Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, M.R.NAGAR SUBJECT-SCIENCE (Chemistry) CLASS-X

Chemical Reaction and Equations CHAPTER1 Chemical change means A chemical reaction takes place Let us perform some activities --1.

* Clean a magnesium ribbon about 2 cm long by rubbing it with sandpaper to remove the layer of MgO. * Hold it with a pair of tongs. Burn it using a spirit lamp or burner and collect the ash so formed in a watch-glass as shown in Fig. 1. Burn the magnesium ribbon keeping it as far as from your eyes because dazzling Light of burning metals like Fe, Mg etc is very harmful for eyes.
Q. What do you observe? Ans. 1. Mg ribbon burn with white dazzling light. 2. White ash of MgO form, Chemical reaction---- M Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) Q. How can be identify the formation of MgO or the nature of MgO ? Ans. MgO is a metallic oxide so it should be basic in nature, hence first we dissolve white ash in the water than test it with litmus paper. Observation - Solution turns litmus paper blue in colour hence water solution of MgO is basic and with water form soluble Mg(OH)2 (Hence Mg(OH)2 is an alkali.) + Chemical reaction MgO (s)+ H2O(l) ----- Mg(OH)2 (aq) +MgOnhbvO White powder

2.Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask or a test tube. Add dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid to this(Fig.). ObservationA black powdery substance deposit around the zinc granules and bubbles of colour less and odour less gas come out. Touch the conical flask or test tube,Its temperature change and it becomes hotter. So it is an exothermic
reaction. Chemical Reaction--- Zn (s)+ 2HCl (aq)---- ZnCl2(s) + H2(g) Q. How can be identify the liberating gas? Ans. On exposing the above gas with burning splinter it burns with POP sound. Chemical Reaction--- 2H2(g) + O2(g) ----- 2H2O From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X 3. Take lead nitrate solution in a test tube. Add potassium iodide solution to this. ObservationYellow ppt of lead iodide will form. Chemical reaction--- PbNO3(aq) + KI(aq) -- PbI2(s) + KNO3 From the above three activities, we can say that any of the following observations helps us to determine whether a chemical reaction has taken place 1. Change in state 2. Change in colour 3. Evolution of a gas and 4. Change in temperature. (NotePrecipitation means During a reaction, Formation of heterogeneous product. eg. In above reaction solid lead iodide form due to the reaction of aq. Lead nitrate and aq. Potassium iodide. And known as precipitation of lead iodide takes place.) CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Activity 1- can be described as when a magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen, it gets converted to magnesium oxide. This description of a chemical reaction in a sentence form is quite long. It can be written in a shorter form. The simplest way to write a reaction is in the form of a word-equation. The word-equation for the above reaction would be Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide (Reactants) (Product) The substances that undergo chemical change in the reaction, magnesium and oxygen, are the reactants. The new substance, magnesium oxide, formed during the reaction, is the product. A word-equation shows change of reactants to products through an arrow placed between them. The reactants are written on the left-hand side (LHS) with a plus sign (+) between them. Similarly, products are written on the right-hand side (RHS) with a plus sign (+) between them. The arrowhead points towards the products, and shows the direction of the reaction. Writing a Chemical Equation Chemical equations can be made more concise and useful if we use chemical formulae instead of words. A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction. If you recall formulae of magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, the above word-equation can be written as Mg + O2 MgO Count and compare the number of atoms of each element on the LHS and RHS of the arrow. Is the number of atoms of each element the same on both the sides? If not, then the equation is unbalanced because the mass is not the same on both sides of the equation (Law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction.) Such a chemical equation is a skeletal chemical equation for a reaction. Equation is a skeletal chemical equation for the burning of magnesium ribbon. We know the law of conservation of mass mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. That is, the total mass of the elements present in the products of a chemical reaction has to be equal to the total mass of the elements present in the reactants. In other words, the number of atoms of each element remains the same, before and after a chemical reaction. Hence, we need to balance a skeletal chemical equation. Let us consider a word equation-Zinc + Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen The above word-equation may be represented by the following chemical equation Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 Let us examine the number of atoms of different elements on both sides of the arrow. As the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the arrow,Hence it is a balanced chemical equation. Let us try to balance the following chemical equation Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2 Step I: Do not change anything inside the boxes while balancing the equation. From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2 Step II: List the number of atoms of different elements present in the unbalanced equation Element Number of atoms Number of atoms in reactants (LHS) in products (RHS) Fe 1 3 H 2 2 O 1 4 For example, to balance oxygen atoms we can put coefficient 4 as 4 H2O and not H2O4 or (H2O)4. Now the partly balanced equation becomes Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + H2 Step III: now balance the hydrogen. The equation would be Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2 Step IV: To equalise Fe, we take three atoms of Fe on the LHS. 3 Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2 This equation is now balanced. Step V: Writing Symbols of Physical State. To make a chemical equation more informative, the physical states of the reactants and products are mentioned along with their chemical formulae. The gaseous, liquid, aqueous and solid states of reactants and products are represented by the notations (g), (l), (aq) and (s), respectively. The word aqueous (aq) is written if the reactant or product is present as a solution in water. The above balanced Eq. becomes 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) Note that the symbol (g) is used with H2O to indicate that in this reaction water is used in the form of steam. Usually physical states are not included in a chemical equation unless it is necessary to specify them. Sometimes the reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, catalyst, etc., for the reaction are indicated above and/or below the arrow in the equation. For example

