Project In Araling Panlipunan

Submitted to: Mr. Oscar Submitted by: John Lloyd F. Morales

Problem of Urban Excess

 I chose this problem because I want to know what contributes to the debate on the spatial issues inherent in excess commuting evaluation.

Definition: Urban excess commuting has emerged during the past two decades as an important construct for evaluating the spatial relationships between employment and residential locations. During this timeperiod, there has been an on-going debate regarding how one should measure excess commuting in urban regions. This paper contributes to the debate by focusing on the spatial issues inherent in excess commuting evaluation. We demonstrate how scale and unit definition are manifested in the assessment of excess communating, both in theoretical and empirical terms. To this end, a geographical information systems-based analysis is presented which explores spatial sensitivities in the excess commuting measure. Our results show that aggregation and spatial unit definition may have profound impacts on the estimation of excess commuting. This work provides a formal resolution to much of the recent debate regarding estimates of excess commuting in urban regions.

Problem of Protectionism

 I chose this problem because I want to know what are implemented laws concerning protectionism. Definition: Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive guatas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to allow Fair Competition between imports and goods and services produced Domestically

Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported, to favour local producers. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are reldom implemented.

Import Quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economics effects of an important quata is similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain form a tariff will instead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by and equivalent tariff.

Administrative Barriers: Countries are sometimes accusedof using their various administrative rules regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, Etc. As a way to introduce barriers to imports. Antidumping legislation supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters.

In order to gain insight into the relation between health and people's environment, literature published between 1985 and 1994 was gathered from several international databases. An introduction into existing theory regarding geographic disparities is presented: geographical drift and breeder hypotheses are discussed. This is followed by a critical review focusing on interaction effects of urbanicity and individual characteristics on health. This leads to two major conclusions. First, emphasis in past research has been primarily on urban constraints rather than opportunities. Positive aspects of insufficiently appreciated. Second, urban living positive and are often negative

environmental aspects have an effect on health that is often dependent on individual characteristics. The extent to which the environment exerts influence on a person's health is dependent on that person's individual characteristics. These conclusions are relevant only for further developing the breeder hypothesis, however. Large scale individual based longitudinal data should be studied in order to gain more insight into the relative importance of the geographical drift hypothesis.

Financial Crisis