etc.)

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

(a) type of root

4. Mangrove Vegetation Diversity in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

4.3 Photographic representations of the Wunbaik Mangroves

Figure 4. Shrubby Vegetation of Rhizophora sp in Wunbaik Reserved Forest

Figure 6. Pure stand of Ceriops tagal in Wunbaik Reserved Forest

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

Figure 8. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest Survey Team

Figure 9. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest Survey Team in Action

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest

5. Description of Mangroves and Mangrove Associated Salt Tolerant

The Mangrove Vegetation of Wubaik Reserved Forest