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 1. Combination Reaction Such a reaction in which a single product is formed from two or more reactants is known as a combination reaction. Activity-1--Take a small amount of calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker. Slowly add water to this. On touching the beaker, We feel, it becomes hot. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) releasing a large amount of heat(observation).

Let us discuss some more examples of combination reactions. (i) Burning of coal C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) and Heat (ii) Formation of water from H2(g) and O2(g) From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) and Heat Exothermic reaction Reactions in which heat is released along with the formation of products are called exothermic chemical reactions. Other examples of exothermic reactions are (i) Burning of natural gas CH4(g) + 2O2 (g)----- CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) and Heat (ii) Respiration is an exothermic process. We all know that we need energy to stay alive. We get this energy from the food we eat. During digestion, food is broken down into simpler substances. For example, rice, potatoes and bread contain carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose. This glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy. The special name of this reaction is respiration. C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy (Glucose) (iii) The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also an example of an exothermic reaction. Decomposition Reaction--Such a reaction in which two or more than two products are formed from a single reactant is known as a decomposition reaction. Activity 1-- Take two pinch of ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry boiling tube. The colour of the ferrous sulphate crystals--- Green. Heat the boiling tube over the flame of a burner or spirit lamp as shown in Fig. Observation - 1. The colour of the crystals after heating become red-brown. 2. Smell of burning sulphur also noticed due to evolution of sulphur dioxide gas.

Activity-2 Decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide on heating. Uses In the manufacture of cement. When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating, it is called thermal decomposition.

Activity-3 (Another example of a thermal decomposition) Take about 2 pinch of lead nitrate powder in a boiling tube. Hold the boiling tube with a pair of tongs and heat it over a flame, as shown in Fig. Observation-- The emission of brown fumes take place. These fumes are of nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

From NCERT book

Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X

Activity-4- (An example of electrical decompositionKnown as electrolysis) Electrolysis of water Take a plastic mug. Drill two holes at its base and fit rubber stoppers in these holes. Insert carbon electrodes in these rubber stoppers as shown in Fig. Connect these electrodes to a 6 volt battery. Fill the mug with water such that the electrodes are immersed. Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water. Take two test tubes filled with water and invert them over the two carbon electrodes. Switch on the current and leave the apparatus undisturbed for some time. Observation- The formation of bubbles at both the electrodes. These bubbles displace water in the test tubes. Q.Is the volume of the gas collected the same in both the test tubes? Ans. No, In one test tube the volume of displaced water will be double than other test tube. Once the test tubes are filled with the respective gases, remove them carefully. Identification of gasesTest these gases one by one by bringing a burning candle close to the mouth of the test tubes. Q.What happens in each case? Ans. The gas of less displaced watertube is helpful in burning it means it is oxygen and the gas of more displaced water---tube burn with pop sound it means it is hydrogen gas. Q. Which gas is present in each test tube?

