Vtu Final Report Draft For Project On Smart Car Parking Security System

CELL SITE MONITORING
2009-2010
ABSTRACT
Mobile communication is made possible by sending and receiving various signals between mobiles and cell sites. Due to high traffic, there are many cell sites which have their own equipment. Hence constant monitoring of these equipments becomes a tedious job.
The goal of this project is to design an embedded device which is used to monitor and control the equipment in the GSM cell site remotely with the help of GSM modem and mobile phone.
To implement this, a programmed microcontroller is connected to a GSM modem which would send a SMS at regular intervals of time to the concerned operator. This system continuously monitors the parameters affecting the functioning of cell site like voltage, temperature, fuel consumption and the results of this processing is sent through SMS to the concerned operator. The microcontroller which is connected to the modem using serial communication through RS232 can be used for transmission of measured parameters.
Field based service engineers and plant managers can receive and access real-time data from the plant via mobile phones or GSM modems virtually anywhere in the world. This also means that remote sites in areas where there are no reliable landlines can be monitored.
The systems can be configured to send SMS (Short Message Service) mobile text messages, highlighting changes in plant status triggered by parameters moving outside preset limits. These may simply be to warn that product is running low in a particular silo or to highlight more serious operational problems.
DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE
Page 1
2009-2010
Page 2
2009-2010
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 DESCRIPTION
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) was formally initiated by European commission in the form of a directive in 1987. The system chosen used digital technology and became known as GSM cellular system.
GSM technology has become the most popular cellular telephone technology with approximately 72% of worlds cellular customers subscribing to the services. GSM technology uses TDMA to allow up to 8 users per channel. Channels are spaced 20 0 kHz apart. The basic system uses frequencies in the 900 MHz band (GSM 900). The up banded version of GSM 900 is at 1800 MHz (GSM 1800) and the US uses 1900 MHz (GSM 1900) for PCS service. GSM service when first introduced supported circuits switched data rates of up to 9.6 k Bps.
1.2 CELL SITE

