1. Why should we pay attention to housekeeping at work?

Effective housekeeping can eliminate some workplace hazards and help get a job done safely and properly. Poor housekeeping can frequently contribute to accidents by hiding hazards that cause injuries. If the sight of paper, debris, clutter and spills is accepted as normal, then other more serious health and safety hazards may be taken for granted.

What is primary objective of the philippine electrical code?

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It is going to be similar to the IEE Regulations (BS7671) in the UK. The primary objective of such codes is to ensure that installations are correctly designed, installed and tested so that they present little or no risk from electric shock or fire to persons or livestock. The regulations then continue to mention methods by which this may be achieved. Safety Glasses Hard Hat Ear Protection Rubber Sleeves Shirt Rubber Glove Protectors Work Boots Safety Harness Rubber Gloves Lanyard Hot Stick Jeans

Most fluorescent fixtures with two or more lamps are known as "rapid start". In this system, there is no starter. Instead, the ballast keeps a low flow of current running through the filaments at all times or during the start-up period, and uses a capacitor or other techniques to start the lamp by ionizing the gas, which is another way to reduce the initial resistance of gas to a flow of electrical current.

Goggles are stronger than safety glasses Goggles are used for higher impact protection, greater particle protection, chemical splashes, and welding light protection Goggles for splash or high dust protection should have indirect venting

Goggles with direct venting (a mesh of small holes around the sides) tend to fog less, but should not be used with liquid or fine dust hazards Common tasks: sawing, chipping, grinding, masonry work, using a nail gun, pouring cement, and working with chemicals When goggles are used for welding make sure they are the proper shade # (the shade number is marked on the lens and shows how dark the lens is)

electronics) A fluorescent lamp in which a manual switch or thermal starter is used to preheat the cathode for a few seconds before high voltage is applied to strike the mercury arc.

Rapid Start Fluorescent Lamps

Rapid start lamps use a rapid start circuit ballast to start within one or two seconds. There is no starter so maintenance is easier Toshiba makes rapid start lamps, the new Neoline Rapid-Master "FLR40S./M". The new lamps, have a built-in starting aid, an inner transparent electrically conductive film

Equipment grounding is the protection of your PV solar panel system from a currentcarrying conductor which may inadvertently come in contact with a power source. This both protects your equipment and prevents people from accidentally touching a current-carrying piece of equipment and shocking themselves when they complete the circuit to ground. To prevent these types of accidents, the frame of each piece of equipment must be grounded to a grounding electrode conductor. The grounding electrode conductor, which does not carry a current when the system is operational, must be continuous, connecting to every metal part of each piece of equipment. These grounding electrode conducting wires are typically bonded to each panel's frame as well as any electrical boxes, panel mounting and appliance frames. Many times grounding lugs or some other electrically bonding equipment is used to fulfill this requirement.

Application General Information

Sigma RCCBs are designed to protect equipment and people from low level ground faults. Typical applications include resistance and impedance heating systems; submersible pumps; semiconductor pro cess equipment and wet location equipment. The RCCBs use the residual current sensing method to detect ground faults. The units monitor the load currents and will trip immediately should they detect any imbalance greater than the rated trip level. Sigma RCCBs derive the energy required to trip from the ground fault current alone. They will operate normally even if the system voltage drops or if the neutral wire is disconnected. They will also operate normally during long periods of over voltage.

How To Identify An RCCB From Its Markings

Test button On-Off indicator

Rated current Rated Residual Current Lowest operational Ambient Temperature Rated conditional short-circuit current
Sensitivity Application 30mA Tripping current designed for additional protection against direct contact, the 30 mA RCCB protects against leakage currents and indirect contact with earth loop impedance up to 167 ohms; for use as additional protection against direct contact, residual tripping current must not exceed 30 mA. 300mA A lees sensitive protection suitable for large installations having high levels of leakage current: 300 mA RCCBs protect against leakage current and indirect contact up to 167 ohmearth loop impedance

Minimum Size. The conductors shall not be smaller than 5.5 mm 2 copper or 8.0 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. Where two to six service disconnecting means in separate enclosures supply separate loads from one service drop or lateral, one set of service entrance conductors shall be permitted to supply each or several such service equipment enclosures. THE PANELBOARD A panelboard is a single panel or group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel. This includes buses, automatic overcurrent protective devices, and with or without switches for the control of light, heat or power circuit. It is designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall or partition and accessible only from the front. Principles applied in installing panel board 1. The approach should be accessible and convenient. 2. The panelboard must be centrally located to shorten the home wiring runs. 3. It must be installed near the load center. As in most cases, panelboard is installed near the kitchen and the laundry where heavy loads are expected.

PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE (PEC) PEC I - Electrical installation inside buildings.

PEC II - Electrical installation outside buildings. * PEC consists of rules which are intended to make use of electricity safe for person and property. * Two (2) categories of PEC rules * 1. Mandatory Rules - characterized by the use of the word SHALL. 2. Advisory Rules - characterized by the use of the word SHOULD or are stated as recommendations of that which is advised but not required. * OBJECTIVES * a) Safe Use of Electricity - to establish basic materials quality and electrical work standards for the safe use of electricity for light, heat, power, communications, signaling and for other purposes. b) Adequacy - Strict compliance with the provisions of this Code will ensure safety in electrical installation and construction, but not necessarily efficient, convenient, or adequate for good service or future expansion of electrical use. * The use of PEC is mandated by R.A. 7920 ( formerly R.A. 184 ), also known as the New Electrical Engineering Law. Likewise, referral codes are also used which are mandated by their corresponding laws. 1. P.D. 1096 - National Building Code 2. P.D. 1185 - Fire Code of the Philippines 3. Structural Code R.A. 7920 - is an act providing for a more responsive and comprehensive regulation for the practice, licensing, and registration of electrical engineers and electricians. * Government Authorities who implement PEC * 1. Office of the Building Official 2. Office of the City Electrician ( City Electrical Supervising Engineer ) 3. Office of the Municipal Electrician ( Municipal Electrical Supervising Engineer) 4. Regional Office of the DOLE