Chemical reaction is Electricity 2H2O (l) ------- 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) Water Hydrogen Oxygen 2 Volume 1 Volume Hence oxygen released at anode (I test tube) and hydrogen released at cathode (II test tube) Activity5 (An example of light decompositionKnown as photolysis) Take about 2 pinch of silver chloride in a china dish. Its colour ---- White. Place this china dish in sunlight for some time as in Fig. Observation The colour of the silver chloride after some time become grey black due to formation of metallic silver. From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X

Silver bromide also behaves in the same way Uses-- The above reactions are used in black and white photography. Q. What form of energy is causing these decomposition reactions? Ans. We have seen that the decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity for breaking down the reactants. Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as endothermic reactions. Activity Take about 2 g barium hydroxide in a test tube. Add 1 g of ammonium chloride and mix with the help of a glass rod. Touch the bottom of the test tube with your palm. What do you feel? Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction? Ans. It is an endothermic reaction. Displacement Reaction In this reaction, one reactant (element) has displaced or removed another element from its salt solution. This reaction is known as displacement reaction. Activity-Take three iron nails and clean them by rubbing with sand paper. Take two test tubes marked as (A) and (B). In each test tube, take about 10 mL copper sulphate solution. Tie two iron nails with a thread and immerse them carefully in the copper sulphate solution in test tube B for about 20 minutes [Fig. 1.8 (a)]. Keep one iron nail aside for comparison. After 20 minutes, take out the iron nails from the copper sulphate solution. Compare the intensity of the blue colour of copper sulphate solutions in test tubes (A) and (B), [Fig. 1.8 (b)]. ObservationColour of the copper sulphate solution of test tube (B) become faded. Also, compare the colour of the iron nails dipped in the copper sulphate solution with the one kept aside [Fig. 1.8 (b)]. Observation--- The iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution become red in colour due to deposition of copper metal.

Q. Why does the iron nail become brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fade? Ans. The following chemical reaction takes place in this Activity Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X (Copper sulphate) (Iron sulphate) Blue solution Green solution In this reaction, iron has displaced or removed another element, copper, from copper sulphate solution. This reaction is known as displacement reaction. Other examples of displacement reactions are Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) (Copper sulphate) (Zinc sulphate) Blue solution Colourless solution Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s) (Copper chloride) (Lead chloride) Dark green solution White ppt Zinc and lead are more reactive elements than copper. They displace copper from its compounds. Double Displacement Reaction Such reactions in which there is an exchange of ions between the reactants are called double displacement reaction. Activity 1-- Take about 3 mL of sodium sulphate solution in a test tube. In another test tube, take about 3 mL of barium chloride solution. Mix the two solutions. Observation---- White ppt of barium sulphate, insoluble in water will form. Note1. The insoluble substance formed in a reaction is known as a precipitate. 2.Any reaction that produces a precipitate can be called a precipitation reaction.

Activity2- You mix the solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide. (i) What was the colour of the precipitate formed? Can you name the compound precipitated? Ans. Yellow ppt of lead iodide will form. (ii) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Ans. Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI ----- PbI2 + 2KNO3 Lead nitrate Potassium Lead Potassium Iodide Iodide Nitrate (iii) Is this also a double displacement reaction? Ans. Yes, It is a double displacement reaction. Oxidation and Reduction If a substance gains oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be oxidised. If a substance loses oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be reduced. Hence one reactant gets oxidised while the other gets reduced during a reaction. Such reactions are called oxidation-reduction reactions. Activity 1-- Heat a china dish containing about 1 g copper powder. Observation--- The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black copper(II) oxide. Q. Why has this black substance formed? Ans. This is because oxygen is added to copper and copper oxide is formed.