1.2.1 WHAT ARE CELL SITES?
A cell site, otherwise known as a mobile phone base station is a low power radio transmitter with an antenna to transmit radio waves to mobile phones. Often distinguished by tall masts because radio waves travel in straight lines and can be interrupted or deflected by buildings or terrain. It is the location where the wireless antenna and network communications equipment is placed. A cell site consists of a transmitter/receiver, antenna tower, transmission radios and radio controllers. A cell site is operated by a Wireless Service Provider (WSP). A synonym for "cell site" is "cell tower", although many cell site antennas are mounted on buildings rather than as towers. In GSM networks, the technically correct term is Base Transceiver Station (BTS), and colloquial British English synonyms are "mobile
DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE Page 3
2009-2010
phone mast" or "base station". The term "base station site" might better reflect the increasing co-location of multiple mobile operators, and therefore multiple base stations, at a single site. Depending on an operator's technology, even a site hosting just a single mobile operator may house multiple base stations, each to serve a different air interface technology (CDMA or GSM, for example). Preserved trees capes can often hide cell towers inside an artificial tree or preserved tree. These installations are generally referred to as concealed cell sites or stealth cell sites.
1.2.2 RANGE
The working range of a cell site - the range within which mobile devices can connect to it reliably is not a fixed figure. It will depend on a number of factors, including The frequency of signal in use (i.e. the underlying technology). The transmitters rated power. The transmitter's size.
2009-2010
The array setup of panels may cause the transmitter to be directional or Omni-directional. It may also be limited by local geographical or regulatory factors and weather conditions. Generally, in areas where there are enough cell sites to cover a wide area, the range of each one will be set to: Ensure there is enough overlap for "handover" to/from other sites (moving the signal for a mobile device from one cell site to another, for those technologies that can handle it - e.g. making a GSM phone call while in a car or train). Ensure that the overlap area is not too large, to minimize interference problems with other sites.
1.2.3 COST AND POWER USE-
A conventional base station costs about $100,000 and uses 3000 watts of power. New, more efficient ones cost around $15,000 and use 100 watts of power.
1.2.4 TEMPORARY SET-UP
Page 5
2009-2010
Although cell antennas are normally attached to permanent structures, cell providers maintain a fleet of temporary cell sites. When mounted on a trailer, they are called a COW or Cell on Wheels. These usually include a base station controller and a telescoping tower with antennas attached. A generator may be included when electrical power isn't available, and an additional backhaul antenna may be mounted to link the temporary tower into the network.
COWs are often used at the site of a permanent cell site. Floods, fires, terrorism, and other disasters may destroy permanent antennas or base stations controllers, and fast dispatch of COWs can maintain vital communications during an emergency. They are also used in planned outages, such as when an antenna site is unavailable due to construction or maintenance. Finally, they are often used to augment capacity when large numbers of additional cell phone users are expected, such as at large sporting events.
1.2.5 EMERGENCY POWER-
Fuel cell backup power systems are added to critical cell sites or base stations to provide emergency power. In reality though, few cell sites use fuel cells and use internal combustion engine driven generator set.
1.2.6 TYPES OF CELLS-
A macro cell provides the largest area of coverage within a mobile network. Its antennas can be mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops or other structures and must be high enough to avoid obstruction. Macro cells provide radio coverage over varying distances, depending on the frequency used, the number of calls and the physical terrain. Typically they have a power output in tens of watts.
Page 6
2009-2010
Microcells provide additional coverage and capacity in areas where there are high numbers of users, urban and suburban areas, for example. The antennas for microcells are mounted at street level, are smaller than macro cell antennas and can often be disguised as building features so that they are less visually intrusive. Microcells provide radio coverage over distances typically between 300m and 1000m and have lower output powers than marocells, usually a few watts.
Pico cells provide more localized coverage. These are generally found inside buildings where coverage is poor or where there is a dense population of users such as in airport terminals, train stations and shopping centers.
Femtocell base stations allow mobile phone users to make calls inside their homes via their Internet broadband connection. Femto-cells provide small area coverage solutions operating at low transmit powers.
Page 7
2009-2010
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
AC input
Voltage Sensor
Memory
Power Supply
To all components
MUX/ADC
RS232 Microcontroller GSM Modem
Fuel level sensor
Temperature sensor
PC GSM Modem Data processing using C
Block Diagram
The block diagram consist following section 1.Sensors 2.ADC 3.Microcontroller 4.GSM modem 5.PC
Page 8
2009-2010
1.3.1 MICROCONTROLLER SECTION A Microcontroller is memory oriented architecture. Any microcontroller basically has a microprocessor with limited number of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timer on a single chip. All the required hardware for a system is combined together on a single chip. Being a built-in-chip, it occupies less space, draws less current, and is cheaper. It has the specified computational capabilities and enhanced I/O operation capabilities.
1.3.2 GSM MODEM SECTION A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, or it may be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities. GSM modems can be a quick and efficient way to get started with SMS, because a special subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. The mobile operator charges for this message sending and receiving as if it was performed directly on a mobile phone. In most parts of the world, GSM modems are a cost effective solution for receiving SMS messages, because the sender is paying for the message delivery.
1.3.3 ADC SECTION ADC (analog to digital converters) is among the most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital computers use binary (discrete) values, but in the physical world everything is analog (continuous). Temperature, pressure (wind or liquid), humidity, and velocity are a few examples of physical quantities that we deal with everyday. A physical quantity is converted to electrical (voltage, current) signals using a device called a transducer. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Sensors for temperature, velocity, pressure, light and many other natural quantities produce an output that is voltage (or current). Therefore, we need an ADC to translate the analog signals to digital numbers so that the microcontroller can read and process them.
2009-2010
CHAPTER 3 TRANSMITER SECTION TEMPERATURE SENSORS LM 35

3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to +150C temperature range.
3.2 FEATURES
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 14C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
2009-2010
3.3 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 1: Basic centigrade temperature sensor (+2C to +150C)
Fig 2: Full range centigrade temperature sensor
Page 11
2009-2010
Structure of LM35 temperature sensor
3.4 APPLICATION
The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.01C of the surface temperature. This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature. This is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature. To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to the LM35, as it leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest.
3.5 ADC 0808