* SCOPE OF THE PEC * PEC covers the electric conductors including optical fiber cable and installed within or on, to or from: 1. Public and private buildings 2. Electrical generating plants 3. Temporary and permanent substations 4. Industrial plants 5. Transformer stations 6. Railway switchyards 7. Yards, carnival, parking, etc. 8. Watercraft 9. Dockyards 10. Airfields 11. Quarries and mines 12. Mobile homes, travel trailers and recreational vehicles 13. Offshore facilities 14. Other premises which requires electrical installation except to those which are done in; a) Aircraft b) motor vehicles c) railway rolling stocks PERMITS AND INSPECTION CERTIFICATES A permit is required before undertaking any electrical installation. An inspection is also required after which certificate of electrical inspection (CEI) is issued by the authority. *EXCEPTIONS* A permit is not required for; 1. the installation of electrical portable equipment rated not more than 1,200 VA.

2. reconnection of disconnected service due to non-payment of electric bill or change of occupants for a period of one year. Requirements for Electrical Permit a) An application form (DPWH form No. 77-001-E) shall be accomplished, signed and submitted by a duly registered Professional Electrical Engineer. However, if the installation does not exceed 20 lighting and/or receptacle outlets or 4000 volt-amperes, 230 volts, the application may be prepared, signed and submitted by a duly registered electrical engineer or master electrician. b) The application shall include additionally, the name and signature and seal of the electrical practitioner who will take charge of the installations as well as the signature of the owner or his authorized representative. c) Five (5) sets of plans and specifications bearing the signature and seal of the responsible Professional Electrical Engineer shall be submitted together with the application. However, if the installation does not exceed 20 lighting and or receptacle outlets or 4,000 VA, 230 V; five (5) sets of sketches and bill of materials may be prepared signed and submitted by the responsible Registered Electrical Engineer or Master Electrician. According to P.D. 1096, no plans is required for building made of indigenous materials or which cost is not more than P15,000.00. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN BUILDING * SERVICES * No. of Service A building or other structure served shall be supplied by only one service. *EXCEPTIONS* 1. For fire pump where a separate service is required. 2. For emergency electrical system where a separate service is required. 3. Multiple-Occupancy building 4. Capacity Requirements. Two or more services shall be permitted: a) Where the capacity requirements are in excess of 2,000 amperes at a supply voltage of 600 volts or less; or b) Where the load requirements of a single-phase installation are greater than the serving agency normally supplies through one service; or

5. Building of Large Area ( 10,000 m2 or more Total Area ). 6. For different voltage characteristics, such as for different voltage, frequencies, or phases, or for different uses, such as for different rate schedules. THE OVERHEAD SERVICE-DROP CONDUCTOR This is the overhead service conductor from the last pole or other aerial support to and including the splices if any, connecting the service entrance conductors at the building or other structure. SIZE AND RATING: a) General. Service drop shall have sufficient ampacity to carry the load without a temperature rise detrimental to the covering or insulation of the conductors and shall have adequate mechanical strength. b) Minimum Size. The conductors shall not be smaller than 8 mm2 copper, 14 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. CLEARANCES: a) Above Roofs. Conductors shall have a vertical clearance of not less than 2,500 mm from the roof surface. b) Vertical Clearance from Ground. 3,100 mm - at the electric service entrance to buildings, or at the drip loop of the building electric entrance, or above areas or sidewalks 3,700 mm - for those areas listed in the 4,600 mm classification when the voltage is limited to 600 volts to ground. 4,600 mm - over residential property and driveways, and those commercial areas not subject to truck traffic. 5,500 mm - over public streets, alleys, roads, parking areas subject to truck traffic, driveways on other than residential property, and other land transversed by vehicles such as cultivated, grazing, forest, and orchard. UNDERGROUND SERVICE-LATERAL CONDUCTOR This is the underground service conductor between the street main, including any risers at a pole or other structure or from transformers, and the first point of any connection to the service-entrance conductors in a terminal box or meter or other enclosure with adequate space, inside or outside the building wall.

INSULATION. Service-lateral conductor shall withstand exposure to atmospheric and other conditions of use without detrimental leakage of current. *EXCEPTIONS* A grounded conductor shall be permitted to be uninsulated as follows: a) Bare copper used in a raceway. b) Bare copper for direct burial where bare copper is judged to be suitable for the soil conditions. c) Bare copper for direct burial without regard to soil conditions where part of cable assembly identified for underground use. d) Aluminum or copper-clad aluminum without insulation or covering where part of a cable assembly identified for underground use in a raceway or for direct burial. SIZE AND RATING a) General. Service lateral conductors shall have sufficient ampacity to carry the current for the load and shall have adequate mechanical strength. b) Minimum Size. The conductors shall not be smaller than 5.5 mm2 copper or 8.0 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. Where two to six service disconnecting means in separate enclosures supply separate loads from one service drop or lateral, one set of service entrance conductors shall be permitted to supply each or several such service equipment enclosures. EXCEPTION: For installations to supply only limited loads of a single branch circuit such as small polyphase power, controlled water heaters and the like, they shall not be smaller than 3.5 mm2 copper or 5.0 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. SERVICE ENTRANCE Service is defined as the portion of the supply which extends from the street main duct or transformer to the service switch or switchboard of the building supply. -it is the conductor and equipment for delivering energy from the electricity supply system to the wiring system of the premises served. TYPES: 1. Overhead Service Entrance