Activity-2-- If hydrogen gas is passed over this heated material (CuO), the black coating on the surface turns brown as the reverse reaction takes place and copper is obtained. From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X

i.e. During this above reaction, the copper(II) oxide is losing oxygen and is being reduced. The hydrogen is gaining oxygen and is being oxidised. Some other examples of redox reactions are: ZnO + C ZnCO MnO2 + 2HCl ----- MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2 Burning of Mg-ribbon in air Mg + O2 ------ 2MgO EFFECTS OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE-Corrosion We know iron articles are shiny when new, but get coated with a reddish brown powder when left for some time. This process is commonly known as rusting of iron. Some other metals also get tarnished in this manner. Layer by layer decay of the metal due to attack of substances around it such as moisture, acids, etc., it is said to corrode and this process is called corrosion. The black coating on silver and the green coating on copper are other examples of corrosion. Corrosion causes damage to car bodies, bridges, iron railings, ships and to all objects made of metals, specially those of iron. Corrosion of iron is a serious problem. Rancidity When fats and oils are oxidised, they become rancid and their smell and taste change. Protection of food material from rancidity 1. Usually substances which prevent oxidation (antioxidants) are added to foods containing fats and oil. 2. Keeping food in air tight containers helps to slow down oxidation. e.g.-- 1.Chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen to prevent the chips getting oxidised. Some Important chemical reactions 1. A solution of slaked lime is used for white washing walls. Calcium hydroxide reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide in air to form a thin layer of calcium carbonate on the walls. Calcium carbonate is formed after two to three days of white washing and gives a shiny finish to the walls. It is interesting to note that the chemical formula for marble is also CaCO3. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) (Calcium (Calcium hydroxide) carbonate)

From NCERT book

Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X Subject chemistry Work Sheet1-A 1. Which of the following is not a physical change? (a) Boiling of water to give water vapour (b) Melting of ice to give water (c) Dissolution of salt in water (d) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 2. The following reaction is an example of a 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) (i) displacement reaction (ii) combination reaction (iii) redox reaction (iv) neutralisation reaction (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv) 3. Which of the following statements about the given reaction are correct? 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) (i) Iron metal is getting oxidized (ii) Water is getting reduced (iii) Water is acting as reducing agent (iv) Water is acting as oxidising agent (a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv) (c) (i), (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv) 4. Which of the following are exothermic processes? (i) Reaction of water with quick lime (ii) Dilution of an acid (iii) Evaporation of water (iv) Sublimation of camphor (crystals) (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) 5. Three beakers labelled as A, B and C each containing 25 mL of water were taken. A small amount of NaOH, anhydrous CuSO4 and NaCl were added to the beakers A, B and C respectively. It was observed that there was an increase in the temperature of the solutions contained in beakers A and B, whereas in case of beaker C, the temperature of the solution falls. Which one of the following statement(s) is(are) correct? (i) In beakers A and B, exothermic process has occurred. (ii) In beakers A and B, endothermic process has occurred. (iii) In beaker C exothermic process has occurred. (iv) In beaker C endothermic process has occurred. (a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii) 6. A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added to the beaker containing acidified permanganate solution. The light purple colour of the solution fades and finally disappears. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the observation? (a) KMnO4 is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO4 (b) FeSO4 acts as an oxidising agent and oxidises KMnO4 (c) The colour disappears due to dilution; no reaction is involved (d) KMnO4 is an unstable compound and decomposes in presence of FeSO4 to a colourless compound.

