Introduction to Chemistry

Louie Paolo D. Carpio

Instructor 3 Institute of Chemistry, UP Diliman

OBJECTIVES for today

1. Define chemistry 2. Define matter 3. Classification of matter 4. Phases of matter 5. Describe properties of matter

Chemistry: Definition
CHEMISTRY study of matter (composition, structure, properties, transformations and energy involved in the transformations)

Matter: Definition
Matter an object which has 2 basic properties: 1. mass - describes quantity of matter 2. volume amount of space it occupies

Matter: Exercise
Which of the following is an example of matter?
mass volume matter?

table thought love computer light

Phases of matter
1. Solids - definite shape and volume 2. Liquids definite volume but not shape 3. Gases no definite volume and shape 4. Liquid crystals* 5. plasma*

Phases of matter

Chemistry: Study of Matter

Psychiatry Neurology Pharmacology Medicine Physiology Biology Toxicology Agriculture Chemistry Electronics Mat. Science Physics Metallurgy Engineering

Food Science Envtl Science Economics

Classification of Matter:
MATTER
SUBSTANCES has fixed or definite
composition unique set of properties

MIXTURES composed of two or

more substances

SUBSTANCES
- have definite composition and properties

SUBSTANCES
ELEMENTS simplest type of matter
substance that is composed of only one type of atom

COMPOUNDS combination of different

elements in a definite ratio

ELEMENTS
- simplest type of matter and composed of only one type of atom - found in the periodic table Examples: 1. Carbon represented as C 2. Sodium represented as Na 3. Oxygen represented as O

ELEMENTS: classification
Elements are classified in the periodic table as: 1. Metals conductivity, luster, malleability, ductility (majority of the elements are metals) 2. Nonmetals non-conductivity, reactivity 3. Metalloids combination of metallic and nonmetallic properties (semiconductors)

ELEMENTS: classification

ELEMENTS in the Periodic Table

ELEMENTS and Allotropes

- simplest type of matter and composed of only one type of atom Allotropes one of two or more forms of an element in the same physical state (Masterton, 2004)
examples:

Carbon graphite (black solid) and diamond (clear hard solid) Oxygen O2 (elemental oxygen) and O3 (ozone)

SUBSTANCES
- have definite composition and properties

SUBSTANCES
ELEMENTS simplest type of matter
substance that is composed of only one type of atom

COMPOUNDS combination of different

elements in a definite ratio

COMPOUNDS
- combination of different atoms / elements in a definite ratio - has unique properties Examples: 1. Carbon dioxide represented as CO2 2. Sodium hydroxide represented as NaOH 3. Water represented as H2O

COMPOUNDS & LODC

Definite composition of compounds can be described in two ways: 2. Type and the number of atoms 3. Masses or mass percentage of each element in the compound Example: CO2 has a definite composition of: 2. one atom of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen 3. 12.011 g (27.3 %) of carbon and 32.000 g (72.7%) of oxygen for each 44.011 g of CO2

Classification of Matter
MATTER
SUBSTANCES has fixed or definite
composition unique set of properties

MIXTURES composed of two or

more substances

MIXTURES
MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS
has only one phase and has uniform composition

HETEROGENEOUS
made up of two or more phases has indefinite composition and properties

COLLOIDS
intermediate phase between homogeneous and heterogeneous phase (1-1000 nm)

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES:
also known as SOLUTIONS
examples: air, alloys, iced tea, rubbing alcohol

SOLUTION components
1. Solvent in greater amount 2. Solute in lesser amount important: solute is dissolved in solvent (dissolution process)

MIXTURES
MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS
has only one phase and has uniform composition

HETEROGENEOUS
made up of two or more phases has indefinite composition and properties

COLLOIDS
intermediate phase between homogeneous and heterogeneous phase (1-1000 nm)

COLLOIDS
they appear homogeneous but have larger particle sizes examples: fog, smoke, gelatin, foam, etc. They can be discriminated from homogeneous solutions and substances based on the Tyndall effect Tyndall effect scattering of light when it passes though a colloidal medium

