Nuclear Power

Business Model in India

Prime Minister

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)

Research & Development Centers Bhabha Atomic Research Center

Public Sector Unit Nuclear Power Cirporation of India Ltd. Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. Electronics Corporation India Ltd.

Industrial Units Nuclear Fuel Complex Heavy Water Board

The Agencies 1. Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) The DAE is the umbrella body that oversees all nuclear technology matters in India. This includes research and development organisations, public sector undertakings, industrial facilities, grant-in-aid organisations and service organisations, as well as nuclear power plants. The DAE was set up in 1954 under the direct charge of the Prime Minister. 2. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) The Atomic Energy Commission, or AEC, was established in 1958. It is responsible for implementing government policy in all matters concerning atomic energy, as well as creating policy and preparing annual budgets for the DAE. The AEC has been awarded the full powers of the Government of India to carry out the work of the DAE, with the single exception of its budget, which must be approved by Parliament. Once its budget is passed, the AEC is not required to consult with or report to parliament for any of its actions. 3. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) The AERB is Indias nuclear safety organisation, created in 1983 to ensure that the use of ionising radiation and nuclear energy in India does not cause undue risk to health or environment. Its actions are derived from the Atomic Energy Act of 1962, and the Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986. The AERB is responsible for monitoring all of the nuclear matters that fall under the DAE. It reports to the AEC.

Any safety and regulatory body should be independent, and indeed the AERB is intended to be so. However, its ability to act independently is compromised by the fact that it is both funded and provided technical staff by the DAE, which means it is controlled in both administration and finance by the nuclear establishment it is supposed to be regulating. The secretary of the DAE is also always the chairman of the AEC; a cross-link that undermines any authority the AERB would have to report violations. The AERB is also grossly understaffed. It is currently responsible for overseeing the design and construction of five reactors and the safe operations of twenty already-established reactors, as well as regulation at all other nuclear facilities in the country. That includes the safe operation of 2409 radiation facilities such as the university research department that sent a cobalt-60 source to a scrapyard in Delhi in 2009. It has a mere 215 employees. Institutions under the DAE

Regulatory Board and Organization

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), Mumbai, Maharashtra

The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board was constituted on November 15, 1983 by the President of India by exercising the powers conferred by the Atomic Energy Act to carry out certain regulatory and safety functions under the Act. The regulatory authority of AERB is derived from the rules and notifications promulgated under the Atomic Energy Act and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Currently, the Board consists of a full-time Chairman, an ex-officio Member, three part-time Members and a Secretary. AERB is supported in its functions by a number of committees. Members of all the AERB committees are recognized experts with long experience in the relevant fields and come from DAE units, various Governmental organizations, academic institutes and industry. A large number of retired experts are also members of the various AERB Committees. Latest News :Diagnostic radiology facilities utilizing X-ray units are widely available in the country and large numbers of people undergo diagnostic X-ray procedures every year in these units. AERB reviews and assesses the X-ray machines for its proper design and operation in these X-ray units. Various regulatory requirements are stipulated by AERB for such X-ray facilities. Due to tremendous increase in medical diagnostic installations using medical x-rays in the country, a decision was taken to decentralize the regulation of these units by setting up a Directorate of Radiation Safety in States by signing MoU with State Governments and Union Territories. Accordingly, the DRS in two states viz.; Kerala and Mizoram are fully functional presently. The MoU has been signed in six states viz. Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat. Today, Shri R. Bhattacharya, Secretary, AERB and Shri Thomas Benjamin, Additional Chief Secretary, Public Health Department, Government of Maharashtra signed a MoU to set-up a DRS in Maharashtra. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), Mumbai, Maharashtra

The Indian Atomic Energy Commission was first setup in August 1948 in the Department of Scientific Research, which was created a few months earlier in June 1948. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was setup on August 3, 1954 under the direct charge of the Prime Minister through a Presidential Order. Subsequently, in accordance with a Government Resolution dated March 1, 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established in the Department of Atomic Energy. The Prime Minister (late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru) also laid a copy of this Resolution on the table of the Lok Sabha on March 24, 1958. Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT), Mumbai, Maharashtra

Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology is a unit of the Department of Atomic Energy with headquartered in Mumbai.Its portfolio contains to consider and recommend for Government approval the Five Year Plans, Annual Plans and Individual Plan Projects / Schemes of the Unit keeping in view the general / specific guidelines of the Government / Planning Commission in this regard. To periodically review the progress of Plan projects/ schemes and other important scientific/technical activities of the Unit and make suggestions for effective implementation