From NCERT book

Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X 7. Which among the following is(are) double displacement reaction(s)? (i) Pb + CuCl2 PbCl2 + Cu (ii) Na2SO4 + BaCl2----------- BaSO4 + 2NaCl (iii) C + O2 ---------CO2 (iv) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) only (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv) 8. Which among the following statement(s) is(are) true? Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long duration turns grey due to (i) the formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride (ii) sublimation of silver chloride (iii) decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride (iv) oxidation of silver chloride (a) (i) only (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iv) only 9. Solid calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide accompanied by liberation of heat. This process is called slaking of lime. Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form its solution called lime water. Which among the following is (are) true about slaking of lime and the solution formed? (i) It is an endothermic reaction (ii) It is an exothermic reaction (iii) The pH of the resulting solution will be more than seven (iv) The pH of the resulting solution will be less than seven (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) 10. Barium chloride on reacting with ammonium sulphate forms barium sulphate and ammonium chloride. Which of the following correctly represents the type of the reaction involved? (i) Displacement reaction (ii) Precipitation reaction (iii) Combination reaction (iv) Double displacement reaction (a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) (iv) only (d) (ii) and (iv) 11. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases liberated during electrolysis of water is (a) 1:1 (b) 2:1 (c) 4:1 (d) 1:2 12. Which of the following is(are) an endothermic process(es)? (i) Dilution of sulphuric acid (ii) Sublimation of dry ice (iii) Condensation of water vapours (iv) Evaporation of water (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) only (c) (iii) only (d) (ii) and (iv) 13. In the double displacement reaction between aqueous potassium iodide and aqueous lead nitrate, a yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. While performing the activity if lead nitrate is not available, which of the following can be used in place of lead nitrate? (a) Lead sulphate (insoluble) (b) Lead acetate (c) Ammonium nitrate (d) Potassium sulphate From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X Subject chemistry Work Sheet1-B 14. Which of the following gases can be used for storage of fresh sample of an oil for a long time? (a) Carbon dioxide or oxygen (b) Nitrogen or oxygen (c) Carbon dioxide or helium (d) Helium or nitrogen 15. The following reaction is used for the preparation of oxygen gas in the laboratory

Which of the following statement is correct about the reaction? (a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in nature (b) It is a combination reaction (c) It is a displacement reaction (d) It is a decomposition reaction and takes place in presence of light energy. 16. Which one of the following processes involve chemical reactions? (a) Storing of oxygen gas under pressure in a gas cylinder (b) Liquefaction of air (c) Keeping petrol in a china dish in the open (d) Heating copper wire in presence of air at high temperature 17. In which of the following chemical equations, the abbreviations represent the correct states of the reactants and products involved at reaction temperature? (a) 2H2(l) + O2(l) 2H2O(g) (b) 2H2(g) + O2(l) 2H2O(l) (c) 2H2(g) + O2(g) ------------2H2O(l) (d) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) 18. Which of the following are combination reactions? (i) (ii) MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 (iii) 4Al + 3O2 2Al2 O3 (iv) Zn + FeSO4 ZnSO4 + Fe (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii) 19. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions and identify the type of reaction in each case. (a) Nitrogen gas is treated with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst at 773K to form ammonia gas.

(b) Sodium hydroxide solution is treated with acetic acid to form sodium acetate and water.

(c) Ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 .

From NCERT book

Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X (d) Ethene is burnt in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and releases heat and light.

20. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions and identify the type of reaction in each case. (a) Thermit reaction, iron (III) oxide reacts with aluminium and gives molten iron and aluminium oxide.

(b) Magnesium ribbon is burnt in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas to form solid magnesium nitride.

(c) Chlorine gas is passed in an aqueous potassium iodide solution to form potassium chloride solution and solid iodine.

(d) Ethanol is burnt in air to form carbon dioxide, water and releases heat.

21. Complete the missing components/variables given as x and y in the following reactions (a) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2 (x) + 2KNO3(y) (b) Cu(s) + 2Ag NO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + x(s) (c) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(x) + H2(y)

(d) CaCO3(s) ------(x)----- CaO(s) + CO2(g) 22. Which among the following changes are exothermic or endothermic in nature? Write their balance chemical equations also. (a) Decomposition of ferrous sulphate

(b) Dilution of sulphuric acid

(c) Dissolution of sodium hydroxide in water

(d) Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water 23. Identify the reducing agent in the following reactions (a) 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O (b) H2O + F2 HF + HOF From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X Subject chemistry Work Sheet1-C (c) Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 (d) 2H2 + O2 2H2O 24. Identify the oxidising agent (oxidant) in the following reactions (a) Pb3O4 + 8HCl 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O (b) 2Mg + O2 2MgO (c) CuSO4 + Zn Cu + ZnSO4 (d) V2O5 + 5Ca 2V + 5CaO (e) 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2 (f) CuO + H2 Cu + H2O 25. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions (a) Sodium carbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid in equal molar concentrations gives sodium chloride and sodium hydrogencarbonate.

