CM/CNL-D-12 Experiment No.

: 1

To study existing LAN Semester II

Page Rev.: 00 Date:

01/06

Aim/Title: To study existing LAN and understand its various components. Theory: STUDY OF LANComputer Network-: It is a collection of autonomous computer interconnected by a single technology. LAN (Local Area Network)-: It is a collection of two or more computers interconnected through hub/switch with each other. LANs are restricted in size which means that the worst case transmission time is bounded and known in advance. So we can have certain kinds of designs. It also simplifies network management. LANs may use a transmission technology consisting of a cable to which all the machines are attached, like the telephone company party lines once used in rural areas. Traditional LAN run at speeds of 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps, have low delay and make few errors. Newer LANs operate at up to 10 Gaps.

MAN : WAN:
LAN Topologies: Various topologies are possible for broadcast LANs. LAN topologies define the manner in which network devices are organized. Four common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, and tree. These topologies are logical architectures, but the actual devices need not be physically organized in these configurations. Logical bus and ring topologies, for example, are commonly organized physically as a star. 1) Bus topology 2) Ring topology 3) Star topology

4) Tree topology 5) Mesh topology Hybrid topology

A bus topology is a linear LAN architecture in which transmissions from network stations propagate the length of the medium and are received by all other stations. Of the three most widely used LAN implementations, Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networksincluding 100BaseTimplement a bus topology, which is illustrated in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 Some Networks Implement a Local Bus Topology

A ring topology is a LAN architecture that consists of a series of devices connected to one another by unidirectional transmission links to form a single closed loop. Both Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and FDDI networks implement a ring topology. Figure 1.2 depicts a logical ring topology. Figure 1.2 Some Networks Implement a Logical Ring Topology

A star topology is a LAN architecture in which the endpoints on a network are connected to a common central hub, or switch, by dedicated links. Logical bus and ring topologies are often implemented physically in a star topology, which is illustrated in Figure 1.3. A tree topology is a LAN architecture that is identical to the bus topology, except that branches with multiple nodes are possible in this case. Figure 1.3 illustrates a logical tree topology.

Figure 1.3 A Logical Tree Topology Can Contain Multiple Nodes

1) Bus topology/ Ethernet / IEEE 802.3:- In Bus topology, at any instant at most one machine is the master and is allowed to transmit. All other machines are required to refrain from sending. An arbitration mechanism is needed to resolve conflicts when two or more machines want to transmit simultaneously. The arbitration mechanism may be centralized or distributed. IEEE 802.3 called Ethernet is a bus based broadcast network with decentralized control, usually operating at 10 Mbps to 10 Gaps. Computers on an Ethernet can transmit whenever they want to; if two of more packets collide, each computer just waits a random time and tries again later. Workstation has a network interface card (NIC) that attaches to the bus (a coaxial cable) via a tap. Data can be transferred using either base band digital signals or broadband analog signals.

2) Star-wired Bus Topology:Logically operates as a bus, but physically looks like a star. Star design is based on hub. All workstations attach to hub. Unshielded twisted pair usually used to connect workstation to hub. Hub takes incoming signal and immediately broadcasts it out all connected links. Hubs can be interconnected to extend size of network

3) Star-wired Ring Topology Logically operates as a ring but physically appears as a star. Star-wired ring topology is based on MAU (multi-station access unit) which functions similarly to a hub. Where a hub immediately broadcasts all incoming signals onto all connected links, the MAU passes the signal around in ring fashion .Like hubs, MAUs can be interconnected to increase network size.

10Base2An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments. 10Base5An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment. 10BaseTAn Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.

Study of internetworking devices :repeaters, hub switch and routers, gateway 1] Repeaters:2] Hub :8-PORT HUB: Hubs also known as concentrators or multiport repeaters, are used in star networks to connect the multiple stations. There are two main types of hubs:1. Passive hub: a passive hub simply combines the signals of network segments. There is no signal regeneration. A passive hub reduces by half the maximum cabling distances permitted. 2. Active hub: - active hub regenerates or amplifies the signals. Because of this the distance between the devices can be increased. These are expensive than the passive hubs. 3. Intelligent hubs: - Intelligent hubs regenerate the signal and performs the network management and intelligent path selection. Intelligent hubs include switching hubs. An advantage of thuis hub is all transmission media segment connecting to the hub because each segment will be used only when a signal is sent to a device usind that segment. Hubs operate on the physical layer of the OSI model.

3] switch: -

Switch is device used to connect the devices on the LAN. A switch connects various devices each with their own IP address (es) on a LAN. However, the switch knows nothing about IP addresses except its own management address. For ex. The 8/16/2f4-port 10/100 Mbps fast Ethernet switch provides 8/16/2f4-port 10/100 Mbps Auto negotiation RJ45 ports. All ports support auto MDI/MDIX function, eliminating the need for crossover cables or uplinks ports. The switch is plug_and_play and each port can be used as general ports and can be simply plugged into a server, a hub or a switch, using straight cable or crossover cable. The 8/16/2f4-port 10/100 Mbps fast Ethernet switch provides you with a low cost ,easy to use ,high performance ,seamless, and standard upgrade to improve your old networks to a 100 Mbps networks. It will boost your networks performance up to full duplex data transfer. Its wire speed switching that forwards packets can be as fast as the speed that your networks delivers those packets to them. Features: Compiles with IEEE802.3, IEEE802.3U standards. 8/16/24 10/100 Mbps Auto negotiation RJ45 ports supporting Auto MDI/MDIX. Supports MAC address auto learning and auto aging LED indicators for monitoring power, link, and activity. Plastic case desktop or wall mounting design External power adapter supply Internal power supply (PN 324M). 4] Router:A router is a computer networking device that forwards data packets across a network toward their destinations, through a process known as routing. Routing occurs at Layer 3 (the network layer i.e. Internet Protocol (IP)) of the OSI seven-layer protocol stack A router acts as a junction between two or more networks to transfer data packets among them. A router is different from a switch. A switch connects devices to form a local area network (LAN). Routers connect networks together the way that on-ramps or major intersections connect streets to both highways and freeways, etc. The street signs at the intersection (routing table) show which way the packets need to flow.

So for example, a router at home connects the Internet service provider's (ISP) network (usually on an Internet address) together with the LAN in the home (typically using a range of private IP addresses, see network address translation (NAT)) and a single broadcast domain. The switch connects devices together to form the LAN. Sometimes the switch and the router are combined together in one single package sold as a multiple port router. Sample Input : There are following input s required for the LAN. LAN Card. Twisted Pair Cable. UTP Cable RJ-45 Connector. Observation/Output: Students should get information about LAN, LAN topologies, Components and cabling. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW: 1. What is router, bridge, switch, and hub? 2. What is the function of PING command? 3. How to assign unique IP addresses & share C drive for every machine? 4. What is Ethernet? 5. What are the various types of cable? 6. What is the specification of NIC card? 7. Which topology is used in your LAB? FAQ: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Define LAN. What is the difference between hub and switch? Define Routers. What are the internetworking devices and which layer which internetworking device used? 5. What is the deference between guided and unguided transmission media? 6. What is the difference between TCP/IP and TCP? 7. What are the layers in ISO and TCP/IP reference model? 8. What are the types of transmission media? 9. What do the CAT ratings mean for network cable? 10. What are 10base2, 10base5 and 10baseT Ethernet LANs?

11. What is difference between base band and broadband transmission? 12. What is Brouter?