A New Product/Service Development Report

On

BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE

Submitted in partial fulfilment for award of the Degree In

Master of Business Administrative

Submitted by: xxxxxxxxxx

Product development Guide Mrs. Shailesh

GBTU, LUCKNOW FEB 2012

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature

Name: xxxxxxxx Roll No: 1105270011

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that of first year have completed the product development report on topic BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE for the award of degree MBA. from IET Lucknow, affiliated to G. B. Technical University.

It is a record of own work carried out by candidates under my/our supervision. They have satisfactorily completed their work .The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date: FEB 2012

Mr. D.N.Kakkar HOD MBA Dept

Mr. Monish Sir Project coordinator

Mr.Shailesh Sir Project Guide

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This product would not have been possible without the support of our guide. We deeply thank our guide Mr.Shailesh Sir Department of MBA GBTU, for his invaluable support in directing our product development, in providing us hours of resource hunting and tutoring and in providing details. His constant support and cognizable efforts that motivated us in completing this project. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Monish Sir Department of MBA IET Lucknow GBTU, for his full support and assistance during the development of the product.

INTRODUCTION
To use brain activity to do work; to command, control, actuate and communicate with the world directly through brain integration with peripheral Devices and Systems A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain and an external device. In one-way BCIs, computers either accept commands from the brain or send signals to it (for example, to restore vision) but not both. Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animals or humans. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational device, from simple circuits to silicon chips. Research on BCIs began in the 1970s, but it wasn't until the mid-1990s that the first working experimental implants in humans appeared. Following years of animal experimentation, early working implants in humans now exist, designed to restore damaged hearing, sight and movement. With recent advances in technology and knowledge, pioneering researchers could now conceivably attempt to produce BCIs that augment human functions rather than simply restoring them, previously only a possibility in science fiction.

Idea Generation

A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a either accept commands from the brain or send signals to it (for example, to human or animal brain and an external device. In one-way BCIs, computers restore vision) but not both. Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animals or humans. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational device, from simple circuits to silicon chips. Research on BCIs began in the 1970s, but it wasn't until the mid-1990s that the first working experimental implants in humans appeared. Following years of animal experimentation, early working implants in humans now exist, designed to restore damaged hearing, sight and movement. With recent advances in technology and knowledge, pioneering researchers could now conceivably attempt to produce BCIs that augment human functions rather than simply restoring them, previously only a possibility in science fiction

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A brain-machine interface (BMI) is an attempt to mesh our minds with machines. It is a communication channel from a human's brain to a computer, which does not resort to the usual human output pathways as muscles. It is about giving machine-like capabilities to intelligence, asking the brain to accommodate synthetic devices, and learning how to control those devices much the way we control our arms and legs today.

Idea Screening

Man machine interface has been one of the growing fields of research and development in recent years. Most of the effort has been dedicated to the design of user- friendly or ergonomic systems by means of innovative interfaces such as voice recognition, virtual reality. A direct brain-computer interface would add a new dimension to man-machine interaction. A brain-computer interface, sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain(or brain cell culture) and an external device. In one BCIs, computers either accept commands from the brain or send signals to it but not both. Two way BCIs will allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animals or humans. Brain-Computer interface is a staple of science fiction writing. In its earliest incarnations no mechanism was thought necessary, as the technology seemed so far fetched that no explanation was likely. As more became known about the brain however, the possibility has become more real and the science fiction more technically sophisticated. Recently, the cyberpunk movement has adopted the idea of 'jacking in', sliding 'biosoft' chips into slots implanted in the skull(Gibson, W.1984).Although such biosofts are still science fiction, there have been several recent steps toward interfacing the brain and computers. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational device, from simple circuits to silicon chips (including hypothetical future technologies like quantum computing).

Concept Development and Testing

MAIN PRINCIPLE
Main principle behind this interface is the bioelectrical activity of nerves and muscles. It is now well established that the human body, which is composed of living tissues, can be considered as a power station generating multiple electrical signals with two internal sources, namely muscles and nerves.