(b) Sodium hydrogencarbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid gives sodium chloride, water and liberates carbon dioxide.

(c) Copper sulphate on treatment with potassium iodide precipitates cuprous iodide (Cu2 I2), liberates iodine gas and also forms potassium sulphate.

26. A solution of potassium chloride when mixed with silver nitrate solution, an insoluble white substance is formed. Write the chemical reaction involved and also mention the type of the chemical reaction?

27. Ferrous sulphate decomposes with the evolution of a gas having a characteristic odour of burning sulphur. Write the chemical reaction involved and identify the type of reaction.

28. Why do fire flies glow at night?

29. Grapes hanging on the plant do not ferment but after being plucked from the plant can be fermented. Under what conditions do these grapes ferment? Is it a chemical or a physical change?

30. Which among the following are physical or chemical changes? (a) Evaporation of petrol From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X (b) Burning of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) (c) Heating of an iron rod to red hot. (d) Curdling of milk (e) Sublimation of solid ammonium chloride 31. During the reaction of some metals with dilute hydrochloric acid, following observations were made. Explain these observations giving suitable reasons (a) Silver metal does not show any change

(b) The temperature of the reaction mixture rises when aluminium (Al) is added.

(c) The reaction of sodium metal is found to be highly explosive

(d) Some bubbles of a gas are seen when lead (Pb) is reacted with the acid.

32. A substance X, which is an oxide of a group 2 element, is used intensively in the cement industry. This element is present in bones also. On treatment with water it forms a solution which turns red litmus blue. Identify X and also write the chemical reactions involved.

33. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions and also classify them. (a) Lead acetate solution is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to form lead chloride and acetic acid solution.

(b) A piece of sodium metal is added to absolute ethanol to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.

(c) Iron (III) oxide on heating with carbon monoxide gas reacts to form solid iron and liberates carbon dioxide gas.

(d) Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form solid sulphur and liquid water.

34. Why do we store silver chloride in dark coloured bottles?

From NCERT book

Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X Subject chemistry Work Sheet1-D 35. Balance the following chemical equations and identify the type of chemical reaction.

36. A magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen to give a white compound X accompanied by emission of light. If the burning ribbon is now placed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, it continues to burn and forms a compound Y. (a) Write the chemical formulae of X and Y. (b) Write a balanced chemical equation, when X is dissolved in water.

37. Zinc liberates hydrogen gas when reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid, whereas copper does not. Explain why?

38. A silver article generally turns black when kept in the open for a few days. The article when rubbed with toothpaste again starts shining. (a) Why do silver articles turn black when kept in the open for a few days? Name the phenomenon involved. (b) Name the black substance formed and give its chemical formula.

39. On heating blue coloured powder of copper (II) nitrate in a boiling tube, copper oxide (black), oxygen gas and a brown gas X is formed (a) Write a balanced chemical equation of the reaction.

(b) Identity the brown gas X evolved. (c) Identity the type of reaction. (d) What could be the pH range of aqueous solution of the gas X? 40. Give the characteristic tests for the following gases (a) CO2 (b) SO2 (c) O2 From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X (d) H2 41. What happens when a piece of( Also, write the balanced chemical equation if the reaction Occurs) (a) zinc metal is added to copper sulphate solution?

(b) aluminium metal is added to dilute hydrochloric acid?

(c) silver metal is added to copper sulphate solution?

42. What happens when zinc granules are treated with dilute solution of H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, NaCl and NaOH, also write the chemical equations if reaction occurs.

43. On adding a drop of barium chloride solution to an aqueous solution of sodium sulphite, white precipitate is obtained. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved

(b) What other name can be given to this precipitation reaction? (c) On adding dilute hydrochloric acid to the reaction mixture, white precipitate disappears. Why?

44. You are provided with two containers made up of copper and aluminium. You are also provided with solutions of dilute HCl, dilute HNO3, ZnCl2 and H2O. In which of the above containers these solutions can be kept?

