Macromolecules;

Large molecules are formed by the elements combine with covalent bonds

A major food retailer in the Maldives is going to distribute sandwiches using hydrogenpowered vehicles. (a) A sandwich contains three of the main constituents of food. bread contains carbohydrate butter contains fat meat contains protein These constituents of food can all be hydrolysed by boiling with acid or alkali. constituent of food Protein Fat complex carbohydrate Linkage product of hydrolysis

(i) Complete the table. (ii) What type of synthetic polymer contains the same linkage as proteins, .................................................................................................................... fats? ...................................................................................................................... (iii) Fats can be unsaturated or saturated. A small amount of a fat was dissolved in an organic solvent. Describe how you could find out if this fat was saturated or unsaturated. reagent ................................................................................................................................................ result if saturated ...................................................................................................... result if unsaturated ..................................................................................................

1 Equal masses of coconut oil, butter, margarine and palm oil are separately dissolved in an organic solvent. A few drops of aqueous bromine are added to each solution and the mixtures are shaken. The table shows the results. Which sample contains the most unsaturation? sample colour of mixture A butter orange B coconut oil dark orange C margarine yellow D palm oil colourless 2 When an animal fat is boiled with aqueous sodium hydroxide, a soap and glycerol are formed. This reaction is an example of A esterification. B fermentation. C hydrolysis. D polymerisation. 3 Part of a polymer molecule has the following structure. CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 From which substance is this polymer made? A C2 H4 B C2 H6 C C3 H6 D C3 H8

4 Nylon (a polyamide) and Terylene (a polyester) are both man-made fibres. Which type of reaction is used to produce both of these polymers? A addition B condensation C fermentation D hydrolysis 5 The structure of the monomer of Perspex is shown. Which description of Perspex is correct? A B C D type of polymer carbohydrate ester hydrocarbon polyester polymer formed by condensation polymerisation addition polymerisation addition polymerisation condensation polymerisation

6 A carbohydrate such as starch can be represented as follows. What is X? A carbon

B hydrogen

C nitrogen

D oxygen

7 The polymer 1 has the same linkages as 2 . It is therefore likely to be 3 by heating with aqueous acids and alkalis. Which set of words correctly completes the sentences above? 1 2 3 A nylon proteins unaffected B poly(ethene) carbohydrate unaffected C starch esters unaffected D terylene fats hydrolysed 8 Amino acids are produced when proteins are A hydrolysed. B oxidised. C polymerised. D substituted.

9 Poly(carbonates) are synthetic polymers. Their structure can be as shown.

Which of the following has a type of linkage similar to that of a poly(carbonate)? A a polyamide B a polyester C poly(propene) D starch 10 A vegetable oil is polyunsaturated. Which statement about this vegetable oil is correct? A It has double bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms. B It reacts with hydrogen to form a solid compound. C It reacts with steam to form margarine. D It turns aqueous bromine from colourless to brown. 11 The equation represents the conversion of starch to a simple sugar. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6

starch simple sugar This reaction is an example of A condensation. B hydrogenation. C hydrolysis. 12 Poly(ethene) can be manufactured by the process below.

D polymerisation.

Which diagram shows the change in molecular size during this process?

13 Which polymer has the empirical formula CH?

14 Terylene (a polyester) is made by condensation polymerisation of the two monomers shown.

What is the repeat unit of the polymer?

15 Which polymer would hydrolyse to amino acids?

16 In which pair of macromolecules are the linkages the same? A fats and proteins B nylon and fats C nylon and proteins

D proteins and Terylene

17 In the polymerisation of ethene to form poly(ethene), which of the following does not change? A boiling point B density C empirical formula D molecular mass 18 Which type of reaction occurs when soap is formed from fats? A hydrolysis B polymerisation C fermentation D substitution

19 A student investigated the reaction of different vegetable oils with hydrogen. 100 cm3 of hydrogen was passed through 1 g samples of vegetable oils containing a suitable catalyst. The volume of hydrogen remaining after each reaction was recorded. vegetable oil volume of hydrogen remaining/cm3 Which vegetable oils are unsaturated? P 100 A P only B Q and R only Q 87 C Q, R and S only D S only

R S

63 0

20A polymer has the structure shown.

What is the molecular formula of the monomer? A C2 H4 B C2 H6 21 The soap with the formula C17H35CO2Na is A an acid, C an ester,

C C3 H6 B an alcohol,

D C3 H8 D a salt.

22 What is the linkage between the units in fats and also in Terylene?

23 A polymer is to be made from the two molecules shown.

Which diagram shows the structure of the polymer?

24 The macromolecules of proteins, fats and carbohydrates can all be broken down into their simple units by a similar process. What is the process called? A esterification B hydrolysis C oxidation D reduction 25 Which element is least likely to be found in a macromolecule? A carbon B hydrogen C oxygen D sodium 26 The repeating units of two polymers, X and Y, are shown below. What are X and Y? X A B C D nylon starch protein nylon Y terylene terylene starch protein

27 The following formula represents a monomer.

Which formula shows a part of the polymer chain formed from 3 molecules of the monomer?

28 A section of a polymer is shown.

The monomer is The monomer undergoes condensation polymerisation. What is made each time a monomer adds to the polymer? A hydrogen molecules, H2 C hydroxide ions, OH B oxygen atoms, O D water molecules, H2O 29 A macromolecule is made from the two monomer molecules shown below.

What is the macromolecule? A a carbohydrate B a polyamide

C a polyester

D a protein

30 Which natural resource is being depleted by the manufacture of plastics? A air B fossil fuels C metal ores D water 31 Which of these polymers is a protein? A (C2H3Cl)n B (C2H3NO)n C (C5H8O2)n D (C6H10O5)n

32A polymer X was hydrolysed and the two products were

What can be deduced about X? A It was a condensation polymer. B It was starch. C It was made by addition polymerisation. D It was Terylene. 33 The structural formula of a polymer is shown below.

