THE NATURE OF MATTER Niki see the explanation below from a scientist to understand the difference between mass

and weight. It is from this website: http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/periodic_table/mass.html

Weight and Mass What's the difference between weight and mass?

As long as you stay on Earth, the difference is more philosophical than practical. Uh...what do you mean by that?

Well, mass is a measurement of how much matter is in an object; weight is a measurement of how hard gravity is pulling on that object. Your mass is the same wherever you are--on Earth, on the moon, floating in space--because the amount of stuff you're made of doesn't change. But your weight depends on how much gravity is acting on you at the moment; you'd weigh less on the moon than on Earth, and in interstellar space you'd weigh almost nothing at all.

But if you stay on Earth, gravity is always the same, so it really doesn't matter whether you talk about weight or mass. That's right...but scientists still like to be careful about distinguishing between the two. If you talk about the mass of an atom--as I will do from now on--you're always talking about the same thing; if you talk about its weight, what you mean depends on where the atom is.
1. What is matter? _________________________________________________________________________ Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. 2. What are the states of matter? _________________________________________________________________________ Solids, liquids and gases are the three states of matter. Examples: Solids: iron, wood. Liquids: water, petrol. Gases: hydrogen, oxygen. 3. What is a solid? _________________________________________________________________________ A solid is anything that has a definite shape and a definite volume, such that it can have any number of free surfaces, is called a solid. Niki water has only one surface, like in a glass of water, but a piece of clay can have any number or surfaces and you don't really need a cup to hold it. And gases have no surface at all. So before something can be called a solid, it should be able to have free surfaces. Free surface means, the surface can exist by itself without anyone helping to hold it. 4. What are the properties of a solid? _________________________________________________________________________ Solids have definite shape and definite volume. They do not flow. They can be heaped. Solids do not need a container to hold them. Solids can have any number of surfaces. Solids have very strong intermolecular forces of attraction. 5. What is a liquid? _________________________________________________________________________ A liquid is something that has no definite shape, but has a definite volume, and has only one free surface. 6. What are the properties of a liquid? _________________________________________________________________________ Liquids have no definite shape, but have a definite volume. Liquids always need a container. Liquids flow. Liquids have only one free surface at the top of the vessel that holds them.

Liquids can be only be slightly compressed. 7. What is a gas _________________________________________________________________________ Gases have no definite shape and no definite volume. They fill the entire space that is available to them. 8. What are the properties of gases? _________________________________________________________________________ Gases do not have a definite shape or volume. Gases can be easily compressed. Gases flow in all directions. Gases have very low forces of intermolecular attraction. Gases have no free surface. Gases need a container to hold them. 9. What is the fourth state of matter? _________________________________________________________________________ Plasma is the fourth state of matter. Plasma is found on the sun. 10. The force of attraction between molecules is called _____________________ (intermolecular force. 11. The space between molecules is called __________________ (intermolecular space) 12. Gases can contain the entire ________________ available to them (space) Niki gases are greedy ! They take all the space they can grab. Liquids are like lazy goblins, they can look like anything, so they are able to look like a cup or like a plate or like a fish tank ! Solids cannot change much. 13. Intermolecular forces are strong in __________________ (solids) 14. Intermolecular forces are very weak or negligible in __________________ (gases) 15. __________________ can be compressed (gases) 16. Name the differences between solids, liquids and gases. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Solids have definite shape and volume. Liquids have definite volume but no definite shape. Gases have no definite shape or volume. The molecules in a solid are fixed in position. The molecules in a liquid can change position. The molecules of a gas can go freely in any direction. Solids cannot be compressed. Liquids can be slightly compressed. Gases can be compressed easily. Solids cannot flow. Liquids can flow from higher to lower levels. Gases can flow in any direction. Solids have small intermolecular spaces. Liquids have wider intermolecular spaces. Gases have very large intermolecular spaces.

Solid
When something is solid, like copper, steel, rock, or ice, it is stiff. It does not change shape easily, and it does not change size.

Why do solids behave this way? The molecules in a solid, though they vibrate, do not move very far. When they wiggle, they wiggle in place. They fit closely together and keep their position.

The molecules are crowded together and do not move away from each other.

Liquid
A liquid like honey, cooking oil, or water can flow and move. It changes shape easily, and takes the shape of its container, though its size stays the same. The definition of a liquid is matter which has a definite volume and no definite shape.

Liquids behave this way because in a liquid, the molecules are moving around more than the molecules in a solid. They slide over each other.

In a liquid, matter can take up a bit more space than in a solid. Because the molecules are free to move around each other, they can spread out more, but they don't go far from each other.

