alveoli: Composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep from collapsing.

Each surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between these and capillaries. 2.apex: Upper part of lung. 3.base: Lower part of lung. 4.bronchi: Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage. Lower end of trachea divides into right and left this. 5.bronchial tubes: Cartilaginous plates (instead of cshaped rings of trachea). 6.bronchioles: Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium. Subdivision of bronci. At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli. 7.chemical factors of breathing control: Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood. Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood oxygen. 8.cilia: Nose hairs, trap larger dirt particles. 9.coughing: Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to clean lower respiratory tract. 10.epiglottis: When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs. 11.functions of the respiratory system: Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation. Inspiration (intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downwardthis increases the volume of the lungs and the air rushes in). 12.glottis: Vocal cords within the larynx. 13.hiccups: Spasm of diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve. 14.larynx: Voice box. Triangular chamber below pharynx. "Adam's Apple". 15.left lung: Smaller (displaced by heart) and has two lobes. 16.lungs: Fill thoracic cavity. Tissue is porous and spongy- it floats. 17.nasal cavity: Contains nasal septum, turbinates, and cilia. 18.nasal septum: Divides nasal cavities into right and left sides. 19.neural factors of breathing control: Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata (in the brain). Increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center. 20.pharynx: Throat. Common passageway for air and food. 5" long. 21.phrenic nerve: Stimulates the diaphragm. 22.pleura: Thin, moist, slippery membrane that covers lungs. Double-walled sac. Space is pleural cavity- filled with pleural fluid to prevent friciton. 23.pulmonary venilation: Breathing. 24.respiratory movement: 1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations per minute. Increases with exercise, body temperature, and certain diseases. Age (newborn= 40-60 per minute). Sleep= respirations go down. Emotion can bring respirations up or down. 25.right lung: Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes. 26.sinuses: Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air. Give resonance to voice. 27.sneezing: Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract. 28.trachea: Windpipe. 4.5" long. Walls are alternate bands of membrane and c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep it open. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane. Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous. 29.turbinates: Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane. 30.types of sinuses: Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid. 31.yawning: Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood. 1.3: the left lung has _____ lobes in cows, sheep and pigs 2.7: in most farm animals, there are _____ lobes to the lungs 3.8-16: average breaths/minute for horses 4.12-28: average breaths/minute for cows 5.12-30: average breaths/minute for humans 6.20-30: average breaths/minute for dogs 7.25-44: average breaths/minute for cats 8.Adam's apple: the thyroid cartilage in humans makes up the _____ 9.Alveoli (singular = alveolus): the smallest subdivisions of the air passages in the lungs 10.Arytenoid: the cartilage that controls the pitch of the voice 11.Auditory: another name for Eustachian tubes 12.Bronchi: the windpipe divides into two chief _____, one for each lung

13.Cilia: small hair-like structures which protect the lungs from damage by moving small particles back up the windpipe 14.Diaphragm: dome-shaped musculomembranous partition of the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavities 15.Endotracheal: while under anesthesia, this tube is placed into an animal's "windpipe" 16.Faster: in general, females breathe _____ than males of the same species 17.Heart thymus gland lymph nodes aorta: 2 examples of anatomical structures located between the two layers of pleura near the midline of the thorax 18.Internal: _____ respiration - where oxygen from the blood is diffused to the tissues for cellular oxidation and the resulting carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood 19.Larynx: another name for the voice box 20.Maxillary frontal sphenoidal palatine lacrimal: list 2 of the 5 sinuses found in farm animals 21.Mediastinum: the junction of the two pleura sacs near the midline of the thorax forming a double layer 22.Medulla oblongata: regulation of breathing control center lies somewhere in the _____ of the brain 23.Nasal: this cavity is separated from the mouth by the hard and soft palates 24.Nostrils: also called external nares 25.Parietal: pleura that lines the thorax 26.Pericardial: pleura that covers the heart 27.Pharynx: a common passageway for food and air 28.Pneumothorax: a condition where air gained entrance into the pleural cavity 29.Pulmonary surfactant: a