Which one of the following will form this polymer?

34 Macromolecules are large molecules built up from many small units. Proteins and fats are natural macromolecules. Poly(chloroethene) and poly(ethene) are synthetic macromolecules. (a) Name the type of linkage joining the units in fats. (b) Proteins can be hydrolysed into monomers by boiling with concentrated hydrochloric acid. (i) Name the monomers produced in this hydrolysis. (ii) Suggest why clothes made from nylon are damaged by concentrated hydrochloric acid. (c) Poly(chloroethene) is made from the monomer chloroethene. The structure of chloroethene is shown below.

(i) Draw the structure of poly(chloroethene). (ii) Explain why poly(chloroethene) has a low melting point. (iii) Describe what you would observe when bromine reacts with chloroethene and state what type of reaction takes place. Explain why bromine will not readily react with poly(chloroethene). (d) State and explain why plastics such as poly(ethene) may cause problems of pollution. 35 Nylon is a polyamide produced by condensation polymerisation. (a) Describe the formation of nylon from monomers. Your answer should explain the terms polyamide and condensation polymer. (b) State one similarity and one difference between the structures of nylon and protein. (c) Insulin is a protein used to treat people suffering from diabetes. In an experiment, insulin was hydrolysed into a mixture of amino-acids. (I) Suggest what conditions could be used to hydrolyse a protein such as insulin. A chromatogram was set up with a sample of the mixture and samples of the amino-acids proline and lysine as references. (ii) Explain, with the aid of a diagram, how chromatography could be used to show that proline and lysine are present in the mixture. (d) Nylon is non-biodegradable. What does this mean? 36 Another compound, Z, can be polymerised to form polystyrene. Part of the structure of polystyrene is shown below.

(i) Draw the structure of compound Z. (ii) Name the two products which are formed by complete combustion of polystyrene. (iii) Give one advantage of disposing of waste polystyrene by burning. 37 Styrene-butadiene rubber is a synthetic rubber. It is made by polymerising a mixture of the monomers butadiene and styrene.

(a) What type of polymerisation will take place when the monomers polymerise? Explain your reasoning. One possible structure for the polymer is shown below.

(b) Give the full structural formula for the repeating unit in this polymer structure (c) When the mixture of styrene and butadiene polymerises, the polymer is unlikely to contain only this regular, repeating pattern. Explain why.

38 These diagrams show sections of the polymer chain of two condensation polymers.

(a) (i) Draw a circle around an amide linkage in the diagram. Label this amide. (ii) Draw a circle around an ester linkage in the diagram. Label this ester. [2]

(b) Name a type of naturally occurring polymer that has a similar linkage to nylon. (c) The formulae of the two monomers used to make nylon are shown below. Nylon monomers HOOC(CH2)4COOH H2N(CH2)6NH2 Deduce the formulae of the two monomers that are used to make Terylene. Terylene monomers (d) Sea fishing nets used to be made from natural fibres. Many nets are now made from nylon. Suggest one advantage, other than strength, and one disadvantage of using nylon rather than natural fibres to make sea fishing nets. advantage disadvantage 39 A student made a polyamide using the apparatus shown below. The polyamide was formed at the junction of the two liquids. The polyamide was (a) nylon, (b) polythene, (c) starch, (d) Terylene.

40 (a) Propane can be decomposed by heat, forming ethene and one other product. (i) Construct an equation for this reaction and describe the test which would show that an unsaturated compound had been formed. (ii) Calculate the maximum volume of ethene which is formed from 100 cm3 propane, all volumes measured at room temperature and pressure. Propene can be polymerised. (b) The structure of propene is shown below. (i) Name the polymer formed. H H H (ii) Name the type of polymerisation which takes C H C C H H place during this reaction, and draw the structure of the polymer which is formed. (iii) This polymer is non-biodegradable. Explain the term non-biodegradable. (iii) Poly(dichloroethene) is used extensively to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula of dichloromethane is drawn below.

(d) Ethene can be polymerised to form poly(ethene). (i) Complete the equation below to show the structure of two units in the poly(ethene) molecule.

(ii) State the name given to this type of polymerisarion. 41 The following equation represents the alkaline hydrolysis of a naturally occurring ester.

(i) Which substance in the equation is an alcohol? Underline the substance in the equation above. (ii) What is the major use for compounds of the type C17H35COONa? (f) A polymer has the structure shown below.

(i) What type of polymer is this? (ii) Complete the following to give the structures of the two monomers from which the above polymer could be made.

(iV) What type of macromolecule was hydrolysed? (V) What type of linkage was broken by hydrolysis? 42 The three types of food are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. (a) Aqueous starch is hydrolysed to maltose by the enzyme amylase. The formula of maltose is:

Starch is hydrolysed by dilute sulphuric acid to glucose. (i) What is an enzyme? (ii) Draw the structure of starch. (iii) Name the technique that would show that the products of these two hydrolyses are different. (b) Proteins have the same linkage as nylon but there is more than one monomer in the macromolecule. (i) Draw the structure of a protein. (ii) What class of compound is formed by the hydrolysis of proteins? (iii) How could you distinguish between these two fats? Fat 1 has the formula

Fat 2 has the formula

Test result with fat 1.. result with fat 2 . (iv) Both of these fats are hydrolysed by boiling with aqueous sodium hydroxide. What type of compounds are formed? and.. 43 The soap with the formula C17H35COONa is A an acid, B an alcohol, C an ester, D a salt.