COLLOIDS
Unlike in solutions, the components of a colloid are the following: 1. Dispersed particle 2. Dispersing medium dispersion instead of dissolution

COLLOIDS vs SOLUTIONS
Criteria Particle Size Appearance Exhibits Tyndall effect? Mode / process involved COLLOIDS 1-1000 nm Homogeneous but components can separate with time yes Dispersion (dispersing medium and dispersed particle) SOLUTIONS Less than 1 nm Homogeneous no Dissolution (solute and solvent)

Types of Colloids
Dispersed Dispersing particle medium

type
foam Solid foam Liquid aerosol Emulsion Gel Sol Solid sol

Example
Shaving cream Marshmallow Fog and clouds Milk, blood Cheese, butter Paint, gelatin Colored glass

Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid Solid Solid Solid

Liquid Solid Gas Liquid Solid Gas Liquid solid

Solid aerosol Smoke

MIXTURES
MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS
has only one phase and has uniform composition

HETEROGENEOUS
made up of two or more phases has indefinite composition and properties

COLLOIDS
intermediate phase between homogeneous and heterogeneous phase (1-1000 nm)

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
also known as SUSPENSIONS components of the mixture can be easily identified since the particles are large enough (more than 1000nm) examples: spaghetti, salads, oil and water, computer

SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS
- components of a mixture can be separated by physical means
Process Components that can be separated

magnetism filtration evaporation sieving distillation decantation chromatography

Magnetic and nonmagnetic material Solid and liquid Soluble solid and liquid Solids of different sizes Liquids of different boiling points Large solid and liquid Components of different polarity

Distillation Set-up

Classification of Matter: Summary

MATTER
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES solutions elements compounds colloids
suspensions

Alternative Classification

Exercise on type of matter

Classify the type of matter
cellphone table salt 14-K gold gasoline coffee with cream chlorine gas (Cl2) book mixture - suspension substance - compound mixture - solution mixture - solution mixture - colloid substance - element mixture - suspension

PROPERTIES of MATTER
DEPENDENT on Amount 1. Extensive or Extrinsic dependent on the amount of matter (ex. mass, volume, energy) 2. Intensive or Intrinsic independent of amount (ex. density, temperature)

PROPERTIES of MATTER
DEPENDENT on Chemical Reactivity 1. Chemical dependent on the reactivity of matter (ex. ability to burn, to be oxidized or reduced, ability to form ions or precipitates) 2. Physical independent of reactivity of matter (ex. mass, volume, density, appearance, texture, etc.)

Exercise on properties of matter

Classify if the property is extensive or intensive

energy magnetic property number of particles boiling point weight hardness

extensive intensive extensive intensive extensive intensive

Exercise on properties of matter

Classify if the property is chemical or physical

explosiveness magnetic property ability to form oxides boiling point weight ability to dissolve

chemical physical chemical physical physical chemical

Transformation of MATTER
1. Chemical change change in the composition of matter (therefore the chemical formula should change!) ex. burning, rusting, explosions 3. Physical change no change in the composition of matter (the chemical formula does not change) ex. change in shape, phase changes

Transformation of MATTER
INDICATORS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES Evolution of gas Heat absorption or release Formation of a solid (precipitate) Color change Chemical changes automatically changes the intensive properties of matter

Phase Changes physical change

SOLID
melting freezing sublimation deposition

LIQUID
vaporization

condensation

GAS

Exercise on transformation of matter

Classify if change is physical or chemical

cutting of paper burning of wood spoiling of food melting of butter formation of ice in freezer photosynthesis

physical chemical chemical physical physical chemical

Please read the following:

CHAPTER 1 of WHITTEN 1-7 Measurement in Chemistry 1-8 Units of measurement 1-9 Use of numbers 1-10 Unit factor method (or dimensional analysis) 1-11 Percentage 1-12 Density and Specific Gravity

REMINDERS
QUIZ next meeting at 7:05 am no make-up quiz for late comers! official checking of attendance starts next meeting (late: - 2 pts ; absence: - 5pts)