3.5.1 FEATURES Easy interface to all microprocessors Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or analog span adjusted voltage reference No zero or full-scale adjust required
2009-2010
8-channel multiplexer with address logic 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications Standard hermetic or molded 28-pin DIP package 28-pin molded chip carrier package ADC0808 equivalent to MM74C949 ADC0809 equivalent to MM74C949-1
3.5.2 KEY SPECIFICATIONS
Resolution 8 Bits Total Unadjusted Error 12 LSB and 1 LSB Single Supply 5 VDC Low Power 15 mW Conversion Time 100 s
3.5.3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion technique. The converter features a high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R voltage divider with analog switch tree and a successive approximation register. The 8channel multiplexer can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog signals. The device eliminates the need for external zero and full-scale adjustments. Easy interfacing to microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer address inputs and latched TTL TRI-STATE outputs.
Page 13
2009-2010
The design of the ADC0808, ADC0809 has been optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion techniques. The ADC0808, ADC0809 offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features make this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer and automotive applications.
3.5.4 PIN DIAGRAM
3.5.5 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

The device contains an 8-channel single-ended analog signal multiplexer. A particular input channel is selected by using the address decoder. Table 1 shows the input States for the address lines to select any channel. The address is latched into the decoder on the low-to-high transition of the address latch enable signal.
2009-2010
TABLE 3.1
SELECTED ADDRESS LINE
ANALOG CHANNEL CBA
IN0 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7
LLL LLH LHL LHH HLL HLH HHL HHH
3.6 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

This is most common voltage regulator that is still used in embedded designs. LM7805 voltage regulator is a linear regulator made by several manufacturers like Fairchild, or ST Microelectronics. They can come in several types of packages. For output current up to 1A there may be two types of packages: TO-220 (vertical) and D-PAK (horizontal).
With proper heat sink these LM78xx types can handle even more than 1A current. They also have Thermal overload protection, Short circuit protection.
Page 15
2009-2010
Typical Connection is very simple:
Couples decoupling capacitors (between 10 of and 47 uF) are required on the input (V-IN) and output (V-OUT) connected to ground. There are negative voltage regulators that work the same way. They are marked as LM79xx.
Page 16
2009-2010
CHAPTER 4 MICROCONTROLLER SECTION

4.1 FEATURES
4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
Page 17
2009-2010
4.2 DESCRIPTION
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels highdensity nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and costeffective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a fivevector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset.
Page 18
2009-2010
4.3 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER WITH 4K BYTES IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMABLE FLASH
Pin Description
VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground.
Page 19
2009-2010
Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port Pin P1.5 P1.6 P1.7
Alternate Functions MOSI (used for In-System Programming) MISO (used for In-System Programming) SCK (used for In-System Programming)
Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the
Page 20
2009-2010
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the figure.
Port Pin P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4
Alternate Functions RXD (serial input port) TXD (serial output port) INT0 (external interrupt 0) INT1 (external interrupt 1) T0 (timer 0 external input)
Page 21
2009-2010
P3.5 P3.6 P3.7
T1 (timer 1 external input) WR (external data memory write strobe) RD (external data memory read strobe)
RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
Page 22
2009-2010
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier
Page 23
2009-2010
4.4 SERIAL COMMUNICATION SECTION

4.4.1 Serial communication Information being transferred between data processing equipment and peripherals is in the form of digital data which is transmitted in either a serial or parallel mode. Parallel communications are used mainly for connections between test instruments or computers and printers, while serial is often used between computers and other peripherals.
Serial transmission involves the sending of data one bit at a time, over a single communications line. In contrast, parallel communications require at least as many lines as there are bits in a word being transmitted (for an 8-bit word, a minimum of 8 lines are needed).Serial transmission is beneficial for long distance communications, whereas parallel is designed for short distances or when very high transmission rates are required. To allow serial communication and compatibility among data communication equipment an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by Electronics Industries Association.RS-232 is defined as the Interface between data terminal equipment and data communications equipment using serial binary data exchange. This definition defines data terminal equipment (DTE) as the computer, while data communications equipment (DCE) is the modem. A modem cable has pin-to-pin connections, and is designed to connect a DTE device to a DCE device.
4.4.2 CABLING OPTIONS