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method used in measuring the electrical activity of the brain. The brain generates rhythmical potentials which originate in the individual neurons of the brain. These potentials get summated as millions of cell discharge synchronously and appear as a surface waveform, the recording of which is known as the electroencephalogram.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BMI APPROACHES

What are the thoughts the user thinks in order to control a BMI? An ideal BMI could detect the users wishes and commands directly. However, this is not possible with todays technology. Therefore, BMI researches have used the knowledge they have had of the human brain and the EEG in order to design a BMI. There are basically two different approaches that have been used. The first one called a pattern recognition approach is based on cognitive mental tasks. The

second one called an operant conditioning approach is based on the self-regulation of the EEG response.

BLOCK DESCRIPTION
The BMI consists of several components: 1.The implant device, or chronic multi-electrode array, 2.The signal recording and processing section, 3.An external device the subject uses to produce and control motion and 4.A feedback section to the subject.

IMPLANT DEVICE
The EEG is recorded with electrodes, which are placed on the scalp. Electrodes are small plates, which conduct electricity. They provide the electrical contact between the skin and the EEG recording apparatus by transforming the ionic current on the skin to the electrical current in the wires. To improve the stability of the signal, the outer layer of the skin called stratum corneum should be at least partly removed

under the electrode. Electrolyte gel is applied between the electrode and the skin in order to provide good electrical contact.

SIGNAL PROCESSING SECTION

Multichannel Acquisition Systems Electrodes interface directly to the non-inverting opamp inputs on each channel. At this section amplification, initial filtering of EEG signal and possible artifact removal takes place. Also A/D conversion is made, i.e. the analog EEG signal is digitized. The voltage gain improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by reducing the relevance of electrical noise incurred in later stages. Processed signals are timedivision multiplexed and sampled.

Signal Analysis
Feature extraction and classification of EEG are dealt in this section. In this stage, certain features are extracted from the preprocessed and digitized EEG signal. In the simplest form a certain frequency range is selected and the amplitude relative to some reference level measured . Typically the features are frequency content of the EEG signal) can be calculated using, for example, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT function).

1-Commercialization (often considered post-NPD)

Launch the Service o Produce and place advertisements and other promotions o Fill the distribution pipeline with Service o Critical path analysis is most useful at this stage 2. New Product Pricing o Impact of new product on the entire product portfolio o Value Analysis (internal & external) o Competition and alternative competitive technologies o Differing value segments (price, value, and need) o Service Costs (fixed & variable) o Forecast of unit volumes, revenue, and profit
o

FEEDBACK
Real-time feedback can dramatically improve the performance of a brainmachine interface. Feedback is needed for learning and for control. Real-time feedback can dramatically improve the performance of a brainmachine interface. In the brain, feedback normally allows for two corrective mechanisms. One is the online control and correction of errors during the execution of a movement.

ADVANTAGES
Depending on how the technology is used, there are good and bad effects 1.In this era where drastic diseases are getting common it is a boon if we can develop it to its full potential. 2.Also it provides better living, more features, more advancement in technologies etc. 3. Linking people via chip implants to super intelligent machines seems to a natural progression creating in effect, super humans. 4. Linking up in this way would allow for computer intelligence to be hooked more directly into the brain, allowing immediate access to the internet, enabling phenomenal math capabilities and computer memory. 5.By this humans get gradual co-evolution with computers .

CHALLENGES
1.Connecting to the nervous system could lead to permanent brain damage, resulting in the loss of feelings or movement, or continual pain. 2.In the networked brain condition what will mean to be human? 3.Virus attacks may occur to brain causing ill effects

APPLICATIONS
The BMI technologies of today can be broken into three major areas: 1. Auditory and visual prosthesis - Cochlear implants - Brainstem implants - Synthetic vision - Artificial silicon retina 2. Functional-neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) - FNS systems are in experimental use in cases where spinal cord damage or a stroke has severed the link between brain and the peripheral nervous system. They can use brain to control their own limbs by this system

CONCLUSION
Cultures may have diverse ethics, but regardless, individual liberties and human life are always valued over and above machines. What happens when humans merge with machines? The question is not what will the computer be like in the future, but instead, what will we be like? What kind of people are we becoming?

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a method of communication based on voluntary neural activity generated by the brain and independent of its normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. The neural activity used in BCI can be recorded using invasive or noninvasive techniques. We can say as detection techniques and experimental designs improve, the BCI will improve as well and would provide wealth alternatives for individuals to interact with their environment.

Reference 1-Artificial Intelligence Approaches 2-www.onlinebook.com 3.Philip Kotler 4-Introduction to Artificial Intelligence