Public Sector
Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL), Hyderabad

ECIL was setup under the Department of Atomic Energy on 11th April, 1967 with a view to generate a strong indigenous capability in the field of professional grade electronics. The initial accent was on total self-reliance and ECIL was engaged in the Design, Development, Manufacture and Marketing of several products with emphasis on three technology lines viz. Computers, Control Systems and Communications. Over the years, ECIL pioneered the development of various complex electronic products without any external technological help and scored several 'firsts' in these fields prominent among them being countries. As a Public Enterprise under the Department of Atomic Energy, Quality, Safety and Environmental Management have been the areas of focus eversince inception of the company. Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL), Mumbai

Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) is a government-owned corporation in India based in Mumbai. It was incorporated as a private limited company and jointly owned by the Government of India and Government of Travancore Cochin. Government of India took control of IREL in 1963 under the administrative control of Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). It was incorporated with the primary intention of taking up commercial scale processing of monazite sand at its first unit namely Rare Earths Division(RED), Aluva, Kerala for the recovery of thorium. IREL commissioned its largest division called Orissa Sand Complex(OSCOM) at Chhatrapur, Orissa. Today IREL operates these four units with corporate office in Mumbai and produces/sells six heavy minerals namely ilmenite, rutile, zircon, monazite, sillimanite, and garnet as well as various value added products. Corporate Research Centre is located at Kollam, Kerala[8] and carries out research in the field of value added products from beach sand minerals, undertakes consultancy projects on mineral

separation and flow sheet development, carrying out mineral analysis and caters to the needs of internal and external customers. Uranium Corporation of India, Singhbhum

Uranium Corporation of India Limited was incorporated on 4th October 1967. It is a Public Sector Enterprise under the Department of Atomic Energy. UCIL is at the forefront of the Nuclear Power cycle. Fulfilling the requirement of Uranium for the Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors, UCIL plays a very significant role in Indias nuclear power generation programme. UCIL is an ISO 9001, 14001 18001 company and has adopted the latest state of the art technology for its mines and process plant. It had an annual turnover of about Rs 304 Crores in the financial year 2007-08. New Projects :- KPM Uranium, Mohuldih uranium project, Tummalapalle uranium project, Lambapur uranium project. Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL), Mumbai, Maharashtra

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a Public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. The Company was registered as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 in September 1987 with the objective of operating atomic power stations and implementing the atomic power projects for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of the Government of India under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. NPCIL also has equity participation in BHAVINI, another PSU of Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) which implements Fast Breeder Reactors programme in the country. NPCIL is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of nuclear power reactors. NPCIL is a MoU signing, profit making and dividend paying company with the highest level of credit rating (AAA rating by CRISIL and CARE). NPCIL is presently operating 20 nuclear power reactors with an installed capacity of 4780 MW. The reactor fleet comprises of two Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) and eighteen Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) including one 100 MW PHWR at Rajasthan owned by DAE, Government of India. Currently it has six reactors under various stages of construction totaling 4800 MW capacity out of which one reactor of 1000 MW capacity at Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu, is in the final stage of commissioning Bharatiya Nabhkiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI), Kalpakkam, TamilNadu

The Nuclear Energy Programme in India has been visualized to grow in three phases. Phase I consisting of natural uranium fuelled Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) which can sustain a capacity of 12 GWe for about 30 years with proven reserves of 50,000 t of natural uranium in the country. Presently 18 Nuclear reactors of PHWR type are under operation with installed capacity of 4780 MWe. Five reactors are under construction with installed capacity of 4800 MWe. The Phase II consists of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR). FBR can convert the abundant U238 of natural uranium into plutonium and thorium in to U233. Thus the power generation can be increased to 300 GWe for about 70 years. In Phase III by converting thorium into U233 the nuclear capacity can be raised to 1000 GWe and sustained for a period of 500 years. India has gained valuable experience by

indigenously constructing and operating a 40 MWt /13 MWe Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam since 1985. For FBTR, all the key components, except grid plate, were manufactured indigenously. Control rod drive mechanisms, fuelling machines and sodium pumps are operating satisfactorily since 1985. No leaks have been observed in steam generators. All the systems have performed well. 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is a pool type reactor having larger dimensions as compared to FBTR. Design of PFBR has been carried out indigenously with a strong R&D back up in IGCAR. Complete design and technology development was demonstrated by IGCAR before taking the approval for project. Cost effective design has been made by decreasing the number of loops and components and increasing the life to 40 years.