lipoprotein complex produced by alveolar epithelial cells to reduce surface tension of the fluid lining the small air sacs of the lungs 30.Residual volume: the air that remains in the airways after maximal forced expiration, and so cannot be removed 31.Respiratory rate: measure the number of breaths per minute 32.Roaring: a disorder caused by a paralysis of the muscles that abduct the arytenoid cartilages in horses 33.Tidal volume: the volume of air moving in and out during normal quiet breathing 34.Total lung capacity: the sum of vital capacity plus the residual volume 35.Trachea: also called the windpipe or air tube 36.Turbinate meatus: each nasal passage is divided by two _____ bones into three channels or _____ 37.Visceral: pleura that covers the lungs 38.Vital lung capacity: the maximal volume that can be inspired after a maximal expiration 1.air sac: thin-walled sac through which gases can pass into and out of the bloodstream 2.alveol/o: air sac 3.alveolar: pertaining to an air sac 4.asphyxia: extreme decrease of oxygen in the blood and increase of carbon dioxide in the blood 5.asthma: spasm and narrowing of bronchial tubes leading to airway obstruction 6.atelectasis: collapsed lung. 7.bronch: windpipe 8.bronchial tube: one of two tubes that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs 9.bronchiol/o: small bronchus 10.bronchiole: Small bronchial tube. 11.bronchoscopy: visual exam of the bronchus 12.diaphram: he muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen 13.emphysema: hyperinflation of air sacs and destruction of alveolar walls 14.epiglott/o: epiglottis 15.epiglottis: flap of cartilage oner the mouth of the trachea 16.hemoptysis: spitting up blood 17.hemothorax: blood in pleural space 18.laryng/o: voice box 19.laryngeal: pertaining to the voice box 20.larynx: voice box 21.lung: one of two paired organs found in the chest through witch oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream 22.nas/o or rhin/o: nose 23.nasal: pertaining to the nose 24.nose: structure on the face that permits air to enter the body 25.pharyng/o: throat 26.pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat 27.pharynx: the passage to the stomach and lungs 28.phren/o: diaphragm 29.phrenic: pertaining to the diaphragm 30.pneumon/o: lung 31.pneumonia: inflammation and infection of alveoli

32.pneumonoconiosis: condition of dust particles in the lungs 33.pneumononectomy: resection of a lung 34.pulmonary: pertaining to a lung 35.rhinorrhea: discharge from the nose 36.trache/o: windpipe 37.trachea: windpipe 38.tracheostomy: new opening of the windpipe to the outside of the body 39.tuberculosis: nfectious disease caused by bacilli; lungs and other organs are affected 3 components of alveoli: Simple squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells) -Type 2 alveolar cells -Alveolar machrophages 2.Alveolar machrophages: Dust cells 3.alveoli: tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood 4.anatomy of forced forced breathing: Diaphragm Rectus Abdominis External abdominal oblique Internal interal intercostals 5.Apneustic: Breathing slower & deeper 6.Asthma: acute COPD, produces sporadic narrowing in the airways, causes difficulty breathing which can lead to panic, caused by a variety of irritants 7.atelectasis: collapsed lung 8.Bohr effect: denaturing of globin due to acidity 9.Boyle's law: Volume inside an expandable area such as the lungs. Volume increases, pressure decreases. & vice versa. -Air flows from area of higher pressure to lower pressure 10.BPG: Increase of BPG cause O2 unloading 11.Bronchiole structure: no cartilage dominated by smooth muscle 12.bronchoconstriction: reduction in the diameter of the airway by parasympathetic stimulation. 13.bronchodilation: enlargement of the respiratory passageways, result of sympathetic activation by ANS. 14.Central Respiratory chemoreceptors: Medulla oblongata; CFS 15.Chronic bronchitis: productive cough with sputum for 3 months out of a year for two years in a row -causes excess mucous, SOB, wheezing 16.Common colds are cause by: Swelling of the cavernous plexus (swollen bodies) causes nasal congestion. 17.conducting airways: this is an area know as anatomic dead space b ecause air that does not undergo respiratory gas exchange -can't blow out. nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Has goblet cells 18.COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema & lung cancer 19.Cystic fibrosis: genetic disorder that leads to the production of thickened mucous that blocks the passageway of the body -causes early death -mortality is often due to respiratory faliure 20.Dalton's law: each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure (called partial pressure) as if all the other gasses were not present 21.Emphysema: destruction of the alveolar walls causing the air space to become increase (decreasing the surface area of the alveoli) -leads to poor O-CO exchange -caused by long term irritation -common symptom is "barrel-like" chest 22.epiglottis: Shuts the glottis which then prevents water from flooding flood from entering lungs (wind pipe 23.Epistaxis: Nose bleeding 24.expiration: Breathing out 25.Expiratory rhythmicity center: is the ventral root ganglina of