The most common type of service entrance employed by the power companies supplying electricity which is either a 2, 3 or 4-wire connection. Generally, the overhead service cable between the building property line and the supply point is supplied by electric company to a limit of 30 meters. 2. The Underground Service Entrance The underground service entrance consists of a raceway conduit extending from the building to the property line where it is tapped to the main. The type of cable recommended is the underground service entrance cable commonly referred to as USE. SERVICE - ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS No. of Service-Entrance Conductor Sets Each service drop or lateral shall supply only one set of service-entrance conductors. *EXCEPTIONS: 1. Buildings with more than one occupancy. 2. Where two to six service disconnecting means in a separate enclosures are grouped at one location and supply separate loads from one service drop or lateral. SIZE AND RATING: Service entrance conductors shall be of sufficient size to carry the computed loads. Ungrounded conductors shall not be smaller than: 1. 100 A ---- For one family dwelling with six or more 2-wire branch circuits. 2. 60 A ---- For one family dwelling with an initial computed load of 10 kVA above. 3. 40 A ---- For other loads. EXCEPTIONS: 1. For loads consisting of not more than 2 - wire branch circuits, 5.5 mm2 copper or 8.0 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. 2. By special permission, for loads limited by demand or by the source of supply, 5.5 mm2 copper or 8.0 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. 3. For limited loads of single branch circuit, 3.5 mm2 copper or 5.5 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum.

INSTALLATION OF SERVICE CONDUCTORS Service entrance conductors shall be installed in accordance with the applicable requirements of this Code covering the type of wiring method used and limited to the following methods: 1. Open-wiring on insulators 2. Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) 3. Intermediate Metallic Tubing (IMT) 4. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) 5. Service-Entrance Cables 6. Wireways 7. Busways 8. Auxiliary gutters 9. Rigid Non-Metallic Conduit (RNMC) 10. Cable Bus 11. Mineral-Insulated Metal-Sheated Cable 12. Type MC Cables PROTECTION: Service entrance conductors subjected to physical damage shall be protected in any of the following ways or methods: 1. By RMC 2. By IMC 3. By RNMC suitable for the location 4. By EMT 5. Type MC cable or other approved means THE SERVICE EQUIPMENT-DISCONNECTING MEANS

GENERAL: The service-disconnecting means shall be provided to disconnect all conductors in a building or other structures from the service-entrance conductor. NUMBER OF DISCONNECTING MEANS: The service disconnecting means for each set or each subset of service entrance conductor shall consist of not more than six switches or six circuit breakers mounted in a single enclosure, or in a switchboard. LOCATION: The service disconnecting means shall be installed either inside or outside the building or other structure at a readily accessible location nearest the point of entrance of the service entrance conductor RATING: The service disconnecting means shall have a rating of not less than the load to be carried. In no case shall the rating be lower than specified through: 1. One circuit installation -- The service disconnecting means shall have a rating of not less than 15 amperes. 2. Two circuit installation -- The service disconnecting means shall have a rating of not less than 30 amperes. 3. One family dwelling -- The service disconnecting means shall have a rating of: 60 A -- where the initial computed loads is 10 kVA or more 100 A -- where the initial installations consist of six or more 2-wire branch circuit. 4. Others -- For all other installations, the service disconnecting means shall have a rating of not less than 40 amperes. NOTES: The service disconnecting means shall simultaneously disconnect all ungrounded conductors and shall be capable of being closed on a fault equal to or greater than the maximum available short-circuit current. Service entrance conductor shall have a short-circuit protective device in each ungrounded conductors.

Fuses shall have an Interrupting Rating no less than the maximum available short circuit current in the circuit at their supply terminals. Circuit breakers shall be free to open in case the circuit is closed on an overload. Circuit breakers shall have an interrupting rating not less than the maximum available shortcircuit current at its supply terminals. FEEDERS AND MAIN Essential considerations being adapted or followed. 1. On large installation, one feeder is provided for each floor. 2. In small installations, one or two feeders is satisfactory. 3. Feeder for motor must be separate and independent from the light circuits. 4. Feeders requiring more than 50 mm diameter conduit should not be used. 5.Feeders should be subdivided if there are several bends or offsets because a 50 mm conduit is the largest that could be economically used. 6. Feeders radiating from the distributing panel should be provided each with a properly rated switch and circuit breaker. 7. Good practice dictates that feeders and main shall be installed inside a conduit pipe as it carries high voltage that should be well protected. 7 REQUIRED PARTS OF A STANDARD ELECTRICAL PLAN A. GENERAL NOTES / SPECIFICATION Specification written on electrical plan should indicate : 1. That the design is done in accordance with the P.E.C. and all electrical works shall comply with the provisions of all authorities having juris- diction on the use of electrical power. 2. The nature of the service including voltage, phase and frequency. 3. The type of approved wiring to used in installing service entrance, feeders, sub-feeders, branch circuit conductors, remote control system, fire protection, signal and communication system. 4. All other aspects and details that the designer and the owner would want to be done in the actual construction of the project.

EXAMPLE : 1. Works here under shall comply with the latest edition of the P.E.C, the national building code, municipal or city ordinances, office of the municipal or city electrician, & Meralco. 2. Type of services shall be 230 volts, 1 phase, 2 wire system, 60 hertz and there shall be only one service drop to the building. 3. Method of wiring shall be EMT both exposed and embedded work with proper fitting and supports. In cases where concealed conduits wiring is impracticable to use, metal moulding may be applied. 4. All materials and equipment shall be new and approved type for both location and purpose intended. 5. All lighting and convenience outlet circuit homeruns shall be wired with no less than 2 sq. mm and 3.5 sq. mm respectively, unless otherwise indicated on the plan. 6. Lighting and power panel board shall be circuit breaker type surface or flushed mounted or as indicated on the plan; door shall be provided with locked and milled key, a line circuit directory card and holder shall be provided in inner face or door. 7. Whenever required and necessary, full boxes and junction boxes of proper sizes shall be installed at convenient and inconspicuous locations although such boxes are not shown on the plans nor mentioned in the specification. 8. All outdoor installation shall be weather proof type. 9. All electrical work shall be done under the direct and immediate supervision of a duly licensed Electrical Engineer. B. LEGEND AND SYMBOLS The legend or symbols shall show symbols or configurations and figures of devices and equipment used. Standard Electrical symbols can be obtained from the appendix - a of the Philippine Electrical Code. C. LOCATION PLAN Location or site plan with proposed structures and owners land drawn to appropriate metric scale shall show: 1. Bordering areas showing public or well known streets. 2. Location of service drop, service equipment and nearest pole of the utility company furnishing electrical energy.