Research & Development Sector

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, following Research institutions affiliated to BARC

Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha was the visionary who conceptulised the Indian Nuclear Programme and along with a handful of Scientists initiated the nuclear science research in India in March, 1944. He envisaged the vast potential of nuclear energy and its possible successful utilization in the field of power generation and allied areas. Dr. Bhabha started working with the goal of achieving self reliance in the fields of nuclear science and engineering and todays Department of Atomic Energy which is a consortium of different and diversified fields of science and engineering is the final outcome of the farsighted planning of Dr. Bhabha. Thus, in his own words When Nuclear Energy has been successfully applied for power production in, say a couple of decades from now, India will not have to look abroad for its experts but will find them ready at hand. Latest News :Shri Sekhar Basu, Director, BARC released the BARC Logo and Enhanced BARC website on 10 August, 2012. BARC is participating in EU-IndiaGrid project a collaborative international project with INFN, Italy playing a leading role. Out of eight Indian partners in this collaboration, five are from DAE institutes namely TIFR, NCBS, BARC, VECC and SINP. The EU-IndiaGrid is a two-year project with the aim is to bridge the gap between European and Indian grid infrastructure supporting the interconnection and interoperability of the major European and Indian Grid infrastructures and allows free flows of scientific knowledge. In the framework of the Sixth Framework Program for Research and Scientific Development, the European Commission (EC) has financed this grid infrastructure and applications project aiming at promoting cooperation between EC and India. GANT2, the largest research and education network ever built for the European academic community enables linking of European Grids: EGEE & WLCG with Indian Grids: Regional WLCG and National Garuda pushing forward collaborative research in areas such as high energy physics, climate change, life sciences, biosciences.

Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad

The prime mandate of Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research is to identify and evaluate uranium resources required for the successful implementation of Atomic Energy programme of the country. For implementing this important task investigations are taken up across the length and breadth of the country from Regional Exploration & Research Centres located at New Delhi , Bengaluru, Jamshedpur, Shillong, Jaipur, Nagpur and Hyderabad (Headquarter & South Central Region). The Directorate is presently employing worlds latest technology viz. Time Domain EM system along with gamma-ray spectrometer and magnetometer for airborne geophysical surveys, and multi-disciplinary field operations viz. geological, geophysical, geochemical surveys on regional as well as detailed scale and drilling activities by induction of state of the art hydrostatic rigs. The laboratories, to support the field investigations, are equally well equipped with latest facilities viz. Mineralogy-Petrology-Geochronology Group with WDXRF, EPMA and Chemistry Group with ICP-OES, ICP-MS, and these labs have recently acquired SX 100 EPMA, EDXRF and TIMS. The Directorate also has Beach-sands & Offshore, Rare metal and rare earth Investigations Groups and very well equipped Physics and Instrumentation Groups. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research [IGCAR], the second largest establishment of the Department of Atomic Energy next to Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, was set up at Kalpakkam, 80 KMs south of Chennai [MADRAS], in 1971 with the main objective of conducting broad based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research and advanced Engineering, directed towards the development of sodium cooled Fast Breeder Reactor [FBR] technology, in India. This is part of the second stage of Indian Atomic Energy Programme, which is aimed at preparing the country for utilization of the extensive Thorium reserves and providing means to meet the large demands of electrical energy in 21st century. In meeting the objectives, a modest beginning was made by constructing a sodium cooled Fast Breeder Test Reactor [FBTR], with a nominal power of 40 Mwt, based on the French Reactor, RAPSODIE. The reactor attained its first criticality on 18th Oct, 1985 and has been in operation at its maximum attainable power level of 10.5 MWt with a small core. It is the first of its kind in the world to use Plutonium Uranium mixed carbide as a driver fuel. Over the years, the centre has established comprehensive R & D facilities covering the entire spectrum of FBR technology related to Sodium Technology, Reactor Engineering, Reactor Physics, Metallurgy and Materials, Chemistry of Fuels and its materials, Fuel Reprocessing, Reactor Safety, Control and Instrumentation, Computer Applications etc., and has developed a strong base in a variety of disciplines related to this advanced technology. With the experience and expertise gained by the successful operation of FBTR, the Centre has embarked upon the design and construction of 500 MWe, Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor [PFBR]. Various R & D activities in the areas of Structural Mechanics, Thermal Hydraulics and flow induced vibration, Component Testing in high temperature sodium environment, sodium-water reaction, hydraulic development of sodium pumps etc., are being pursued towards the freezing of the design of PFBR.

Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore

Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology was established by the Department of Atomic Energy, India to expand the activities carried out at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, in two frontline areas of science and technology namely Lasers and Accelerators. On February 19, 1984 the President of India, Gyani Zail Singh, laid the foundation stone of the centre. Construction of laboratories and houses began in May 1984.In June 1986, the first batch of scientists from BARC, Mumbai, moved to RRCAT and scientific activities were started. Since then, the centre has rapidly grown into a premier institute for research and development in lasers, accelerators and their applications.The RRCAT campus is spread over a 760 hectare picturesque site on the outskirts of Indore city. The campus encompasses laboratories, staff housing colony and other basic amenities like school, sports facilities, shopping complex, gardens etc. Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata

Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre is a premier R & D unit of the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India and one of the constituent institutions of Homi Bhabha National Institute. This Centre is dedicated to carry out frontier research and development in the fields of Accelerator Science & Technology, Nuclear Science (Theoretical and Experimental), Material Science, Computer Science & Technology and in other relevant areas.

Conferences/Symposia/Workshops/Schools previously held :Seventh International Accelerator School for Linear Colliders (27 November 8 December 2012) at Indore, India. SERC School on "New Developments in Microfabrication with Focus on Synchrotron Radiation based Deep X-ray Lithography (October 29 - November 03, 2012)" at RRCAT, Indore. SERC School on "Laser Produced Plasmas : Physics and Applications (July 9-21 2012)" at RRCAT,Indore. SERC School on Laser Physics & Technology, March 12 - 30, 2012, RRCAT, Indore. DAE-BRNS National Laser Symposium ( NLS-20), Jan.9-12, 2012 at CGC, Anna University, Chennai. DAE-BRNS 6th National Symposium on Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films and Nanostructured Materials, November 9 - 11, 2011, MRC, IISc, Bengaluru. DAE-VIE - 2010, December 9-10, 2010, RRCAT, Indore. for details :- http://www.cat.gov.in/symposiums/conf/index.html Universities Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai

Aided Sector Atomic Energy Education Society (AEES), Mumbai Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Kolkata Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Allahabad Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar

Industries and Mining Sector Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad Heavy Water Board (HWB), Mumbai

Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL), Mumbai was created in September 1987 as public limited company under the Companies Act 1956, "with the objective of undertaking the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the atomic power stations for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of the Government of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act 1962." NPCIL is the sole body responsible for constructing and operating India's commercial nuclear power plants. As of April 2011 the company had 20 nuclear reactors in operation at six locations, a total installed capacity of 4560 MWe. The Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (BHAVINI) is a government-owned corporation of India established in 2004 in Chennai. One of the public sector undertakings, it is wholly owned by the Union Government and is responsible for the construction, commissioning and operation of all Stage II fast breeder reactors envisaged as part of the countrys three stage nuclear power programme. Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) Mumbai, a public sector undertaking [PSU] unit of DAE, process minerals to products which are not only of value to the Department, but also useful to other users in the country and outside. Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) fabricates fuel and structural components for all operating power reactors, thorium blankets and structural components for FBTR. In the recent past, NFC developed special alloys for use in the space programme for the country - a major milestone in import substitution. NFC along with IRE has succeeded in producing pure zirconia crystal, popularly known as American diamonds. The Heavy Water Board designs, builds, operates its own heavy water plants which not only meet the country's requirements but have given India an export capability. The Department of Atomic Energy has taken up the development of fast breeder reactors which enable utilising Thorium as fuel for power reactors. Simultaneously, it is proposed to set up high flux research reactors to develop new fuel designs in order to economise on the use of nuclear fuels. For

augmenting uranium capacity, Uranium Corporation of India will develop a new uranium mine at Domiasat in Meghalaya in the Ninth Plan Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) was established to cater to the nuclear, radiological, instrumentation and control requirements for country's nuclear power programme. This was the first window of DAE for technology transfer in commercial and industrial electronics. At present 80 per cent of the products of this commercial venture serve core sectors of the nation like telecommunication, defence, space, steel, petrochemical and thermal power plants for their instrumentation and control computer application needs. ECIL has received the award for excellence in Strategic Electronics in 1994 from the Department of Electronics.