Gas
A gas like oxygen, carbon dixide, helium, or steam can expand to fill any space it is in. If you open a helium balloon, the escaping helium goes everywhere in the room. Gas is matter which has no definite volume (it can be any size) and no definite shape.

The molecules in a gas are moving around like crazy, bouncing everywhere. They do not have to stay close to one another.

A gas takes up a great deal more space than a liquid or a solid. It takes up as much space as there is! However, it can also be squeezed, or compressed, unlike a liquid or a solid. That is why a deep sea diver can carry enough oxygen for long dives in a tank on his back, and why a small helium tank can inflate dozens of balloons. 17. What is an element? ___________________________________________________________________________________ An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken into two or more substances by any chemical means. Niki you have to understand this clearly. For example look at the kitchen. Do you see any elements? How about the steel plates? Is steel an element? No steel is a combination of iron and carbon. And there

are special types of steel where other elements are added. Now look at the dosa making flat pan. It is pure iron. There is only one element in it. 18. How many elements are there? ________________________________________________________________________________ 114 elements. 19. Of the 114 elements, __________ are normal and ___________ are radioactive. (82, 32) 20. Classify elements: _____________________________________________________________________________ metals, non-metals and inert gases. 21. What are the characteristics of metals? _____________________________________________________________________________ Metals are ductile (it can be made into wires). Metals are malleable (can be made into sheets). Metals conduct electricity. Metals are solid at room temperature. Metals have a high melting point and boiling point. Metals have a shine. Niki did you understand? Think of copper. If you get a piece of copper and you had a special machine you could pull it like bubble gum and make it into a wire. Or you could flatten it like bubble gum and make it into a sheet. If you heat it enough it will melt like ice. But think about it. Is bubble gum a metal? No. How do you know that bubble gum is not a metal? Because bubble gum does not conduct electricity. You have to heat real metal to super high temperature to make it melt, but bubble gum will melt with a candle. Is ice a metal? No, it melts too easily. But remember that your text book is also wrong about metals. Mercury is a metal but it is a liquid at room temperature. And the stupid guy who wrote the book does not understand that metals don't shine unless they are polished. Iron is not shining when it comes out from the iron mine.

Anyway remember the words DUCTILE (like a duck's long beak, you can pull it and make it long) and MALLEABLE (like a mat, you can flatten it and make it flat)ALS ARE DUCTILE AND MALLEABLE (duck and a mat)

Metals have high melting point. It takes a lot of heat to melt metal! 22. What are the characteristics of non-metals? _______________________________________________________________________ 23. Name the inert gases (noble gases) _______________________________________________________________________ Niki use this trick to remember their names RANK HX Radon, Argon, Neon, Krypton, Helium, Xenon .

Niki Neon is used in decorative lights for restaurants etc (spice hut has a neon sign) Helium is used for balloons for you and baby. Radon is a gas that scientists find in the basements of houses and is bad for health. Xenon is used in powerful light bulbs that last for years, ordinary light bulbs last only months. Argon is used to make laser beams. 24. What is an atom? _______________________________________________________________________ The smallest and ultimate particle of an element is called an atom. This may not have independent existence. The atom always takes part in chemical reactions. Niki what this means is that for example an iron atom is the smallest piece of iron you can make. Of course you cannot see it with your eyes because it is too small. See this website http://www.howstuffworks.com/atom10.htm

Each little dot in this picture is an atom, the picture is taken with a special microscope (not the ordinary microscope.

25. What is a molecule? The smallest cluster of atoms of a substance that can exist independently and retains all the chemical and physical properties of that substance is called a molecule.

pictures from a special STM microscope (scanning tunneling microscope) Niki this means that the molecule behaves exactly like a bucket of water, it has all the qualities of that water. But if you split it any more, it becomes oxygen and hydrogen, now it is not water any more, so it is no longer a water molecule. A single water molecule can exist independently. See in the picture each water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. You can split water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. NIKI WRITE WITHOUT LOOKING, THE DEFINITIONS OF ATOM AND MOLECULE, AND UNDERSTAND IT CLEARLY. 26. How many atoms does a hydrogen molecule have? ______________________________________________________________________________ two atoms. 27. How many atoms does a water molecule have? _____________________________________________________________________________ three atoms (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)

Niki, the way it works is, when two atoms join together they share their electrons. Each atom wants to have a certain number of electrons. Suppose you want to have eight marbles, and baby also wants to have eight marbles. Now you have only 5 pink marbles and baby has only 3 green marbles. Now if you become a team or a molecule, then together both of you will have 8 marbles, see now both Niki atom and Natallia atom are happy. Just like that the two hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecule both want to have two electrons. Now each of them have only one electron each if they stay alone. But if they become a molecule or a team they have two electrons together! Now they are happy !!!