3. Clearance of the path or run of service drops and service structure wires to adjacent existing or proposed structures. D. RISER DIAGRAM The riser diagram consists of the schematic diagram of service entrance, feeders and branch circuits. This indicates: 1. The number of branch circuits, the size of conductors, size of conduit and protection for each branch circuit. 2. The sizes of feeders, its conduit and feeders protection. 3. The type of service, size of service entrance conductor, conduits and main protective device. E. TITLE BLOCK: Title block or nameplate of plans and drawings shall be a standard strip of 40 mm high at the bottom of each sheet. It shall contain the following: 1. Name and location of proposed installation, project, or watercraft; 2. Name, signature and address of owner/manager/operator; 3. Title of sheet and sheet number; 4. Scale used; 5. Name, signature and dry seal of professional electrical engineer together with registration number, Professional Tax Receipt (PTR) and Tax Identification Number (TIN); 6. Initial of draftsman; and 7. Date drawn or revised. F. ELECTRICAL LIGHTING AND POWER LAYOUT Electrical layout for each floor of the building shall indicate the location of: 1. Location of lighting outlets. 2. Location of convenience outlets. 3. Location of switches with their corresponding symbols.

4. Location of outlets for air conditioning units. 5. Location of telephone, intercom and master antenna television outlets. 6. Location of service equipment and/or disconnecting means. 7. Location of service kilowatthour meter. G. SCHEDULE OF LOADS AND COMPUTATIONS: Schedule of loads in tabulated form shall indicate: A. MOTOR LOADS: 1. Motor as numbered or identified in power layout. 2. Type of motor 3. HP/kW/kVA rating 4. Voltage rating 5. Full load current rating 6. Frequency rating 7. Number of phases B. LIGHTING AND POWER LOADS: 1. Panel as numbered in the riser diagram. 2. Circuit designation number. 3. Number and lightning outlets in each circuits. 4. Number of switches in each circuit. 5. Number of convinience outlet 6. Voltage circuit 7. Fuse rating or trip rating of circuit protective device. C. OTHER LOADS

1. Designation number on plan 2. Description loads 3. Classification of service duty 4. Rating in kilovolt ampere (KVA) or kilowatt (KW) 5. Phase loading indicating full load line current 6. Voltage rating DESIGN COMPUTATION Or design analysis where necessarry shall be included on the drawings or may be submitted on separate sheets of uniform size paper, shall allow : 1. Illumination design computations and tabulated lighting levels in lux critical areas in institutional, Industrial recreational & commercial building. 2. Feed lines and protective devices of motors, electrical equipment and appliances indicating types and ratings. 3. Sizes of branch circuit wires, Feeders and busbars including protective devices. 4. Size and type of service entrance wires, race ways and equipment. 5. Setting / ratingsof over current devices. GROUNDING PROTECTION A ground is an electrical connection which may either be intentional or accidental between an electric circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth. The purpose of grounding a circuit is to fix permanently a zero voltage point in the system. The grounded line of a circuit should not be broken nor fused to maintain a solid and uninterrupted connection to the ground. Grounding could be accomplished in the following manner: 1. Connection to a buried cold water main. 2. Connection to a rod or group of rods. 3. Connection to a buried ground plate. THE PANELBOARD

A panelboard is a single panel or group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel. This includes buses, automatic overcurrent protective devices, and with or without switches for the control of light, heat or power circuit. It is designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall or partition and accessible only from the front. Principles applied in installing panel board 1. The approach should be accessible and convenient. 2. The panelboard must be centrally located to shorten the home wiring runs. 3. It must be installed near the load center. As in most cases, panelboard is installed near the kitchen and the laundry where heavy loads are expected. MAIN- is the feeder interior wiring extending from service switch, generator bus, or converter bus to the main distribution. BRANCH CIRCUIT- is defined as the circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the outlets. This means that the branch circuit is only the wiring between the circuit overcurrent protection device such as fuses or circuit breaker and the outlets. However, it is a common knowledge and practice that the branch circuit comprises the entire circuit including the outlet receptacles and other wiring devices. PROTECTION OF THE BRANCH CIRCUIT Any current in excess of the rated current capacity of the equipment or the rated ampacity of the conductor is called overcurrent. The causes of overcurrent are: 1. Overload in the equipment conductors. 2. Short circuit or ground fault As per PEC requirement, conductors shall be protected against overcurrent in accordance with their ampacities (Art. 4.5.1.3) Ampacity - is the current-carrying capacity of an electric conductor. THE CIRCUIT BREAKER AND THE FUSE A circuit breaker is an overcurrent protective device also designed to function as a switch. It is equipped with an automatic tripping device to protect the branch circuit from overload and ground fault.