RS-232 cables are commonly available with either 4, 9 or 25-pin wiring. The 25-pin cable connects every pin; the 9-pin cables do not include many of the uncommonly used connections; 4-pin cables provide the bare minimum connections, and have jumpers to provide handshaking for those devices that require it.The figure below shows the pins of a DB9 connector
Page 24
2009-2010
Name (V24)
9pin Dir Full name
Remarks
----------------------------------------------------------TxD RxD RTS CTS DTR DSR RI DCD GND 3 2 7 8 4 6 9 1 o Transmit Data i Receive Data o Request To Send i Clear To Send o Data Terminal Ready i Data Set Ready i Ring Indicator i Data Carrier Detect
5 - Signal ground
4.4.3 TRANSMITTED SIGNAL VOLTAGE LEVELS: Binary 0: +5 to +15 Vdc (called a space or on) Binary 1: -5 to -15 Vdc (called a mark or off)
2009-2010
RECEIVED SIGNAL VOLTAGE LEVELS: Binary 0: +3 to +13 Vdc Binary 1: -3 to -13 Vdc
4.4 MAX232
When communicating with various micro processors one needs to convert the RS232 levels down to lower levels, typically 3.3 or 5.0 Volts. Serial RS-232 communication works with voltages -15V to +15V for high and low. On the other hand, TTL logic operates between 0V and +5V. Modern low power consumption logic operates in the range of 0V and +3.3V or even lower.
RS-232
TTL
Logic
-15V -3V +2V +5V High +3V +15V 0V +0.8V Low
Thus the RS-232 signal levels are far too high TTL electronics, and the negative RS-232 voltage for high cant be handled by computer logic. To receive serial data from an RS-232 interface the voltage has to be reduced. Also the low and high voltage level has to be inverted.
The MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels and vice versa. The MAX232 chip uses a 5V power source which is as same as the microcontroller. Hence there is no need for dual power supply. The MAX232 has two sets of drivers for transferring and receiving. The line drivers used for TxD are called T1 and T2, while the line driver used for RxD are designated as R1 and
2009-2010
R2.The T1in pin is the TTL side and is connected to TxD of microcontroller, while T1out is the pin connected to RS232 side that is connected to RxD pin. R1in is the RS232 side that is connected to TxD pin of RS232 DB connector and R1out is the TTL side connected to RxD pin of the microcontroller.
Page 27
2009-2010
CHAPTER 5 GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

5.1 HISTORY OF GSM
During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany. Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else's in equipment and operation. This was an undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale and the subsequent savings could not be realized.
The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Grouped Special Mobile (GSM) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. The proposed system had to meet certain criteria: Good subjective speech quality Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming Ability to support handheld terminals Support for range of new services and facilities Spectral efficiency ISDN compatibility
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries. Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a European standard. Over 200 GSM
2009-2010
networks (including DCS1800 and PCS1900) are operational in 110 countries around the world. In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than 55 million by October 1997. With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM systems exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.
The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at the time) digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United Kingdom. They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost. The over 8000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to guarantee proper interworking between the components of the system. This is done by providing functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the system.
5.2 ADVANTAGES OF GSM:

GSM is more stable network with robust features. These have less signal disturbance inside the buildings. The availability of subscribers identity modules allows user to switch network and handsets at will. GSM covers vertically all parts of world. So, International roaming is not a problem.
5.4 DISADVANTAGES OF GSM:

GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35km which is imposed by technical limitation.
2009-2010
5.5 APPLICATIONS:
One of the applications which can be considered by using GSM technology is accessing control devices which can communicate with servers and security staff through SMS messaging complete log of transaction is available at the head office.
5.6 GSM MODEMS