Indias nuclear ambition & Growth

The Government of India intends to draw twenty-five per cent of its energy from nuclear power by 2050. This plan includes 20,000 MW of installed capacity from nuclear energy by 2020, and 63,000 MW by 2032. India now envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 2.8% to 9% within 25 years. By 2020, India's installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 20,000 MW ( 2.01010 Watts, which is 20 GW). As of 2009, India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of operational nuclear power reactors. Indigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both of which are 540 MW reactors. India's US$717 million fast breeder reactor project is expected to be operational by 2012-13. The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a significant expansion in the coming years only due to passing of the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement. This agreement will allow India to carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its power generation capacity. When the report covers renewable energywind and solarit concentrates on potential, referring to an estimated wind power potential of 49132 MW (55%), SHP (small-hydro power) potential of 15,385 MW (17%), Biomass power potential of 17,538 MW(20%) and 5000 MW (6%) from bagassebased cogeneration in sugar mills. Thats because actual renewable production is fairly low. India is 10th in the world for solar, but it amounts to about 600 MW installed last year. When it comes to current capacity, The total installed capacity of grid interactive renewable power, which was 16817 MW as on 31.03.2010 had gone up to 19971 MW as on 31.03.2011 indicating growth of 18.75% during the period. Out of the total installed generation capacity of renewable power as on 31-032011, wind power accounted for about 71%, followed by small hydro power (15.2%) and Biomass power (13.3%).

For electricity generation, the report says, The total installed capacity for electricity generation in the country has increased from 16,271 MW as on 31.03.1971 to 206,526 MW as on 31.03.2011, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4% . There has been an increase in generating capacity of 18654 MW over the last one year, which is 10% more than the capacity of last year. Currently, twenty nuclear power reactors produce 4,780.00 MW (2.9% of total installed base).
Power station Operator State Kaiga Kakrapar Kalpakkam Narora NPCIL NPCIL NPCIL NPCIL Karnataka Gujarat Tamil Nadu Type PHWR PHWR PHWR Units Total capacity (MW)

220 x 4 880 220 x 2 440 220 x 2 440 220 x 2 440 100 x 1 200 x 1 1180 220 x 4 160 x 2 1400 540 x 2 20 4780

Uttar Pradesh PHWR

Rawatbhata

NPCIL

Rajasthan

PHWR

Tarapur

NPCIL

Maharashtra

BWR (PHWR)

Total

The projects under construction are:

Power station Kudankulam Kalpakkam Kakrapar Rawatbhata Operator State NPCIL Bhavini NPCIL NPCIL Type Units Total capacity (MW)

Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000 x 2 2000 Tamil Nadu PFBR Gujarat Rajasthan PHWR PHWR Total 500 x 1 700 x 2 700 x 2 7 500 1400 1400 5300

Foreign investment in Indias nuclear sector

Indias civilian nuclear programme was largely indigenous for many years, but the government is now beckoning foreign investment. It intends to set up nuclear parks, supplied by foreign companies and operated - for now - by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), a government-owned company. These parks are planned to have installed generated capacity of 8,000-10,000 MW at a single site. As the greatest installed capacity at one site is currently only 1,400 MW (Tarapur Atomic Power Station in Maharashtra, with four reactors), this is a huge increase. Russian company Atomstroyexport, a government subsidiary, has reached a deal to build sixteen nuclear reactors in India. Two of these units, of 1000 MW each, are currently under construction in Kundankulam, Tamil Nadu, though are not yet operational. The first is already three years behind schedule. French company AREVA NP (a joint venture between AREVA and Seimens) have agreed to construct six 1650 MW reactors in Jaitapur, Maharastra. The European pressurised reactors, an untested type of reactor, will have a collective capacity of 9900 MW, making the Jaitapur nuclear power plant the largest in the world.Private US companies GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy and Westinghouse Electric have been given sites at Kovada in Andhra Pradesh and Mithivirdi in Gujarat, respectively. It should be noted that, while the US seems happy to export nuclear reactors, not a single nuclear plant has been commissioned in the US since the 1979 Three Mile Island accident.