the respiratory system and is deals with forced breathing 26.Factors of O2 unloading: Increased tempature & Co 2, Blood Ph drops 27.Functional Respiratory division: respiratory bronchioles, alveoli. Exchange of gases. The exact area of where you absorb gases. Lacks goblet cells 28.Henry's law: at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.. S1/P1=S2/P2 29.hyperpnea: forced breathing (deep and rapid) that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders 30.Hypoxemia: low O2 in body tissue; happens by drowning, aspiration, high altitudes. Symptom Cyanosis 31.Hypoxia: low O2 in blood. Symptoms: Cyanosis (bluing of skin) Primary effect tissue necrosis 32.If food enters the bronchi, in which bronchus (left or right) is it more likely to lodge? Why?: Right bronchus because it's larger & more vertical. While left is smaller & curved

33.In aging there is usually a gradual _____in the compliance of the lung tissue (i.e. a decrease in tissue elasticity).: INCREASE 34.Inspiration: Breathing in 35.inspiratory rhythmicity center: the dorsal root ganglion that deals with quiet or forced breathing 36.Larynx: is the voice box & is surround by 9 pieces of cartilage & Adipose tissue 37.Larynx vestibular folds: Help prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis 38.Larynx vocal folds: guard the entrance to the glottis; sound production; tension, pitch rises 39.Left Lung: 2 Lobes only has Oblique fissure 40.Lower respiratory cilia: cilia sweep debris up toward pharynx, clearing respiratory surfaces; mucus escalator 41.lower respiratory tract: larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs 42.Muscles for Inspiration: Diaphragm External intercostal Pectoralis minor 43.nasal septum: Divides nasal cavity into left & right 44.nasophraynx-: posterior to choanae, dorsal to soft palate, only for respiration which is lined with collumnar epithelium w/ 45.paired & unpaired cartilages in larynx: arytenoid, corniculae & cuniform cartilage 46.parietal pleura: he outer layer, lines thoracic cavity 47.Passage of air within Bronchi: primary bronchi => secondary bronchi => tertiary bronchi => bronchioles => terminal bronchioles 48.Penumataxic: Breathing faster & shallower 49.Penumataxic & Apneustic centers: located in the pons 50.Peripheral Respiratory chemoreceptors: Stimulated by ph drop Carotid bodies: vagus nerve CN X Aortic bodies: glossopharyngeal nerves CN IX 51.Pharynx: Throat; Common passage of respiratory system & digestive system 52.Pneumonia: an acute inflammation of the alveoli -the alveoli can fill with fluid causing poor gas exchange -caused by microbes -leads to fever, chills, cough, malaise, chest pain, difficulty breathing -often a secondary infection 53.Pneumothorax: when air enters the pleural cavity, can cause the lung to collapse & put pressure on the heart 54.Primary bronchi: Comes from windpipe then dives off to left & right bronchus 55.Pulmonary compliance: the ease with which the lungs & thoracic wall can be expanded 56.Pulmonary ventilation: breathing which involves the physical movement of air into & out of the lungs is 57.Respiratory (rhythmicity) center: ocated in the medulla oblongta consists of the inspiratory center DRG & Expiratory center VRG 58.Respiratory distress syndrome RDS: Usually found in newborns, & they can't produce enough surfactants 59.Respiratory Mucosa epithelium: consists of a pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells. lines the respiratory tract except for the inferior portions of the pharynx, the finest conducting portions, & alveoli. 60.Right lung: 3 lobes. Has horizontal Fissure & Oblique fissure 61.Spirometer: measures ventilation 62.Surfactant: Reduces surface tension(friction) in alveoli.Provides lubrication, & Increases compliance, 63.The 3 regions of the Pharynx: -nasopharynx -oropharynx -laryngopharynx 64.Thoracenthesis: removal of fluid in thoracic cavity 65.Thyroid cartilage: the largest cartilage in the larynx AKA adam's apple 66.Tidal volume: normal quiet breathing, the volume of one breath Normal = about 500 ml 67.Trachea: Windpipe; C shaped tracheal cartilages that structures prevent its collapse or over expansion as pressure; allows passage of food; scretes mucus into esophagus. is made up of Pseudo-stratified columnar w/ goblet cells 68.Type 1 alveolar cells: -Simple squamous epithelium -make up most of the walls of the alveoli -the region of O2/CO2 exchange between the lungs & circulatory system 69.Type 2 alveolar cells: make surfactant 70.upper respiratory cilia: sweep debris down toward pharynx, swallowed & exposed to stomach acids 71.upper respiratory tract: nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis

72.ventilation: Movement of air into or out of the lungs High to low pressure 73.vestibule: the portion of the nasal cavity containing epithelium with coarse hairs is the 74.visceral pleura: inner layer, covers the lungs 75.Vital capacity: the maximum amount of air that can be moved out of the lungs after maximum inspiration Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume 76.Why is vascularization of nasal cavity important?: warm, humidify, make mucus 1.2 divisions of the respiratory tract: 1. conducting for air flow 2. respiratory for gas exchange 2.3 sections of the Pharynx: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx 3.7 functions of the respiratory system: 1. O2 and Co2 exchange between the blood and air 2. Speech and other vocalizations 3. Sense of smell 4. Controls the Ph of body tissue by eliminating co2 5. Synthesizes Angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor that increases Bp) 6. Creates pressure gradients that promote the flow of lymph and venous blood 7. Valsalva maneuver that contracts abdominal muscles raising the pressure 4.Acidosis: <7.35 ph 5.aclectasis: collapse of all or part of the lung 6.adinocarcinoma: second most deadly type 7.Air: 79% N 21% o2 and 0.04%Co2 8.Alkalosis: >7.45 ph 9.Alveolar macrophages: (dust cells) most numerous cells to phagocytize dust, bacteria and blood cells 10.Arytenoid and corniculate: cartilages for speech 11.Autonomic control of breathing 3 centers: 1. Dorsal resp group 2. ventral group 3. pneumotaxic center 12.Blood arriving at systemic capillaries: 97% saturated, leaving the venous end at only 75% saturated 13.Bohr effect: states a drop in ph causes increased o2 release, most important systemic circulation where the Po2 is lower that it is in the pulmonary circulation 14.Bronchioles: are a continuation of the tertiary bronchi, they lack supportive cartilage but do have smooth muscle. 15.bronchopulmonary segment: teritary or segmental bronchi (10 right, 8 left) constitute this segment. 16.Carnia: where the trachea divides into left and right primary bronchi 17.ciliated cells: move the mucous upward 18.co2 and 02: bind to different sites on the Hg molecule 19.Cricoid: ringlike connects larynx to trachea 20.cuneiform: supportive 21.Diaphragm: primary mover for ventilation, accounting for 66% which can be increased in exercise 4-5X in deep breathing exercise. 22.Dorsal resp group: inspiratory neurons 23.Dypsnea: difficulty in breathing 24.epiglottic: most superior, spoon shaped 25.Epistaxis: nosebleed 26.Erectile tissue: contain extensive venous plexus that will swell and causes airflow to be redirected from the left to the right nostril 1 to 2 times per hour 27.Ethmoid and Sphenoid: 2 bones making up the roof of the nasal cavity 28.Eupnea: Quiet relaxed breathing 29.Extrinsic ligaments: link larynx to other organs or structures like the hyoid bone 30.Factors that resist airflow: 1. diameter of bronchioles, dilated by EPI and sympathetic nerves constricted by histamine and parasympathetic nerves. 2. Pulmonary compliance(TB,Black lung) limit inflation 3.surface tension of the alveoli, which is decreased by surfactant 31.Filtration: opposite of systemic circulation. In pulmonary circulation the blood pressure is low but the oncotic pressure is high. Reabsorption of water exceeds. 32.glottis: term for the vocal cords and the opening between them 33.Goblet cells: secrete mucous 34.Great alveolar cells: repair damaged cells and have surfactant which stops the lungs from collapsing 35.Hyperventilation: expels more co2 that is produced causing dizziness and fainting 36.Hypoxia: deficiency of o2 in the tissue marked by a blueness of the skin cyanosis 37.Internal and external intercostal muscles: 33% of ventilation

38.Intrinsic ligaments: link the 9 cartilages together operate the vocal cords. 39.Kussmaul respiration: deep rapid breathing seen in acidosis like in diabetics 40.Laryngopharynx: at the union of the two, ends at inferior end of larynx 41.Larynx: Voicebox, has a flap of tissue called epiglottis to keep food and drink out of the airway, however the vestibular folds of the larynx play a greater role in keeping food out of the airway 42.Mucociliary escalator: is a mechanism to move debris laden mucous up the respiratory tract to the pharynx where it is swallowed and digested. 43.Nasal septum: is the vertical plate that separates the nasal cavity into right and left halves 44.Nasopharynx: receives eustachian tubes from ear and has pharyngeal tonsils 45.o2 and co: bind to the same sight on the Hg molecule 46.oat cell: most deadly form 47.obstructive disorders: interfere with airflow or blocked airways 48.Oropharynx: space between soft palate and root of tongue, has palatine and lingual tonsils 49.Orthopnea: Dyspnea seen when lying down due to heart faliure, asthma, etc 50.Oxygen toxicity: too much 02 can lead to sezuires, coma and death(scuba divers use 79% N and 21% 02) 51.Parietal pleura: pleurae lining the mediastinum, rib cage and diaphram 52.Ph: most important input governing respiration, levels are monitored by chemo receptors 53.phernic nerve: stimulation of this causes a slower relaxation of the diaphragm 54.Pleural cavity: potential space between pleurae 55.pneumotaxic center: responsible for stopping inspiration and shifting to expiration 56.Pressure gradient: largest mover of the gas exchange 57.primary bronchi: divide into secondary or lobar bronchus one for each lobe of the lung(2 left, 3 right) 58.Pulmonary gas exchange: unloading of co2 and loading of 02 at the alveoli 59.Restrictive disorders: reduce pulmonary compliance 60.Right primary bronchi: are more perpendicular and wider, thus is a better chance to aspirate foreign objects 61.solubility of gases: co2 is 20x as soluble as o2 62.spirometry: measurement of pulmonary function. 