Seminar on Base Isolation

Technique of Earthquake Engg

PRESENTED BY : PRASHANT CHOUGULE ROLL NO GUIDED BY : 3809 : PROF.SAHARE

What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.

Shaking and Ground rupture

Effects of Earthquake

Landslides and Avalanches

Effects of Earthquake

Fires

Effects of Earthquake

Soil liquefaction

Effects of Earthquake

Tsunami

Effects of Earthquake

Floods

Effects of Earthquake

Techniques used to reduce the effects of earthquake on building structures

Shear Walls
Braced Frames Tuned Mass Damper

Base Isolation

Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system.

Shear Walls

Functions of Shear Wall

Shear walls must provide the necessary lateral strength to resist

horizontal earthquake forces.

When shear walls are strong enough, they will transfer these horizontal forces to the next element in the load path below them. Shear walls also provide lateral stiffness to prevent the roof or floor above from excessive side-sway. Buildings that are sufficiently stiff will usually suffer less nonstructural damage.

A Braced Frame is a structural system

which is designed
primarily to resist wind and

earthquake forces.

Braced Frames

Types of Braced Frames

Knee Braced Frame Diagonal Frame

Types of Braced Frames

X-Frame K-Frame

Braced Frames
Advantages Disadvantages

High Strength and Stiffness Efficient and Economical Compact

Obstructive Low Ductility

A tuned mass damper, also known as an active mass

TMD weighing 730 tons in Taipei 101

damper (AMD), is a
device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude of mechanical vibrations.

Tuned Mass Damper

Tuned Mass Damper

Principle : Tuned mass dampers stabilize against violent motion

caused by harmonic vibration. A tuned damper reduces the

vibration of a system with a comparatively lightweight component so that the worst-case vibrations are less intense.

Examples of buildings and structures with Tuned Mass Dampers

Taipei 101,Taiwan
Located at 82nd Storey

One Wall Centre in Vancouver

Shanghai World Financial Center , China Berlin Television Tower Dublin Spire in Dublin, Ireland London Millennium Bridge Grand Canyon Skywalk, AZ Burj al-Arab, Dubai(11 TMD)

Base Isolation
Concept : The term Base Isolation uses the word isolation in its

meaning of the state being separated and base as a part that

supports from beneath or serves as a foundation for an object or structure.

Base Isolation
Principle : The fundamental principle of base isolation is to modify

the response of the building so that the ground can move below
without transmitting these motions into the building.

Earthquake Performance of Fixed Base Structures

Conventional Fixed Base Structures can not be realistically designed

to remain elastic in large seismic events (more so in regions of high

seismicity) Common practice is to design them so that they experience damage in a controlled manner and have large inelastic displacements potential

Reduced Superstructure Deformations for Base Isolated Structure

Drift on Isolation Interface

Response of Base Isolated Buildings versus Fixed Base Structure

Fixed Base

Significantly Increase the Period of the Structure and the Damping so that the Response is Significantly

Reduced
Period Base Isolated

Response Spectrum Analysis of Fixed Base Structure v/s Base Isolated Structure

Base Isolation in Buildings

Original Structure Isolated Structure

Fixed Base Structure

Isolation at foundation level

Types of Base Isolators

Low Damping Rubber Bearing Elastomeric Bearings High Damping Rubber Bearing Lead Rubber Bearing

Base Isolators

Sliding Bearings

Flat Sliding Bearing

Friction Pendulum System

Elastomeric Bearing
Low or High Damping Rubber Bearing
Lead Rubber Bearing

Friction Pendulum System

Sliding Bearing

Base Isolation Explained

Merits and Demerits of Base Isolators

Device Merits Low in structure accelerations Low Damping Rubber Bearing Low cost Demerits High Displacements Low Damping No Resistance to service loads P- moments top and Bottom Strain dependent stiffness and damping Complex Analysis Limited choice of stiffness and damping Change in properties with scragging P- moments top and Bottom Cyclic change in properties P- moments top and Bottom

Moderate in structure accelerations

High Damping Rubber Bearing

Resistance to service loads Moderate to High Damping

Lead Rubber Bearing

Moderate in structure accelerations Wide choice of stiffness/damping

Merits and Demerits of Base Isolators

Device Merits Low profile Resistance to service loads Flat Sliders High Damping No restoring force P- moments can be top or Bottom Low profile Resistant to service loads High Damping Rubber Bearing Moderate to high damping P- moments can be top or Bottom Sticking Reduced Tension Response High in structure accelerations Demerits High in structure accelerations Sticking

Performance in real earthquakes

Structure USC Hospital LA country Fire House Foothills Law & Justice Center Tohuku Electric Power Eel River Bridge Te Teko Bridge (NZ) System Type LRB HDR HDR LRB LRB LRB Earthquake 1994 Northridge 1994 Northridge 1994 Northridge 1995 Kobe 1992 Cape Mendocino 1987 Edgecumbe Comments Movement up to 45mm No Damage & continued operation Minor ceiling damage Continued Operation No damage System not activated No damage Movement up to 120mm Movement up to 200mm L & 100mmT Minor joint spalling Estimated Displacement 100mm Abutment bearing dislodged ,caused minor damage

Isolation System Suppliers

Company Bridgestone (Japan) BTR Andre (UK) Seougal Rubber Corporation (US) Robinson Seismic (NZ) Earthquake Protection Systems ,Inc (US) Dynamic Isolation Systems,Inc (US) Skellerup Industries (NZ) Seismic Energy Products (US) Product

High Damping Rubber

Lead Rubber Friction Pendulum System

Lead Rubber ,High Damping Rubber

Hercules Engineering (Australia) R J Watson ,Inc (US) FIP-Energy Absorption Systems (US)

Sliding Bearings

Case Study of San Francisco City Hall

Built in 1915

Today recognized as one of the most notable examples of classical architecture in the U.S.

Nearly 300 feet tall

Steel Frame with concrete slabs

San Francisco City Hall

San Francisco City Hall

The Building was severely damaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Four Retrofitting strategies were estimated for reconstruction of San Francisco City Hall to prevent it from future earthquakes.

San Francisco City Hall

Four Retrofit Strategies were considered

Base Isolation

Fixed Base / Concrete Shear Walls

Fixed Base / Steel Braced Frames

Fixed Base / Steel Moment Frames

Flexible Story

San Francisco City Hall

San Francisco City Hall

San Francisco City Hall

Based on the results of the analysis, the Base Isolation Scheme was selected as best meeting the retrofit objectives and providing the most favorable performance for the least relative cost
Base Isolation is considered a particularly effective strategy when applied to massive (and rather stiff) structures

Union House, Auckland

Flexural Steel Dissipaters at ground level

More Examples of Base Isolated Buildings

Bhuj Hospital, Gujarat

More Examples of Base Isolated Buildings

Christchurch Womens Hospital

More Examples of Base Isolated Buildings

Conclusion

Any Questions???

THANK YOU