World
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. plants provide about 5.7% of the world's energy and 13% of the world's electricity. In January 2013, the IAEA reported there were 390 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world,operating in 31 countries.[4] Also, more than 150 naval vessels using nuclear propulsion have been built. In 2011 nuclear power provided 10% of the world's electricity.In 2007, the IAEA reported there were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world, operating in 31 countries.However, many have now ceased operation in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster while they are assessed for

safety. In 2011 worldwide nuclear output fell by 4.3%, the largest decline on record, on the back of sharp declines in Japan (-44.3%) and Germany (-23.2%). As of January 2013, the world had 390 reactors (including inactive ones).Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009. Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 1314% of the world's electricity demand.[25] One factor in the nuclear power percentage decrease since 2007 has been the prolonged shutdown of large reactors at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Japan following the Niigata-Chuetsu-Oki earthquake.

Nuclear Electricity Generation in the World

Nuclear Power Generation by Country

Expected growth in World

strongest growth in nuclear power for the countries of non-OECD Asia, averaging 9.2 percent per year from 2008 to 2035, including increases of 10.3 percent per year in China and 10.8 percent per year in India. China leads the field with nearly 44 percent of the world's active reactor projects under construction in 2011 and is expected to install the most nuclear capacity over the period, building 106 gigawatts of net generation capacity by 2035. Outside Asia, nuclear generation grows the fastest in Central and South America, where it increases by an average of 4.2 percent per year. Nuclear generation worldwide increases by 2.4 percent per year in the Reference case.

Top Nuclear power country

France, Belgium and Slovakia use them as its primary source of electricity, although many of them have a significant nuclear power generation capacity.[citation needed] According to the nuclear power advocacy association World Nuclear Association, over 45 countries are giving "serious consideration" to introducing a nuclear power capability. Front runners, they say, are Iran, UAE, Turkey, Vietnam, Belarus and Jordan.[7] The World Nuclear Association say that China, South Korea and India are pursuing ambitious expansions of their nuclear power capacities. Country Megawatt capacity Nuclear share of electricity production 77.1% 54.0% 54.0% 47.2% 43.3% 41.7% 40.9%

France Belgium Slovakia Ukraine Hungary Slovenia Switzerland

63,130 5,927 1,816 13,107 1,889 688 3,263

Country

Megawatt capacity

Nuclear share of electricity production 39.6% 34.6% 33.2% 33.0%

Sweden South Korea Armenia

9,326 20,671 375

Czech Republic 3,766

Latest Plans:NTPC Plans India's largest power company, National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) in 2007 proposed building a 2000 MWe nuclear power plant to be in operation by 2017. It would be the utility's first nuclear plant and also the first conventional nuclear plant not built by the government-owned NPCIL. This proposal became a joint venture set up in April 2010 with NPCIL holding 51%, and possibly extending to multiple projects utilising local and imported technology. One of the sites earmarked for a pair of 700 MWe PHWR units in Haryana or Madhya Pradesh may be allocated to the joint venture. NTPC said it aimed by 2014 to have demonstrated progress in "setting up nuclear power generation capacity", and that the initial "planned nuclear portfolio of 2000 MWe by 2017" may be greater. However in 2012 it indicated a downgrading of its nuclear plans. NTPC, now 89.5% governmentowned, planned to increase its total installed capacity from 30 GWe in about 2007 to 50 GWe by 2012 (72% of it coal) and 75 GWe by 2017. It is also forming joint ventures in heavy engineering. NTPC is reported to be establishing a joint venture with NPCIL and BHEL to sell India's largely indigenous 220 MWe heavy water power reactor units abroad, possibly in contra deals involving uranium supply from countries such as Namibia and Mongolia. Other indigenous arrangements The 87% state-owned National Aluminium Company (Nalco) has signed an agreement with NPCIL relevant to its hopes of building a 1400 MWe nuclear power plant on the east coast, in Orissa's Ganjam district. A more specific agreement was signed in November 2011 to set up a joint venture with NPCIL giving it 29% equity in Kakrapar 3 & 4 (total 1300 MWe net) under construction in Gujarat on the west coast for Rs 1700 crore ($384 million). Nalco is seeking government permission to increase this share to 49%. It is also seeking to buy uranium assets in Africa. Nalco already has its own 1200 MWe coal-fired power plant in Orissa state at Angul, being expanded to 1200 MWe, to serve its refinery and its Angul smelter of 345,000 tpa, being expanded to 460,000 tpa (requiring about 1 GWe of constant supply). India's national oil company, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOC), in November 2009 joined with NPCIL in an agreement "for partnership in setting up nuclear power plants in India." The initial plant

