Bonus Assignment Name: Rushabh Shah Roll No: 426 Section: 2

1) What happened to the Intel 4004, the first microchip created in history? The Intel 4004 was a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. It was the second complete CPU on one chip (only preceded by the TMS 1000), and also the first commercially available microprocessor. Such a feat of integration was made possible by the use of then-new silicon gate technology allowing a higher number of transistors and a faster speed than was possible before. Packaged in a 16-pin ceramic dual in-line package, the 4004 was the first commercially available computer processor designed and manufactured by chip maker Intel, which had previously made semiconductor memory chips. The chief designers of the chip were Federico Faggin and Ted Hoff of Intel, and Masatoshi Shima of Busicom. The 4004 was part of the MCS-4 family of LSI chips that could be used to build digital computers with varying amounts of memory. The other members of the MCS-4 family were memories and input/output circuits, which are necessary to implement a complete computer. The 4001 was a ROM (read-only memory) with four lines of output; the 4002 was a RAM (random access memory) with four lines of input/output. The 4003 was a static shift register to be used for expanding the I/O lines, for example, for keyboard scanning or for controlling a printer. The 4004 included control functions for memory and I/O, which are not normally handled by the microprocessor.

Intel 4004 DIP chip pinout

Technical specifications: Maximum clock speed was 740 kHz Instruction cycle time: 10.8 s[11] (8 clock cycles / instruction cycle) Instruction execution time 1 or 2 instruction cycles (10.8 or 21.6 s), 46300 to 92600 instructions per second Separate program and data storage. Contrary to Harvard architecture designs, however, which use separate buses, the 4004, with its need to keep pin count down, used a single multiplexed 4-bit bus for transferring: 12-bit addresses 8-bit instructions 4-bit data words Instruction set contained 46 instructions (of which 41 were 8 bits wide and 5 were 16 bits wide) Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits each Internal subroutine stack 3 levels deep Although the Intel 4004 was a perfect fit for calculators and similar applications it was not very suitable for microcomputer use due to its somewhat limited architecture. The 4004 lacked interrupt support, had only 3-level deep stack, and used complicated method of accessing the RAM. Some of these shortcomings were fixed in the 4004 successor - Intel 4040. As the first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 is very popular with CPU collectors and non-collectors.

2) What is the difference between the Intel 8086 and the Intel 8088? The 8086 has 16 bit data bus; the 8088 has an 8 bit data bus. The 8086 has a 6 byte instruction queue, and the 8088 has a 4 byte queue. 8085 is a 8 bit processor, number of flags are 5 and memory capacity is 64KB while 8086 is a 16 bit processor ,number of flags are 9 and memory capacity is 1 MB. The main difference between 8085 and 8086 is that 8086 uses pipelining. The 8086/8088 microprocessor is a 16 bit computer, with a 20 bit address bus using a segmented memory architecture. The execution unit architecture, registers, instructions, etc. in both is the same. The bus interface unit on the 8086 is 16 bits wide, where on the 8088 it is 8 bits wide. 8086 is available in three clock speeds 5MHz,8 MHz & 10 MHz. 8088 is available in two clock speeds only 5MHz & 8 MHz. The I/O voltage level for 8086 is 2.5mA while for 8088 it is 2mA.

3) Why was the frequency of Intel 8086 (8088) set at 4.77 MHz? The Intel 8088 CPU had a clock speed of 4.77 MHz, that is, its internal logic gates were opened and closed under the control of a square wave pulsed signal that had a frequency of 4.77 million cycles per second. Alternatively put, the logic gates opened and closed 4.77 million times per second. Thus, instructions and data were pumped through the integrated transistor logic circuits at a rate of 4.77 million times per second. Where does this clock signal come from? Each motherboard is fitted with a quartz oscillator in a metal package that generates a square wave clock pulse of a certain frequency. In i8088 systems the crystal oscillator ran at 14.318 MHz and this was fed to the i8284 to generate the system clock frequency of 4.77 MHz in earlier system.