A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Siemens MC35 or Wavecom FASTRACK external modems. Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial port on your computer. A GSM modem can be a PC Card installed in a notebook computer, such as the Sierra Wireless Aircard 750.
A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. Any phone that supports the "extended AT command set" for sending/receiving SMS messages, as defined in the ETSI GSM 07.05 Specification can be supported by the Now SMS/MMS Gateway.
A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. For example, if you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your gateway, most GSM phones will only allow you to send MMS messgaes. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes received MMS message notifications these messages, without forwarding them via the modem interface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow you to correctly receive SMS text messages longer than 160 bytes (known as "concatenated SMS" or "long SMS"). This is because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS messages, and the phone attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem interface. (We've observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not appear to be a problem with many other Ericsson models.)
2009-2010
When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this driver. If a Windows driver is not available for your modem, you can use either the "Standard" or "Generic" 19200 bps modem driver that is built into windows. A benefit of utilizing a Windows modem driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer.
The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided that your computer hardware has the available communications port resources.
5.7 AT COMMANDS
AT commands are also known as Hayes AT commands. There are different views to understand the meanings of "AT". AT commands (attention commands) are instructions used to control a modem. Every command line starts with AT or at. That is why modem commands are called AT commands. Some call it "Attention Telephone", whereas others interpret it as "Attention Terminal" commands.
AT commands allow giving instructions to both mobile devices and ordinary landline telephones. The commands are sent to the phone's modem, which can be a GSM modem or PC modem. Different manufacturers may have different sets of AT commands. Fortunately,
2009-2010
many AT commands are the same. Mobile device manufacturers may also give attention to operators to allow or not to allow some commands on phones.
AT commands can be used for operations that are usually done from the keypad, for instance calling a number, sending, reading, or deleting an SMS, setting the SMSC number, looking for a GPRS access point, reading and deleting phonebook data, reading the battery status, reading the signal strength, and so on. When you want to make a PC-based application to interface a mobile phone using USB, IR, or Bluetooth, these commands are needed to communicate with mobile phones.
ATE Command echo (ver. 2) Description: Determines if the DCE echoes characters received from the DTE during command state and online command state.
Set command:
ATE [<value>]
Read command: ATE? Displays the current <value> setting.
Test command:
ATE=? Shows if the command is supported.
Test command response: E: (list of supported <value>s) Parameter:
Page 32
2009-2010
<value>: <value> 0 Description DCE does not echo characters during command state and online command state 1 DCE echoes characters during command state and online command state. Default value
AT+CMGR Read message (ver. 2) Description: Returns message with location value <index> from preferred message storage <mem1> to the TE. Status of the message and entire message data unit <pdu> is returned. If status of the message is received unread, status in the storage changes to received read.
Execution command: AT+CMGR=<index>
Execution command response: +CMGR: <stat>,[<alpha>],<length><CR><LF><pdu>
Test command: AT+CMGR=? Shows if the command is supported.
Page 33
2009-2010
Parameters: <stat>: <stat> 0 1 2 3 16 Description Received unread message (new message) Received read message Stored unsent message. (Only applicable to SMs) Stored sent message. (Only applicable to SMs) Template message
Integer type in PDU mode (default 0), indicates the status of message in memory. <index>: <index> Integer type Description Value in the range of location numbers supported by the Associated memory <alpha>: <alpha> String type Description manufacturing specific. Should be left empty but not omitted, that is, commas should mark the place where it should be. <length>: <length> Integer type Description Value indicating in PDU mode (AT+CMGF=0), the length of the actual TP data unit in octets. The RP
2009-2010
layer SMSC address octets are not counted in the length) <pdu>: <Pdu> Hexadecimal value Description In the case of SMS: GSM 04.11 SC address followed by GSM 03.40 TPDU in hexadecimal format. ME/TA converts each octet of TP data unit into two IRA character long hexadecimal number, for example, octet with integer value 42 is presented to TE as two characters 2A (IRA 50 and 65).
<mem1>: See AT+CPMS
AT+CPMS Preferred message storage (ver. 4)
Description:
Set command selects memory storage <mem1>, <mem2> and <mem3> to be used for reading, writing, and so on. If chosen storage is not appropriate for the ME (but is supported by the TA), final result code +CMS ERROR: <err> is returned.
Set command: Set command Response:
AT+CPMS=<mem1>[,<mem2>[,<mem3>]]
+CPMS: <used1>,<total1>,<used2>,<total2>,<used3>,<total3>
Page 35
2009-2010
Read command: AT+CPMS? Displays the current <mem1>,<used1>,<total1>, <mem2>,<used2>,<total2>,<mem3>,<used3>,<total3> values. Test command: Test command Response: +CPMS: (list of supported <mem1>s), (list of supported <mem2>s), (list of supported <mem3>s) AT+CPMS=? Shows if the command is supported.
Parameters: <mem1>: <mem1> string type Description Memory from which messages are read and deleted (commands List Messages AT+CMGL, Read Messages AT+CMGR and Delete Messages AT+CMGD) ME Phone message storage SM SIM message storage
<mem2>: <mem2> string type Description Memory to which writing and sending operations are made ( commands Send Message from
2009-2010
Storage AT+CMSS and Write Message to Memory AT+CMGW) ME Phone message storage SM SIM message storage <mem3>: <mem3> string type Description Memory to which received SMs are preferred to be stored (unless forwarded directly to terminal equipment). Received CBMs (Cell Broadcast Messages) are always stored in BM (Broadcast Message storage) or some manufacturer specific storage, unless directly forwarded to terminal equipment ME Phone message storage. SM SIM message storage
<used1>,<used2>,<used3>:
<used1>, <used2>, <used3> Integer type
Description Total number of messages currently in <mem1>, <mem2> and <mem3> respectively
Page 37
2009-2010
<total1>, <total2>, <total3>: <total1>, <total2>, <total3> Integer type Description Total number of messages that can be stored in <mem1>, <mem2> and <mem3> respectively
Page 38
2009-2010
CHAPTER 6 RECEIVER SECTION