A fuse is also an overcurrent protective device with a circuit opening fusible element which opens when there is an overcurrent in the circuit. It is considered as the simplest and the most common circuit protective device used into the house wiring connection. Advantages of circuit breaker over a fuse 1. The circuit breaker acts as a switch aside from its being an overcurrent device. 2. When there is an overcurrent, the circuit breaker trips automatically and after correcting the fault, it is ready to be switched on again, unlike the fuse which has to be discarded and replaced after it is busted. Advantages of fuse over a circuit breaker 1. One of its major advantage is its reliability and stability. It can stay on its position for years and act when called on to act as designed, unlike the circuit breaker which requires proper maintenance and periodic testing to keep it into a tip-top condition. 2. The cost of a fuse is less than that of a circuit breaker. Standard Ampere Ratings of Fuses and Inverse time circuit breakers 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000 Fuses, circuit breakers or combinations shall not be connected in parallel. Exception: Circuit breakers or fuses, factory assembled in parallel, and approved as a unit. Position of Knife Switches a) Single-throw Knife Switches. Single-throw knife switches shall be so placed that gravity will not tend to close them. Single-throw knife switches, approved for use in the inverted position, shall be provided with a locking device that will ensure that the blades remain in the open position when so set. b) Double-throw Knife Switches. Double-throw knife switches shall be permitted to be mounted so that the throw will be either vertical or horizontal. Where the throw is vertical, a locking device shall be provided to hold the blades in the open position when so set. RECEPTACLES AND WIRING DEVICES ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS Electrical Conductors are substances that offer a very low resistance to current flow.

Insulators are substances that offer a very high resistance to current flow. List of some good electrical conductors 1. Silver 6. Zinc 2. Copper 7. Platinum 3. Aluminum 8. Iron 4. Nickel 9. Tin 5. Brass 10. Lead List of some insulating materials 1. Rubber 8. Asbestos 2. Porcelain 9. Thermoplastics 3. Varnish 10. Paper 4. Slate 11. Oils 5. Glass 12. Wax 6. Mica 13. Dry air 7. Latex WIRES AND CABLES Wires are those electrical conductors which are 8 mm2 (AWG no. 8) or smaller, while cables are those larger than the wires. They are either solid or stranded. Stranded wire - consists of a group of wires twisted to form metallic string. The total circular-mil area of a stranded wire is found by multiplying the circular mil area of each strand by the total number of strand. Cord is the term given to an insulated stranded wire. CIRCULAR MIL. This is the unit of cross section in the American wire gauge. The term mil means one-thousandth of an inch (0.001 in.). It is the area of a circular wire having a diameter of one mil. To find the number of circular mils in a circle of a given diameter, we have to square the number of mils in the diameter.

Area in circular mil = ( diameter in mils )2 1 inch = 1,000 mils MCM = 1,000 circular mils SQUARE MIL. It is the area of a square having its side equal to 1 mil. Square mil = ( sides )2 = ( 1 mil )2 = ( 0.001 in.)2 = 1 x 10-6 in.2 Square mil = 0.7854 x circular mils CONDUCTOR AREAS: CONVERSION FACTOR Square inch = square mil x 0.000001 Square mil = square inch x 1,000,000 Square mil = circular mils x 0.7854 Circular mil = square mils x 1.273 Millimeter = inches x 25.4 Square mm = circular mils x 0.0005067 COMMONLY USED PREFIXES PREFIX UNIT SYMBOL deci 1 x 10-2 d milli 1 x 10-3 m micro 1 x 10-6 nano 1 x 10-9 n pico 1 x 10-12 p deka 1 x 101 da hecto 1 x 102 h kilo 1 x 103 k

Mega 1 x 106 M Giga 1 x 109 G COMMONLY USED ENGLISH-METRIC EQUIVALENTS English to Metric Metric to English LENGTH 1 in = 25.4 mm 1 mm = 0.0394 in 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 cm = 0.394 in 1 ft = 304.8 mm 1 cm = 0.033 ft 1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 m = 39.37 in 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 yd = 0.915 m 1 km = 3280.83 ft 1 mi = 1609.34 m 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 mi = 1.609 km AREA 1 sq in = 645.16 sq mm 1 sq cm =0.155 sq in 1 sq in = 6.45 sq cm 1 sq cm = 0.0011 sq ft 1 sq ft = 929.03 sq cm 1 sq m = 10.764 sq ft 1 sq ft = 0.093 sq m 1 sq m = 1.2 sq yd DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES 1. Armored Cable. This type of cable, the type AC is a fabricated assembly of insulated conductors enclosed in flexible metalsheath. Armored cable is used in both exposed and concealed work. 2. Metal Clad Cable. Cable of the type MC is a factory assembled cable of one or more conductors, each individually insulated and enclosed in a metallic sheath of interlocking tape, or a smooth or corrugated tube. This type is used specifically for services, feeders, branch circuits, either exposed or concealed and for indoor or outdoor work.

3. Mineral Insulated Cable. This type of cable, type MI, is a factory assembly of one or more conductors insulated with a highly compressed refractory mineral insulation and enclosed in liquid-tight and gas-tight continuous copper sheath. The type MI is used in dry, wet or continuously moist location as service, feeders or branch circuit. 4. Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable. Types NM and NMC are factory assembled two or more insulated conductors having a moisture-resistant outer sheath, flame-retardant and non-metallic material. These types are used specifically for one or two dwelling not exceeding 3 storey buildings. 5. Shielded Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable. This type of cable, the type SNM, is a factory assembly of two or more insulated conductors in an extruded core or moisture-resistant and flameretardant material, covered with an overlapping spiral metal tape. This type is used in hazardous locations and in cable trays or in raceways. 6. Service Entrance Cable. This is a single conductor or multiconductor assembly provided with or without an over-all covering, primarily used for services and of the types SE and USE. 7. Underground Feeder and Brach Circuit Cables. This type of cable, the type UF cable is a moisture-resistant cable used for underground, including direct burial in the ground, as feeder or branch circuit. 8. Power and Control Tray Cable. Type TC cable is a factory assembly of two or more insulated conductors with or without associated bare or covered grounding under a metallic sheath. This is used for installation in cable trays, raceways or where supported by a messenger wire. 9. Flat Cable Assemblies. This is an assembly of parallel conductors formed integrally with an insulating material web designed specifically for field installation in metal surface raceway. Cables of this type are the types FC. 10. Flat Conductor Cable. This type of cable, type FCC consists of three or more flat conductors placed edge to edge, separated and enclosed within an insulating assembly. This used for general purpose, appliance branch circuits and for individual branch circuits specifically on hard, smooth, continuous floor surfaces, etc. 12.Medium Voltage Cables. MV cable is a single or multiconductor solid dielectric insulated cable rated 2,001 volts or higher and is used for power systems up to 35,000 volts. The MV cables are of different types and characteristics. RACEWAYS Raceways are channels designed for holding wires, cables or bus-bars, which are either made of metal or insulating materials. The common types of raceways in household wiring are the a) conduits, b) connectors, and c) others. a) Conduits