63.Squamous cell carcinoma: most common type of lung cancer 64.Systemic gas exchange: unloading of o2 and loading of co2 at the systemic capillaries 65.Tachypnea: accelerated breathing1.2 divisions of the respiratory tract: 1. conducting for air flow 2. respiratory for gas exchange 2.3 sections of the Pharynx: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx 3.7 functions of the respiratory system: 1. O2 and Co2 exchange between the blood and air 2. Speech and other vocalizations 3. Sense of smell 4. Controls the Ph of body tissue by eliminating co2 5. Synthesizes Angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor that increases Bp) 6. Creates pressure gradients that promote the flow of lymph and venous blood 7. Valsalva maneuver that contracts abdominal muscles raising the pressure 4.Acidosis: <7.35 ph 5.aclectasis: collapse of all or part of the lung 6.adinocarcinoma: second most deadly type 7.Air: 79% N 21% o2 and 0.04%Co2 8.Alkalosis: >7.45 ph 9.Alveolar macrophages: (dust cells) most numerous cells to phagocytize dust, bacteria and blood cells 10.Arytenoid and corniculate: cartilages for speech 11.Autonomic control of breathing 3 centers: 1. Dorsal resp group 2. ventral group 3. pneumotaxic center 12.Blood arriving at systemic capillaries: 97% saturated, leaving the venous end at only 75% saturated 13.Bohr effect: states a drop in ph causes increased o2 release, most important systemic circulation where the Po2 is lower that it is in the pulmonary circulation 14.Bronchioles: are a continuation of the tertiary bronchi, they lack supportive cartilage but do have smooth muscle. 15.bronchopulmonary segment: teritary or segmental bronchi (10 right, 8 left) constitute this segment. 16.Carnia: where the trachea divides into left and right primary bronchi 17.ciliated cells: move the mucous upward 18.co2 and 02: bind to different sites on the Hg molecule 19.Cricoid: ringlike connects larynx to trachea

20.cuneiform: supportive 21.Diaphragm: primary mover for ventilation, accounting for 66% which can be increased in exercise 4-5X in deep breathing exercise. 22.Dorsal resp group: inspiratory neurons 23.Dypsnea: difficulty in breathing 24.epiglottic: most superior, spoon shaped 25.Epistaxis: nosebleed 26.Erectile tissue: contain extensive venous plexus that will swell and causes airflow to be redirected from the left to the right nostril 1 to 2 times per hour 27.Ethmoid and Sphenoid: 2 bones making up the roof of the nasal cavity 28.Eupnea: Quiet relaxed breathing 29.Extrinsic ligaments: link larynx to other organs or structures like the hyoid bone 30.Factors that resist airflow: 1. diameter of bronchioles, dilated by EPI and sympathetic nerves constricted by histamine and parasympathetic nerves. 2. Pulmonary compliance(TB,Black lung) limit inflation 3.surface tension of the alveoli, which is decreased by surfactant 31.Filtration: opposite of systemic circulation. In pulmonary circulation the blood pressure is low but the oncotic pressure is high. Reabsorption of water exceeds. 32.glottis: term for the vocal cords and the opening between them 33.Goblet cells: secrete mucous 34.Great alveolar cells: repair damaged cells and have surfactant which stops the lungs from collapsing 35.Hyperventilation: expels more co2 that is produced causing dizziness and fainting 36.Hypoxia: deficiency of o2 in the tissue marked by a blueness of the skin cyanosis 37.Internal and external intercostal muscles: 33% of ventilation 38.Intrinsic ligaments: link the 9 cartilages together operate the vocal cords. 39.Kussmaul respiration: deep rapid breathing seen in acidosis like in diabetics 40.Laryngopharynx: at the union of the two, ends at inferior end of larynx 41.Larynx: Voicebox, has a flap of tissue called epiglottis to keep food and drink out of the airway, however the vestibular folds of the larynx play a greater role in keeping food out of the airway 42.Mucociliary escalator: is a mechanism to move debris laden mucous up the respiratory tract to the pharynx where it is swallowed and digested. 43.Nasal septum: is the vertical plate that separates the nasal cavity into right and left halves 44.Nasopharynx: receives eustachian tubes from ear and has pharyngeal tonsils 45.o2 and co: bind to the same sight on the Hg molecule 46.oat cell: most deadly form 47.obstructive disorders: interfere with airflow or blocked airways 48.Oropharynx: space between soft palate and root of tongue, has palatine and lingual tonsils 49.Orthopnea: Dyspnea seen when lying down due to heart faliure, asthma, etc 50.Oxygen toxicity: too much 02 can lead to sezuires, coma and death(scuba divers use 79% N and 21% 02) 51.Parietal pleura: pleurae lining the mediastinum, rib cage and diaphram 52.Ph: most important input governing respiration, levels are monitored by chemo receptors 53.phernic nerve: stimulation of this causes a slower relaxation of the diaphragm 54.Pleural cavity: potential space between pleurae 55.pneumotaxic center: responsible for stopping inspiration and shifting to expiration 56.Pressure gradient: largest mover of the gas exchange 57.primary bronchi: divide into secondary or lobar bronchus one for each lobe of the lung(2 left, 3 right) 58.Pulmonary gas exchange: unloading of co2 and loading of 02 at the alveoli 59.Restrictive disorders: reduce pulmonary compliance 60.Right primary bronchi: are more perpendicular and wider, thus is a better chance to aspirate foreign objects 61.solubility of gases: co2 is 20x as soluble as o2 62.spirometry: measurement of pulmonary function. 