6.1 BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a high-speed, low-power microwave wireless link technology, designed to connect phones, laptops, PDAs and other portable equipment together with little or no work by the user. Bluetooth is the name for a short-range radio frequency (RF) technology that operates at 2.4 GHz and is capable of transmitting voice and data. The effective range of Bluetooth devices is 32 feet (10 meters). Bluetooth transfers data at the rate of 1 Mbps, which is from three to eight times the average speed of parallel and serial ports, respectively. It is also known as the IEEE 802.15 standards. It was invented to get rid of wires. Bluetooth is more suited for connecting two point-to-point devices, whereas Wi-Fi is an IEEE standard intended for networking.
Bluetooth can be used to wirelessly synchronize and transfer data among devices. Bluetooth can be thought of as a cable replacement technology. Typical uses include automatically synchronizing contact and calendar information among desktop, notebook and palmtop computers without connecting cables. Bluetooth can also be used to access a network or the Internet with a notebook computer by connecting wirelessly to a cellular phone.
6.1.1 HOW BLUETOOTH WORKS?
When you use computers, entertainment systems or telephones, the various pieces and parts of the systems make up a community of electronic devices. These devices communicate with each other using a variety of wires, cables, radio signals and infrared light beams, and an even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.
Page 39
2009-2010
There are lots of different ways that electronic devices can connect to one another. For example:

Component cables Electrical wires Ethernet cables Wi Fi
The art of connecting things is becoming more and more complex every day. We will look at a method of connecting devices, called Bluetooth, that can streamline the process. A Bluetooth connection is wireless and automatic, and it has a number of interesting features that can simplify our daily lives.
Page 40
2009-2010
6.2 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE
6.2.1 DESCRIPTION The SMS message, as specified by the ETSI organization (documents GSM 03.40 and GSM 03.38), can be up to 160 characters long, where each character is 7 bits according to the 7-bit default alphabet. Eight-bit messages (max 140 characters) are usually not viewable by the phones as text messages; instead they are used for data in e.g. smart messaging (images and ringing tones).
6.3 THE PDU FORMAT

There are two ways of sending and receiving SMS messages: by text mode and by PDU (protocol description unit) mode. The text mode (unavailable on some phones) is just an encoding of the bit stream represented by the PDU mode. Alphabets may differ and there are several encoding alternatives when displaying an SMS message. The most common options are "8859-1", "IRA" and "GSM". These are all set by the at-command AT+CSCS, when you read the message in a computer application. If you read the message on your phone, the phone will choose a proper encoding. An application capable of reading an incoming SMS message can thus use text mode or PDU mode. If text mode is used, the application is bound to the set of preset encoding options. If PDU mode is used, any encoding can be implemented.
6.3.1 RECEIVING A MESSAGE IN THE PDU MODE