Conduits, pipes or tubings are the most common electrical raceway. According to the type of materials used, conduit maybe classified as either metallic such as steel pipes or nonmetallic such as PVC, and the like. According to its make, conduits maybe classified as: rigid metal, flexible metal, rigid nonmetal and flexible nonmetal. b) Connectors A connector is a metal sleeve usually made of copper that is slipped over and secured to the butted ends of conductors in making joint. A connector is also called a splicing sleeve. c) Other Raceways Aside from the conduits and connectors there are still numerous types and kinds of raceways, among these are the a) conduit couplings, elbows and other fittings; b) conduit supports, such as clamps, hangers,etc; c) cable trays, cablebus; d) metal raceways;e) nonmetal raceways. OUTLETS, RECEPTACLES and other WIRING DEVICES OUTLETS. An outlet is a point in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment. The kinds of outlets are: convenience outlet or attachment cap, lighting outlet, and receptacle outlet. A convenience outlet or attachment cap is a device which by insertion in a receptacle, establishes connection between the conductor of the flexible cord and the conductors connected permanently to the receptacle. A lighting outlet is an outlet intended for direct connection of a lampholder, a lighting fixture, or a pendant cord terminating in a lampholder. A receptacle outlet is an outlet where one or more receptacles are installed. TYPES OF WIRES A. TYPES T, TW, THW The most ordinary type of plastic insulated wire is the type T. It may be used only in dry locations. Some manufactures no longer make the ordinary Type T, instead produce Type TW, which is identical in appearance, but may be used in wet or dry locations. Also available is Type THW, is similar to Type TW but withstand a greater degree of heat, and consequently has a higher ampacity rating in the larger sizes. B. TYPES THHN, THWN

These are comparatively new types of wire, consisting of the basic Type THH and THW but with less thermoplastic insulation, and with a final extruded jacket of nylon. Nylon has exceptional insulating qualities and great mechanical strength, all of which results in a wire which is smaller in diameter than ordinary Types T, TW, TW of corresponding size. C. TYPE XHHW In appearance, it resembles Types T, TW, THW but because of somewhat thinner layer of insulation, the over-all diameter is smaller. The insulation is cross-linked synthetic polymer, which has an extraordinary properties as to insulating value, heat resistance, and moisture resistance. It may be used in dry or wet locations. While at present, it is an expensive wire, it would be no surprise if in due course of time, this one single type will replace all the many types and subtypes of Type T or R now recognized by the Code. D. RUBBER-COVERED WIRE It consists of copper conductor, tinned to make it easier to remove the insulation, and for easy soldering. Over the copper is a layer of rubber, the thickness of which depends on the size of the wire. Then follows an outer fabric braid which is saturated with moisture-and-fire-resistant compounds; if it is set on fire with a blowtorch, the flame dies out when the torch is removed. E. OTHER TYPES Other types such as the basic Type R, which is suitable for only in dry locations, is no longer being made. The most ordinary kind is Type RHW, which may be used for dry or wet locations. Types RH and RHH have insulation which withstands more heat and therefore have a higher ampacity in the larger size. They may be used only in dry locations. KINDS OF LOCATIONS DAMP LOCATION Partially protected locations under canopies, marquees, roofed open porches, and like locations, and interior locations subjected to moderate degree of moisture, such as some basements, some barns, and some cold-storage warehouses. DRY LOCATION A location not normally subject to dampness or wetness. A location classified as dry may be temporarily subject to dampness or wetness, as in the case of a building under construction. WET LOCATION Installations underground or in concrete slabs or masonry in direct contact with the earth, and location subject to saturation with water or other liquids, such as vehicle washing areas, and locations exposed to weather and unprotected.

HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATIONS Locations where fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases or vapors, flammable liquids, combustible dust, or ignitible fibers or flyings. 1. Class I Locations. Class I locations are those in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitible mixtures. a) Class I, Division 1. A Class I, Division 1 location is a location: I) in which igntible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under normal operating conditions; or ii) in which ignitible concentrations of such gas vapors may exist frequently because of repair or maintenance operations or because of leakage; or iii) in which breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes might release ignitible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, and might also cause simultaneous failure of electric equipment. b) Class I, Division 2. A Class I, Division 2 location is a location: I) in which volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled, processes, or used, but in which the liquids, vapors, or gases will normally be confines within closed containers or closed systems from which they can escape only in case of accidental rupture or breakdown of such containers or systems, or in case of abnormal operation of equipment; or ii) in which ignitible concentrations of gases or vapors are normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation, and which might become hazardous through failure or abnormal operation of the ventilating equipment; iii) that is adjacent to Class I, Division 1 location, and to which ignitible concentrations of gases or vapors might occasionally be communicated unless such communication is prevented by adequate positive ventilation from a source of clean air, and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are provided. Class II Locations. Class II locations are those that are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust. a) Class II, Division 1. A class II, Division 1 location is a location: I) in which combustible dust is in the air normal operating conditions in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitible mixtures; or ii) where mechanical failure or abnormal operation of machinery or equipment might cause such explosive or ignitible mixtures to be produced, and might also provide a source of ignition through simultaneous failure of electric equipment, operation devices, or from other causes; or iii) in which combustible dusts of an electrically conductive nature may be present in hazardous quantities. b) Class II, Division 2. A Class II, Division 2 location is a location where combustible dust is not normally in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitible mixtures, and dust accumulations are normally insufficient to interfere with the normal operation of electrical equipment or other apparatus, but combustible dust may be in suspension in the air as a result of infrequent malfunctioning of handling or processing equipment and where combustible dust accumulations on, in, or in the vicinity of the electrical equipment may be sufficient to interfere with the safe dissipation of heat from electrical equipment or may be ignitible by abnormal operation or failure of electrical equipment.