63.Squamous cell carcinoma: most common type of lung cancer 64.Systemic gas exchange: unloading of o2 and loading of co2 at the systemic capillaries 65.Tachypnea: accelerated breathing 66.Terminal bronchioles: final branch of the conducting division , which have no mucous but do have cilia to move particles up the escalator, 67.thyroid: largest, has adams apple which is larger in males due to testosterone 68.trachea: windpipe, has c shaped cartilage rings with the opening posterior to allow the expansion to

expand during eating. This is controlled by the smooth muscle called Trachealis. 69.ventral group: inspiration and expiration neurons 70.Visceral pleura: pleurae covering the surface of the lungs 71.Vomer and ethmoid: 2 bones that help make up the vertical plate 66.Terminal bronchioles: final branch of the conducting division , which have no mucous but do have cilia to move particles up the escalator, 67.thyroid: largest, has adams apple which is larger in males due to testosterone 68.trachea: windpipe, has c shaped cartilage rings with the opening posterior to allow the expansion to expand during eating. This is controlled by the smooth muscle called Trachealis. 69.ventral group: inspiration and expiration neurons 70.Visceral pleura: pleurae covering the surface of the lungs 71.Vomer and ethmoid: 2 bones that help make up the vertical plate 1.adenoid: also called the pharyngeal tonsil; located on the posterior wall of the pharynx 2.affinity: the tightness with which hemoglobin binds oxygen 3.alveolar duct: branches of the respiratory bronchioles that lead directly to the alveoli 4.alveolar macrophages: phagocytes associated with the alveolar wall that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces; also called dust cells 5.alveolar pressure: the pressure inside the lungs themselves; also called intrapulmonic pressure 6.alveolar ventilation rate: the volume of air per minute that actually reaches the respiratory zone 7.alveolar wall: a layer of type I and type II alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages 8.alveolus: an air sac in the lungs lined by simple squamous epithelium and supported by a thin elastic basement membrane 9.anatomic (respiratory) dead space: the air in airways that does not undergo respiratory exchange 10.apex: the narrow superior portion of the lung 11.apneustic area: an area of the lower pons that coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation; sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inhalation, resulting in a long, deep inhalation 12.arytenoid cartilage: a pair of triangular pieces of hyaline cartilage found at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage, which have a wide range of mobility 13.asthma: a disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway obstruction, or airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli 14.baroreceptors: neurons located in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles that are stretch-sensitive; also called stretch receptors 15.base: the broad, concave, inferior portion of the lung that fits over the convex area of the diaphragm 16.bicarbonate ions: how 70% of the carbon dioxide in blood plasma is transported 17.Bohr effect: phenomenon where lower pH drives oxygen off hemoglobin, making more oxygen available for tissue cells; and elevated pH increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen 18.Boyle's law: states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure 19.bronchial tree: the extensive branching of airways from the trachea which resembles an inverted tree 20.bronchioles: branches of the tertiary bronchi that repeatedly branch into smaller terminal bronchioles 21.carbaminohemoglobin: hemoglobin that has bound carbon dioxide onto its alpha and beta globin chains 22.cardiac notch: a concave space on the left lung in which the heart lies 23.carina: an internal ridge located at the point where the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi; one of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex 24.central chemoreceptors: located in or near the medulla oblongata in the central nervous system that respond to changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or P-CO2 or both, in cerebrospinal fluid 25.chronic bronchitis: a disorder characterized by excessive secretion of bronchial mucus accompanied by a productive cough that lasts for three months of the year for two successive years 26.compliance: refers to how much effort is required to stretch the lungs and chest wall 27.conducting zone: consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs that function to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs 28.corniculate cartilage: a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage

29.costal breathing: a pattern of shallow (chest) breathing due to contraction of the external intercostal muscles 30.costal surface: the lung surface that lies against the ribs, matching the rounded curvature of the ribs 31.cricoid cartilage: a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx 32.cuneiform cartilage: a pair of club- or wedgeshaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages that support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis 33.Dalton's law: states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present 34.decompression sickness: if a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, nitrogen in the blood comes out of solution too quickly and forms gas bubbles in the tissues, causing joint pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, extreme fatigue, paralysis, and unconsciousness; also called "the bends" 35.deoxygenated blood: blood that is depleted of some oxygen gas 36.diaphragmatic breathing: a pattern of deep (abdominal) breathing consisting of the outward movement of the abdomen 37.elastic recoil: property of the chest wall and lungs that causes exhalation; their natural tendency to spring back after they have been stretched 38.emphysema: a disorder characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls, producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation 39.epiglottis: a large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium; moves down and forms a lid over the glottis, the opening into the trachea 40.eupnea: the normal pattern of quiet breathing 41.exhalation: breathing out; also called expiration 42.expiratory reserve volume: the extra air that is pushed out of the lungs during a forcible exhalation 43.external nares: the two openings of the nose also called the nostrils 44.external nose: the portion of the nose visible on the face consisting of a supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin and lined by a mucous membrane 45.external respiration: the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane; also called pulmonary respiration 46.fauces: the opening from the mouth into the oropharynx 47.functional residual capacity: the sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume 48.glottis: consists of a pair of vocal folds (true vocal cords) and the space between them (rima glottidis) 49.Henry's law: states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility 50.hilum: the region of the mediastinal surface through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs 51.hypercapnia: an increase in P-CO2 of arterial blood; also called hypercarbia 52.hyperventilation: rapid and deep breathing that allows the inhalation of more oxygen gas and the exhalation of more carbon dioxide until P-CO2 and H+ are lowered to normal 53.hypocapnia: the condition where arterial P-CO2 is lower than 40 mmHg; also called hypocarbia 54.hypoxia: a deficiency of oxygen gas at the tissue level 55.inhalation: breathing in; also called inspiration 56.inspiratory capacity: the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume 57.inspiratory reserve volume: the additional inhaled air taken into the lungs by taking a very deep breath 58.internal nares: two openings that connect the internal nose with the pharynx; also called the choanae 59.internal nose: a large cavity beyond the nasal vestibule in the anterior skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the mouth; lined with muscle and mucous membrane 60.internal respiration: the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells; also called tissue respiration 61.intrapleural pressure: the pressure between the two pleural layers in the pleural cavity, which is always subatmospheric; also called intrathoracic pressure 62.laryngopharynx: the inferior portion of the pharynx; also called the hypopharynx; extends from the hyoid bone to the opening into the esophagus and larynx 63.larynx: a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea; also called the voicebox 64.lower respiratory system: includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

65.lungs: paired, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity that lie on either side of the heart; the primary organs of respiration 66.meatus: a groove-like passageway found on the side of the nasal cavity, formed by the nasal conchae 67.mediastinal surface: contains the hilum through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs; also called the medial surface 68.medullary rhythmicity area: the neurons of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata that control the basic rhythm of respiration 69.minute ventilation: the total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute; equal to respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume 70.nasal cavity: the space within the internal nose 71.nasal septum: a vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides 72.nasal vestibule: the anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils that is surrounded by cartilage 73.nasopharynx: the superior portion of the pharynx that extends to the soft palate 74.nitrogen narcosis: excessive amounts of dissolved nitrogen that produce giddiness and other symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication; also called the "rapture of the deep" 75.olfactory epithelium: a region of the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and