Newton

Fields and Forces

6.1 | Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The gravitational force between a mass and the Earth is the objects weight.

Gravitational constant = 6.67398 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2 Force is measured in Newtons, yet the gravitational constant can also be define using cgs : centimetergramsecond system Even between different masses, the force is the same. This is due to newtons third law: The third law states that all forces exist in pairs: if one object A exerts a force FA on a second object B, then B simultaneously exerts a force FB on A, and the two forces are equal and opposite: FA = FB . The forces do not cancel out since they are acting on different objects. Make sure to convert Kilometers to meters!

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6.1.2 | Gravitational Field Strength

A field is a region of space in which forces act. A gravitational field is a region of space where matter experiences a force because of its mass. Gravity is a field force: It always exists between objects without the need for contact. The gravitational field strength (g) is a measure of the force a body will experience in a field, measured in N kg-1 (vector quantity). This is equal to the gravitational acceleration.

6.1.3 | Determine the gravitational field due to one or more point masses All calculations revolve around the equations above. For one point mass, the value of F obtained is the field strength. For more than one point mass, the values should be added, bearing in mind that they have direction and magnitude. The same applies for the gravitational field strength. To find the gravitational field due to one or more point masses:

6.1.4 | Derive an expression for gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet assuming all its mass is concentrated at the centre

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Field lines in the direction of acceleration are drawn to help visualize field. In experiments, it is assumed that gravitational field is uniform: the force is constant everywhere. 6.2 | State that there are two types of electric charge

Electric charge is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when near other electrically charged matter. There exist two types of electric charges: positive and negative. Oppositely charged objects attract, and likecharged objects repel. The electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields. The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the electromagnetic force.

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Law of conservation of charge: Charge can neither be produced nor destroyed, it is only transferred.

6.2.3 | Electrical properties in conductors and insulators.

In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Metals such as copper typify conductors, while most non-metallic solids are said to be good insulators, having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge through them. "Conductor" implies that the outer electrons of the atoms are loosely bound and free to move through the material. Most atoms hold on to their electrons tightly and are insulators. In copper, the valence electrons are essentially free and strongly repel each other. Any external influence, which moves one of them, will cause a repulsion of other electrons, which propagates, "domino fashion" through the conductor. Simply stated, most metals are good electrical conductors, most nonmetals are not. Metals are also generally good heat conductors while nonmetals are not. In an insulator, charges do not move. In conductors, charges move. 6.2.4 | Coulombs law

Coulombs law: The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitude of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.

k = Coulombs constant: Coulombs law describes the force between two or more charges at rest (electrostatic).

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Newton If more than two charges are considered, the net force on any one charge will be the vector sum of all forces acting on the charge. 6.2.5 | Electrical Field Strength

According to Michael Faraday, the electric field is a region of influence around a charge or group of charges. The strength or magnitude of the electric field at a given point is defined as the force that would be exerted on a positive test charge of 1 coulomb placed at that point, measured in NC-1. A test charge is a small positive charge, too small to have an effect on the electric field.

6.2.7 | Electrical Field Patterns Electric field lines indicate the electric field influence on a test charge placed in a field. Fields move from positive charges to negative charges. Field lines are perpendicular to the surface of charged objects. Field lines never crss. The closer the lines, the stronger the field. FIELDS AND FORCES 5

Newton The direction of the field influence is tangent to the field lines. For magnetic fields, the field lines move from the north pole to the south pole. For magnetic fields, the field lines always form a closed loop: there is no such thing as a magnetic monopole.

Single point charge:

A-levelphysicstutor.com

Two point charges:

A-levelphysicstutor.com

Oppositely charged plates:

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6.3 | Magnetic Fields A magnetic field is a region of space where a small test magnet experiences a turning force. The magnetic field is strongest nearer to the poles, and the field strength is measured in flux density, measured in teslas (T). Moving charges causes magnetic fields.

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In a current-carrying conductor, the magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of the current and the field. The size of the force is dependent on the flux density (B) , current (I) , and length (l) of the wire.

The force experienced by a current-carrying conductor is the sum of the forces experienced by each electron.

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