The PDU string contains not only the message, but also a lot of meta-information about the sender, his SMS service center, the time stamp etc. It is all in the form of hexadecimal octets or decimal semi-octets. Let us take an example of the text message of hellohello".
Page 41
2009-2010
In PDU mode the SMS looks like: 07917283010010F5040BC87238880900F10000993092516195800AE8329BFD4697D9EC3 7 This octet sequence consists of three parts: An initial octet indicating the length of the SMSC information ("07"), the SMSC information itself ("917283010010F5"), and the
SMS_DELIVER part (specified by ETSI in GSM 03.40). Octet(s) 07 91 Description Length of the SMSC information (in this case 7 octets) Type-of-address of the SMSC Service center number (in decimal semi-octets). The length of the 72 83 01 00 10 F5 phone number is odd (11), so a trailing F has been added to form proper octets. The phone number of this service center is "+27381000015" 04 0B C8 72 38 88 09 00 F1 00 00 99 30 92 51 61 95 80 0A First octet of this SMS-DELIVER message Length of the sender number (0B hex = 11 dec) Type-of-address of the sender number Sender number (decimal semi-octets), with a trailing F TP-PID. Protocol identifier TP-DCS Data coding scheme TP-SCTS. Time stamp (semi-octets) TP-UDL. User data length, length of message
E8329BFD4697D9EC37 Message:"hellohello" 8-bit octets representing 7-bit data.
All the octets above are hexa-decimal 8-bit octets, except the Service center number, the sender number and the timestamp; they are decimal semi-octets. The message part in the end of the PDU string consists of hexa-decimal 8-bit octets, but these octets represent 7-bit data. The semi-octets are decimal, and e.g. the sender number is obtained by performing internal
2009-2010
swapping within the semi-octets from "72 38 88 09 00 F1" to "27 83 88 90 00 1F". The length of the phone number is odd, so a proper octet sequence cannot be formed by this number. This is the reason why the trailing F has been added. The time stamp, when parsed, equals "99 03 29 15 16 59 08", where the 6 first characters represent date, the following 6 represents time, and the last two represents time-zone related to GMT.
Page 43
2009-2010
CHAPTER 7 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 PCB FABRICATION

The PCB used the system is a single board PCB. All these components can be housed on the PCB and there is no external circuitry required expect for the power supply. There is only one component side so all the components can be viewed directly on one side. The integer circuits (ICs) are fixed on IC bases. These bases are soldered first and then the ICs are fixed on the bases. This is done to avoid damaging the ICs by directly heating them while soldering.
The art work is the first step towards developing the PCB. For doing an art work the circuit has to be understood first and step by step designed procedure is to be followed. The important component should be taken care first such as the addresses/data lines of the MICROCONTROLLER and EPROM. Such lines should all be placed on the same side of the PCB. The power supply lines should be on the either side of the PCB preferably to avoid any dangerous shorting while soldering.
After the artwork is done the PCB size is to be selected and the lines are drawn on to it according to the art design. This is then printed on to the board using techniques such as screen printing.
Now the holes have to be drilled at the right places to house the components in safe manner. After the holes have been drilled, then a continuity check is done to detect any shorted or open lines.
Page 44
2009-2010
Now the PCB is ready to be soldered on. While soldering care should be taken to avoid any shorting of lines or points since the pines on the ICs are placed very close to each other. The ADC on the PCB is kept at one side to provide isolation. The ICs are fixed on to their bases and after a last checking the power supply is given and the system is tested for proper functions.
Page 45
2009-2010
7.3 DESIGN OF PCB SCHEMATIC LAYOUT
Page 46
2009-2010
Page 47
2009-2010
7.4 WORKING AND IMPLEMENTATION