3. Class III Locations. Class III locations are those that are hazardous because of the presence of easily combustible fibers or flyings, but in which such fibers or flyings are not likely to be in suspension in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitible mixtures. a) Class III, Division 1. A Class III, Divisions 1 location is a location in which easily ignitible fibers or materials producing combustible flyings are handled, manufactured, or used. b) Class III, Division 2. A Class III, Division 2 location is a location in which easily ignitible fibers are stored or handled.

When measuring an unknown voltage with an analog VOM, you should first?
A. set the switch to the lowest range and then move it to a higher range until you get an accurate reading. B. set the switch to the highest range and then move it to a range that gives the most accurate reading. C. ground the meter. D. ground the circuit.

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siu07crd

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you want to start with the least accurate setting and work down to a more accurate reading. this is because if you start on the most accurate it will most likely blow a fuse or a vital component on an analog voltmeter due to the pd across the internal selector resistance to be high.

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dave13

Sui's answer is good, but should have said "largest range" instead of "least accurate". That would make his answer technically correct, too. And, like digi-man suggested, it can be fun (and dangerous) to let the smoke out of the wires.
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digitalc... B, to get the right answer on your test. A if you like to see how electricity can free the smoke from various electronic components and possibly damage your person.
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Electrical Conduit Installation Tips for Homeowners & DIY Repairs

Watch Out: Do not attempt to work on your electrical wiring, switches, or outlets unless you are properly trained and equipped to do so. Electrical components in a building can easily cause an electrical shock, burn, or even death. Even when a hot line switch is off, one terminal on the switch is still connected to the power source. Before doing any work on the switch, the power source must be turned off by setting a circuit breaker to OFF or removing a fuse. See SAFETY for ELECTRICAL INSPECTORS and Electrical Wiring Books & Guides Electrical conduit for wiring has some advantages in protecting wires and also in running multiple wires to a location. The proper selection of electrical conduit materials, fittings, and installation are important for safe electrical wiring. Readers of this article should also see Electrical Code Basics and SAFETY for ELECTRICAL INSPECTORS. This website provides information about a variety of electrical hazards in buildings, with articles focused on the inspection, detection, and reporting of electrical hazards and on proper electrical repair methods for unsafe electrical conditions. Critique and content suggestions are invited.

Cutting, Bending and Threading Electrical Conduit

Electrical conduit is often used to hold and protect house wiring. In some localities electrical conduit is required by the local code. Conduit protects building wiring from damage better than flexible steel (BX) cabling or plastic sheathing (Non metallic sheathed or NMC wire). However, it electrical conduit is more difficult to install and it requires both some special tools and some special knowledge about permitted bending radii and similar details. Our photo (left, courtesy of Tim Hemm), shows an electrical conduit snafu along with an unsafe FPE Stab-Lok electrical sub panel. Both flexible electrical conduit and rigid conduit were used. Our arrow points to an improper "bend" made in the rigid metal electrical conduit. [3]

Instead of damaging rigid electrical conduit tubing (as in the photo above) make your bends using the proper tool, use elbows and fittings, buy pre-formed bends (shown at left in plastic

conduit), or use flexible metal or plastic conduit (illustrated below). Photo courtesy Galow Homes. [7]

A Photo Guide to Types of Electrical Conduit

Thin-wall metal conduit

The most common type of electrical conduit for house wiring is the thin-wall type. Thin-wall conduit is too thin for threaded joints. It is joined to other lengths of conduit and to boxes by pressure-type fittings. Thin-wall conduit is sold in ten-foot lengths in either one-half inch or three-quarter inch (outside) diameter. The one-half inch conduit can contain four No. 14 wires or three No. 12 wires. Three-quarter inch conduit accommodates four No. 10 or five No. 12 wires. These wire capacities are for individual wires, not pairs. The wires used are the same as the individual conductors found in steel armor cable and plastic sheathed cable. Wires in conduit must follow standard coding. In a two-wire electrical circuit you need one black wire, one white wire, and one ground wire. The general procedure for using thin wall conduit is similar to the use of steel armor cable. The big difference is that conduit cannot be "snaked" through openings in ceilings and walls. You must have full access to joists and studs to install electrical conduit. So you probably won't want to use it unless your local code requires it

Rigid threaded conduit

[photos needed]

Plastic conduit - PVC Tubing

Plastic electrical conduit or rigid pvc conduit, shown in our photographs here, is easier to cut; conduit sections and fittings are joined by conduit solvent cement specifically formulated for use with PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic conduit ducts and fittings. Plastic conduit can be heated and bent to non-standards shapes, or pre-formed bends and elbows can be used. Watch out: do not mix types of cements (glues) used with plastic water or drain piping with conduit cement. Conduit cement is not suitable for piping and fittings subjected to pressure.

Use proper fittings to join and terminate rigid plastic conduit tubing, and protect it from damage too. Tim Hemm's photo (left) illustrates a do-it-yourself and improper PVC conduit termination (blue arrow) and a damaged, disconnected plastic conduit elbow and tubing at ground level (red arrow). [3]

Flexible metal conduit

Flexible metal conduit is sold in rolls and cut to the necessary length, joined with appropriate fittings. Shown is Alflex 3/4" diameter metallic flexible conduit produced by Titan.

What's the Difference between Flexible Metal Electrical Conduit and Armored Cable or "BX" Wiring?