envisaged was to be at least 1000 MWe, and NPCIL would be the operator and at least 51% owner. In November 2010 IOC agreed to take a 26% stake in Rajasthan 7 & 8 (2x700 MWe) as a joint venture, with the option to increase this to 49%. The estimated project cost is Rs 12,320 crore (123 billion rupees, $2.7 billion), and the 26% will represent only 2% of IOC's capital budget in the 11th plan to 2012. The formal JV agreement was signed in January 2011. The cash-rich Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), which (upstream of IOC) provides some 80% of the country's crude oil and natural gas and is 84% government-owned, is having formal talks with AEC about becoming a minority partner with NPCIL on present or planned 700 MWe PHWR projects. It was later reported that ONGC intended to build 2000 MWe in joint venture with NPCIL (51%). Indian Railways have also approached NPCIL to set up a joint venture to build two 500 MWe PHWR nuclear plants on railway land for their own power requirements. The Railways already have a joint venture with NTPC - Bhartiya Rail Bijlee Company - to build a 1000 MWe coal-fired power plant at Nabinagar in Aurangabad district of Bihar, with the 250 MWe units coming on line 2012-13. The Railways also plans to set up another 1320 MWe power plant at Adra in Purulia district of West Bengal for traction supply at economical tariff. The Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) and NPCIL are discussing a joint venture to build a 700 MWe PHWR plant. The site will be chosen by NPCIL, in Gujarat of elsewhere in western India. The government has announced that it intends to amend the law to allow private companies to be involved in nuclear power generation and possibly other aspects of the fuel cycle, but without direct foreign investment. In anticipation of this, Reliance Power Ltd, GVK Power & Infrastructure Ltd and GMR Energy Ltd are reported to be in discussion with overseas nuclear vendors including Areva, GEHitachi, Westinghouse and Atomstroyexport. In September 2009 the AEC announced a version of its planned Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) designed for export.In August and September 2009 the AEC reaffirmed its commitment to the thorium fuel cycle, particularly thorium-based FBRs, to make the country a technological leader. Overseas reactor vendors As described above, there have been a succession of agreements with Russia's Atomstroyexport to build further VVER reactors. In March 2010 a 'roadmap' for building six more reactors at Kudankulam by 2017 and four more at Haripur after 2017 was agreed, bringing the total to 12. The number may be increased after 2017, in India's 13th 5-year plan. Associate company Atomenergomash (AEM) is setting up an office in India with a view to bidding for future work there and in Vietnam, and finalizing a partnership with an Indian heavy manufacturer, either L&T (see below) or another. A Russian fuel fabrication plant is also under consideration. In February 2009 Areva signed a memorandum of understanding with NPCIL to build two, and later four more, EPR units at Jaitapur, and a formal contract is expected in December 2010. This followed the government signing a nuclear cooperation agreement with France in September 2008. In March 2009 GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy signed agreements with NPCIL and Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) to begin planning to build a multi-unit power plant using 1350 MWe Advanced Boiling Water Reactors (ABWR). In May 2009 L&T was brought into the picture. In April 2010 it was announced that the BHEL-NPCIL joint venture was still in discussion with an unnamed technology partner to build a 1400 MWe nuclear plant at Chutka in Madhya Pradesh state, with Madhya Pradesh Power Generating Company Limited (MPPGCL) the nodal agency to facilitate the execution of the project.

In May 2009 Westinghouse signed a memorandum of understanding with NPCIL regarding deployment of its AP1000 reactors, using local components (probably from L&T). After a break of three decades, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd (AECL) is keen to resume technical cooperation, especially in relation to servicing India's PHWRs, and there have been preliminary discussions regarding the sale of an ACR-1000. In August 2009 NPCIL signed agreements with Korea Electric Power Co (KEPCO) to study the prospects for building Korean APR-1400 reactors in India. This could proceed following bilateral nuclear cooperation agreements signed in October 2010 and July 2011. The LWRs to be set up by these foreign companies are reported to have a lifetime guarantee of fuel supply.

References :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India http://www.worldnuclearreport.org/spip.php?article54 http://www.cez.cz/en/power-plants-and-environment/nuclear-power-plants/temelin/potentialcompletion-of-the-temelin-nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-power-engineering-development-in-theworld.html http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/What-We-Do/Nuclear-Unsafe/Nuclear-Power-in-India/IndianNuclear-Establishment/ http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/electricity.cfm http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/Energy_Statistics_2012_28mar.pdf