The input to the voltage sensor is the ac input. The voltage sensor is used to sense the voltage of the system. The fuel level potentiometer sensor is used for sensing the fuel level in diesel generator. The temperature sensor is used for sensing the temperature of the system. These parameters are monitored continuously and fed as input to ADC which are further multiplexed and fed to the microcontroller for further processing. These values are stored in the memory. The average of each of these parameters over a 10min period is calculated and is fed to the GSM modem at the transmitter site, where it is modulated and then transmitted over the air interface. At the receiver site, the antenna collects the data which is fed into the GSM modem where it is demodulated. This demodulated data is then further processed in the computer. Hence, the operator monitoring this cell site gets the information of the parameters affecting the functioning of the system at regular intervals of time (1 hour).
At any point in the operation of this system, if the value of voltage exceeds a certain threshold, an alarm is raised using the alarm module and an SMS is immediately sent to the operator through the GSM modem so that the operator can take the necessary steps to prevent mechanical failure of the system.
The power supply block at the cell site consists of the diesel generator and the battery backup. Power to the system components is provided by the commercial supply. When this supply goes down, the battery backup provides immediate power till the diesel generator gets started after which the diesel generator powers the system till the commercial supply is restored.
Page 48
2009-2010
Page 49
2009-2010
Page 50
2009-2010
Page 51
2009-2010
Page 52
2009-2010
CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
It should be taken care that the baud rate set initially should be changed to a lower value to (9600 baud) to communicate with the board. Because, there is bit error generated at higher baud rates and may cause generation of faulty outputs. During the setup of the modem it should be noted that to send TX_IN to be high for about 0.2 sec to get the modem started. After inserting the SIM card wait for some time to initialize the SIM card. When the modem is ready the green LED on the modem starts blinking
Page 53
2009-2010
APPLICATIONS
The following are the applications that can be accomplished using this system:
FUEL CONSUMPTION: This is a cost effective method wherein the system periodically measures the fuel used by the equipment, which helps in knowing the amount of fuel required by the generator for longer durations. This helps in keeping a track of the fuel used, hence preventing misuse of fuel and detection of leakage.
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT: The system voltage is constantly monitored over every 10 minute interval and the report of the average over 1 hour is sent to the operator. If at any time there is a voltage fluctuation, an alarm is raised and the operator gets the report through SMS.
TEMPERATURE VARIATION: An optimum temperature should be maintained for effective functioning of the system. Any unexpected variations in temperature are reported to the operator.
Page 54
2009-2010
FUTURE SCOPE
1. One advancement of remote monitoring system is ability to use wireless sensors in a cell site. Sensors must be attached to each equipment that needs to be monitored. Previously sensors were connected by wires to the monitoring system. 2. This system monitors and manages the critical elements of a remote cell site bringing various data together to a central control module remotely via variety of protocols. 3. We can use a three phase supply for increasing the efficiency of the system. 4. We may propose a security alarm system along with a card identification program to monitor access to the facility. 5. The fact that changes in status are high lightened when they happen means that effective risk assessment can be made before serious problems arise.
Page 55
2009-2010
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXT BOOKS
8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C by Mohammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Rolin D. Mckinlay. -Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Chapter 5, chapter 6. Programming in C by Balaguruswamy
WEBSITES
http://developer.sonyericsson.com/getDocument.do?docId=65054 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/RS232_standard .html http://www.gsm-modem.de/sms-text-mode.html www.atmel.com
Page 56

Vtu Final Report Draft For Project On Smart Car Parking Security System

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Vtu Final Report Draft For Project On Smart Car Parking Security System

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

CELL SITE MONITORING

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

1.2 CELL SITE

CELL SITE MONITORING

CELL SITE MONITORING

1.2.3 COST AND POWER USE-

1.2.4 TEMPORARY SET-UP

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

1.2.5 EMERGENCY POWER-

1.2.6 TYPES OF CELLS-

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

RS232 Microcontroller GSM Modem

Fuel level sensor

PC GSM Modem Data processing using C

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

CELL SITE MONITORING

CHAPTER 3 TRANSMITER SECTION TEMPERATURE SENSORS LM 35

CELL SITE MONITORING

3.3 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 1: Basic centigrade temperature sensor (+2C to +150C)

Fig 2: Full range centigrade temperature sensor

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

Structure of LM35 temperature sensor

3.5 ADC 0808

CELL SITE MONITORING

3.5.2 KEY SPECIFICATIONS

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

3.5.4 PIN DIAGRAM

3.5.5 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

CELL SITE MONITORING

SELECTED ADDRESS LINE

ANALOG CHANNEL CBA

IN0 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7

LLL LLH LHL LHH HLL HLH HHL HHH

3.6 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

Typical Connection is very simple:

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

CHAPTER 4 MICROCONTROLLER SECTION

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

4.3 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER WITH 4K BYTES IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMABLE FLASH

VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground.

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING

Port Pin P1.5 P1.6 P1.7

DEPT OF T.E, VIT, BANGALORE

CELL SITE MONITORING