Flexible metal conduit sold for electrical wiring (photo above) is sold empty, and is larger in diameter than pre-wired armored cable such as the 12/3 Armorlite armored cable shown at left. This electrical cable is pre-wired with THHN/THWN conductors and is intended for use in cable trays and includes a green-insulated ground wire. Watch out. Do not use set-screw type connectors with this cabling. Doing so risks pinching the cable end and cutting into the wires, causing a short circuit.

Pre-wired flexible electrical conduit whips

For special applications such as shown in our sketch (below left), flexible conduit is often used for convenience or to avoid vibration problems, but steps must be taken to prevent water from entering the conduit and/or special water-resistant wiring and fittings are required. In nearly all new installations the electrician uses a pre-wired liquid tight electrical conduit whip (photo at below right).

Pre-wired whips in residential applications (photo above right) are found connecting air conditioner & heat pump compressor units to their outside power source. There the flexible whip avoids problems with vibration-loosened connections in the conduit. Electrical whips are also used for connecting spas and swimming pool equipment. Shown is a six-foot 3-wire Carlton Carflex whip assembly produced by Thomas & Betts. [5]

Watch out: Flexible conduit and whips are "flexible" but not to degrees that exceed the laws of

physics and the properties of the materials. If you force flexible conduit or a pre-wired conduit whip to bend too acutely over too short a radius such as at its connection to a rigid surface the conduit will eventually break, as Tim Hemm's photograph (left) illustrates.

Flexible Plastic Conduit - Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing or ENT

Flexible plastic conduit is illustrated in our photograph (left). Shown is blue 3/4" Flex-Plus Carlon Blue ENT (Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing). This electrical conduit is intended for use in residential attics up to three feet above the bottom of ceiling joists. Sections and fittings are joined with PVC cement using a brush (not a dauber).

What tools you need and the procedures for using conduit?

Tools for Cutting Electrical Conduit

Thin-wall conduit can be cut with a special electrical conduit cutter. To use the cutter, clamp it around the conduit. To cut the conduit, tighten the knurled nut in the handle. As you tighten, force the cutter around the conduit. The sharp cutting blade cuts a groove that deepens with each revolution, making a smooth, quick cut. After cutting through the conduit, file off any burrs around the edge of the cut.

Tools for Bending Electrical Conduit

Thin-wall electrical conduit can be readily bent by using a special tool designed to make a smooth, even bend with little effort. The more bends in a run of conduit, the more it is to fish the wires through. Plan the conduit run carefully to avoid sharp bends and to make as few bends as possible. Never have more than four right angle bends between openings. Follow the manufacturers instructions for the type of conduit bender you use.

How an electrical conduit bender works

Screw a 30-inch length of threaded pipe into the bender head (sometimes called a an electricians hickey.) Insert the conduit into the bender through the hook at the top of the head. The hook marks where the bend will start. Put one foot on the conduit near the head and lever the pipe handle backward, checking the angle of the bend as you go.

How to thread electrical wires through conduit

A fish tape is a thin, flexible metal tape with a hook on one end. The tape is usually packaged on some type of reel. The tape is used to pull wires through conduit or through openings in walls. For conduit use, the tape is inserted in one conduit opening and worked through to the next opening. The wires to be drawn through the conduit are bent around the hook on the fish tape. If the run is long and has a few bends it is a good idea to wrap some electrical tape around the wires to hold them on the hook. The tape is then reeled in to draw the wires through the conduit. A slow, steady is less likely to kink the tape or jam the wires than is a series of sharp. Electrical codes allow multiple electrical wires to be pulled through a single conduit, but limit the number of wires allowed in a conduit run depending on the number of wires and the wire diameter or gauge. The more wires you pull, the more crowded the conduit, so buy larger conduit---perhaps 3/4 inch instead of 1/2 inch.

More Electrical Wiring Conduit Defects Detectable by Visual Inspection

If our inspection is limited to an external, visual inspection of electrical conduit, we may not immediately be able to see safety and electrical code violations such as use of improper wire type or too many wires in a conduit, but here are some easy to spot concerns that merit further review by an expert:

Damaged electrical conduit. While electrical conduit can provide superior protection for electrical wiring, rigid conduit is also vulnerable to impact damage. We often see a free-standing electrical junction box, perhaps holding an electrical receptacle, which has been struck and broken off. Look for conduit which has been bent, dented, crimped, cut, or broken. Tim Hemm's photo at left shows how easily a rigid conduit mounted outdoor electrical receptacle can be kicked over and broken. This condition adds the risk of a nicked or cut wire insulation making an immediate risk of electric shock or electrocution.

Leaks into electrical conduit can occur where improper fittings are used or where the conduit is damaged. Even flexible conduit, such as the one shown in Tim Hemm's photo at left can be damaged by impact or pulling on the conduit.

Such an open conduit line invites water entry, short circuits, and unsafe conditions.

Improper materials used as electrical conduit: only tubing which has been approved (NEC) and listed (UL, CSA) should be used for routing electrical wires. In Tim Hemm's photo shown here some fool has used metal fence piping to run electrical wires, risking electrocuting someone who simply touches the fence.

What is the PEC requirement regarding the standard heights for switches and outlets?
Answer: one foot from ground floor distance outlet five foot distance switch
s with any electrical installation, the first step is to turn off the power to the circuit that you'll be working on before wiring and installing an outlet. Check first to see that the circuit is on with an electrical tester and then turn the circuit off. Doublecheck that the circuit is now dead and then you may begin the installation. no continuity of installed wiring AT THE MAINS SUPPLY PANEL turn off the circuit breaker for the circuit supplying the fixture. Separate the light fixture from the electrical box. Check to make sure that the electrical wires are firmly attached to the fixture and that the wires and terminals are not corroded, cracked, frayed, broken, etc. If the wires look to be in good shape, attach a volt meter to the two wires and turn the power back on. If you are uncomfortable with working with the power on, get a qualified electrician to do this for you.