From NCERT book

Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X 45. Write P in front of physical change and C in front of chemical change. a) milk is left at room temperature during summers. b) Melting of wax. c) an iron tawa/pan/nail is left exposed to humid atmosphere. d) Heating body due to fever. e) Cutting of papers. f) Folding of papers g) grapes get fermented. h) food is cooked. i) Roling of Chapati. j) Preperation of dough from wheat grains. k) food gets digested in our body. l) we respire. Write suitable observation by which you can justify your answer.

CHAPTER2 Acids, Bases and Salts We know acids are sour and bases are bitter in taste. Acids turn litmus solution red in colour and bases turn litmus solution blue in colour. Litmus is a natural indicator, turmeric is another such indicator. We can also use synthetic indicators such as methyl orange and phenolphthalein to test for acids and bases. Note---Litmus solution is a purple dye, which is extracted from lichen (symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi), a plant belonging to the division Thallophyta, and is commonly used as an indicator. When the litmus solution is neither acidic nor basic, its colour is purple. There are many other natural materials like red cabbage leaves, turmeric, coloured petals of some flowers such as Hydrangea, Petunia and Geranium, which indicate the presence of acid or base in a solution. These are called acid-base indicators or sometimes simply indicators. There are some substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media. These are called olfactory indicators. Reaction of Acids and Bases with Metals Activity 1 --- Set the apparatus as shown in Fig. Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and add a few pieces of zinc granules to it. What do you observe on the surface of zinc granules? From NCERT book Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X Pass the gas being evolved through the soap solution. Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution? Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble.What do you observe? Repeat this Activity with some more acids like HCl, HNO3 and CH3COOH. Q. Are the observations in all the cases the same or different? Ans. Observation remain same.

Note- The metal in the above reactions displaces hydrogen from the acids. This is seen as hydrogen gas. The metal combines with the remaining part of the acid and forms a compound called a salt. Thus, the reaction of a metal with an acid can be summarised as Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas Reaction for above activity is--H2SO4 + Zn --- ZnSO4 + H2 Activity-2 Place a few pieces of granulated zinc metal in a test tube. Add 2 mL of sodium hydroxide solution and warm the contents of the test tube. Repeat the rest of the steps as in Activity 1 and record your observations. The reaction that takes place can be written as follows.

You find again that hydrogen is formed in the reaction. However, such reactions are not possible with all metals. Reaction of Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogencarbonates with Acids-Activity 3-- Take two test tubes, label them as A and B. Take about 0.5 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in test tube A and about 0.5 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) in test tube B. Add about 2 mL of dilute HCl to both the test tubes. Q. What do you observe?Ans. A colourless odourless gas release with brisk effevescences. -Pass the gas produced in each case through lime water (calcium hydroxide solution) as shown in Fig. and record your observations Ans. lime water turns milky.

From NCERT book

Vineeta Agrawal

Delhi Public School MRNagar MATHURA Chemistry -X

The reactions occurring in the above Activity are written as Test tube A: Na2CO3(s) + HCl(aq)-- 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Test tube B: NaHCO3 + HCl(aq)- NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) On passing the carbon dioxide gas evolved through lime water, Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)---- H2O(l) + CaCO3 (s) (White precipitate)
On passing excess carbon dioxide the following reaction takes place:

Limestone, chalk and marble are different forms of calcium carbonate. All metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates react with acids to give acorresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water. Thus, the reaction can be summarised as In the above Activity, we have observed that the effect of a base is nullified by an acid and vice-versa. The reaction taking place is written as NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) The reaction between an acid and a base to give a salt and water is known as a neutralisation reaction. In general, a neutralisation reaction can be written as Base + Acid Salt + Water Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids Activity 4. -----> Take a small amount of copper oxide in a beaker and add dilute hydrochloric acid slowly while stirring. Note the colour of the solution. What has happened to the copper oxide? ---You will notice that the colour of the solution becomes blue-green and the copper oxide dissolves. The blue-green colour of the solution is due to the formation of copper(II) chloride in the reaction. The general reaction between a metal oxide and an acid can be written as Metal oxide + Acid Salt + Water Metal carbonate/Metal hydrogencarbonate + Acid Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

From NCERT book

Vineeta Agrawal