In the figure below two hydrogen atoms share the electrons of the valance orbital of the individal hydrogen atoms so that each hydrogen atom is now sharing two electrons.

In the next figure are two atoms of oxygen that are sharing valance electrons.

In the next figure one oxygen atom is sharing electrons with two hydrogen atoms.Each hydrogen atom is sharing two electrons with the oxygen atom

28. A molecule of a compound can be broken into elements by _______________ (chemical means) 29. What is analysis? ___________________________________________________________________________ The process of breaking down a chemical compound into its elements by chemical means is called analysis. Eg: electricity is used to break water into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen. 30. What is a formula? ____________________________________________________________________________ A symbolic representation of one molecule of a compound representing the number of atoms of various elements present in it is the formula of a compound. Eg: H2O is the formula for water and represents two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. 31. In a chemical formula the number on the left hand side represents ___________________ (the number of molecules of the compound) 32. In a chemical formula the number on the right hand side of each element represents _________________ (the number of atoms of each element) 33. Explain the formula H2SO4 34. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 35. This means that there are two atoms of hydrogen, one atom of sulphur and 4 atoms of oxygen. This is the formula for sulphuric acid. This is a dangerous acid used in car batteries. 34. Rare gases do not react with ______________________ (any element)

35. Learn the symbols of the elements: sodium _______________ (Na) Magnesium__________________(Mg) Aluminium_________________ (Al) Potassium___________________(K) Calcium________________ (Ca) Iron____________________(Fe) Copper_______________(Cu) Silver_____________ (Ag) Gold_______________(Au) Lead________________(Pb) Platinum______________(Pt) Silicon_________________(Si) Nitrogen______________ (N) Chlorine_________________ (Cl) Hydrogen________________(H) Sulphur _________________(S) Iodine ____________________ (I) Bromine________________ (Br) Phosphorus_______________ (P) Fluorine _________________ (F) Manganese _______________(Mn) 36. What is baking soda? _______________________________________________________________________________ Sodium Bicarbonate (trick B B) (trick to remember Aggu likes silver) (trick to remember Alukkas gold store !) (trick to remember Lead makes Peep Beep sound) (trick to remember FENCES are made with Iron) (trick to remember pottan Kazhutha)

37. What is washing soda? ______________________________________________________________________________ Sodium carbonate (trick : car wash) 38. What is common salt? _____________________________________________________________________________ Sodium Chloride 39. What is blue vitriol? _____________________________________________________________________________ Copper sulphate 40. The compounds of oxygen are called _________________ (oxides) 41. The compounds of sulphur are called ___________________ (sulphides) 42. _______________ is a liquid metal (mercury) 43. The smallest particle of an element is _____________________ (atom) 44. The smallest particle of an element that can exist independently is _________________ (molecule) 45. An element is made up of ____________________ (same kind of atoms) 46. A compound is made up of ________________________(different elements) 47. Silicon is a ______________________ (element) 48. Graphite is a _____________________ (compound) 49. What is the formula for a molecule of nitrogen_________________ (N2) 50. Are intermolecular attractive forces more in ice or steam? ______________ (ice) 51. Is kinetic energy of molecules more in ice or steam ___________________ (steam) 52. What do these mean: 2H_____________________ (2 molecules of hydrogen) O2______________________(2 atoms of oxygen) 4H2O _______________________ Water (4 molecules of water, each molecule contains 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen) CuSO4_______________________ Copper Sulphate (one atom of copper, one atom of sulphur, and four atoms of oxygen.) 53. Write the chemical name of the formula: HCl__________________________ (Hydrogen Chloride) NaOH _________________________(Sodium hydroxide) CaO____________________________(Calcium Oxide) Na2CO3_________________________(sodium carbonate)

CuSO4________________________________ (copper sulphate) 54. Write the chemical formula Nitric acid_____________________________ (HNO3) Calcium Oxide___________________________(CaO) Sodium Bicarbonate________________________(NaHCO3) Silver Nitrate____________________________(AgNO3) Ferrous Sulphide______________________(FeSO4) Copper Sulphate_______________________(CuSO4)

55. Write the number of atoms of each element in the following molecules Na2CO3___________________ (two atoms of sodium, one atom of carbon, 3 atoms of oxygen) CuSO4______________________ (one atom of copper, one atom of sulphur, 4 atoms of oxygen) Al2(SO4)3_______________________________ (2 atoms of aluminum, 3 atoms of sulphur, 12 atoms of oxygen) H2SO4__________________________________ (two atoms of hydrogen, one atom of sulphur, four atoms of oxygen)