septum which contains receptors for the sense of smell 76.oropharynx: the intermediate pharynx, lying posterior to the oral cavity and extending from the soft palate inferiorly to the hyoid bone 77.oxygenated blood: blood that is saturated with oxygen gas 78.oxyhemoglobin: the binding of oxygen and hemoglobin 79.parietal pleura: superficial layer of membrane that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity 80.percent saturation of hemoglobin: the average saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen 81.peripheral chemoreceptors: neurons located in the aortic and carotid bodies that are sensitive to changes in P-O2, H+, and P-CO2 in the blood 82.pharynx: a funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends to the cricoid cartilage of the inferior larynx; also called the throat 83.pleural cavity: a small space between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes 84.pleural effusion: excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity due to long-term inflammation 85.pleural membrane: double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung 86.pleuritis: inflammation of the pleural membrane that causes pain in its early stages due to friction between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura 87.pneumonia: an acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli 88.pneumotaxic area: a part of the respiratory center in the pons that continually sends inhibitory nerve impulses to the inspiratory area, limiting inhalation and facilitating exhalation 89.primary bronchus: a pair of branches of the trachea that lead to the right and left lung; consist of incomplete rings of cartilage and are lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 90.pulmonary edema: an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs 91.pulmonary ventilation: the inhalation and exhalation of air that involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs; also called breathing 92.residual volume: air that remains in the lungs, even after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled; cannot be measured by spirometry 93.respiration: the general process of gas exchange in the body 94.respiratory bronchiole: branches of the terminal bronchioles that subdivide into several alveolar ducts 95.respiratory center: neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain that regulate the rate and depth of pulmonary ventilation 96.respiratory membrane: the combined alveolar and capillary walls where gas exchange between the air spaces in the lungs and blood takes place 97.respiratory system: consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs 98.respiratory zone: consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs, including the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli 99.secondary bronchi: branches of the primary bronchi that lead to each lobe of the lung; also called lobar bronchi 100.soft palate: the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth; arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx 101.spirogram: the record of air volume and respiratory rate measured by the spirometer

102.spirometer: the apparatus commonly used to measure the volume of air exchanged during breathing and the respiratory rate 103.surface tension: arises at all air-water interfaces due to the polar water molecules being more strongly attracted to each other than they are to the gas molecules in the air 104.surfactant: a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins found in the alveolar fluid; lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse 105.terminal bronchioles: branches of the bronchioles 106.tertiary bronchi: branches of the secondary bronchi that divide into bronchioles; also called segmental bronchi 107.thyroid cartilage: two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that forms the anterior wall of the larynx; also called the Adam's apple 108.tidal volume: the volume of one breath 109.total lung capacity: the sum of vital capacity and residual volume 110.trachea: a tubular passageway for air that is anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the left and right primary bronchi; also called the windpipe 111.tuberculosis: an infectious, communicable disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most often affects the lungs and pleurae 112.type I alveolar cell: simple squamous epithelial cell that forms a nearly continuous lining of the alveolar wall; the main sites of gas exchange 113.type II alveolar cell: cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete alveolar fluid; also called septal cells 114.upper respiratory system: includes only the nose, pharynx, and associated structures 115.ventilation perfusing coupling: the phenomenon where blood flow to each area of the lungs matches the extent of airflow to alveoli in that area 116.ventricular folds: superior mucous membrane folds of the larynx; also called the false vocal cords 117.visceral pleura: deep layer of membrane that covers the lungs themselves 118.vital capacity: the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume 119.vocal folds: inferior membrane and connective tissue folds of the larynx; also called the true vocal cords