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IRISH S.

JAIME Slide 1

E3/ BS COE

CENGO1(*Prelims*) Slide 2

Digital Fundamentals
Fernando L. Guintu Jr. ECE

Analog Quantities Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher power than digital systems. Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Temperature (, F) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system.
HIGH In binary, a single number is Digital systems can process, digit). and transmit data more V called a bit (for binary store, A efficiently but canthe value of either values to each point. Invalid bit can have only assign discrete V a 0 or a 1, depending on if the Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved LOW voltage is HIGH or LOW.
A .M . P. M.

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

V H(max) of day Time

H(min)

L(max)

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2008 Saddle Education 2009 Pearson Education, UpperPearson River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

th

Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide 5


Analog and Digital Systems Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an analog signal for amplification.
CD drive Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

V L(min)

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Slide 6

Digital Waveforms Definitions Pulse Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time, Digital waveforms changeamplitude,the LOW and HIGH fall time, between and other characteristics. levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a Overshoot normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back Ringing Droop again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
90%

10110011101 Digit al data

Digi tal-to-analog converter

Anal og reproduct ion of music audio signal

Linear amplifier

Speaker Sound waves

HIGH
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Amplitude

HIGH
50%

tW Pulse width

Rising or leading edge LOW t0 t1

Falling or trailing edge


Base line

Falling or leading edge 10% LOW


tr

Rising or trailing edge

Ringing Undershoot

t0

t1

tf Fall time

(a) Positivegoing pulse

(b) Negativegoing pulse Rise time

th th Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 ed Digital Funda mentals,2009 ed Floyd, 10 Pearson Education, Upper2009 Pearson Education, All Right Reserved NJ 07458. All Right Reserved Saddle River, NJ 07458. Upper Saddle River, s s

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Periodic Pulse Waveforms Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.
f = 1 T T = 1 f

Pulse Definitions In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (t W) and duty Serial and Parallel Data cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of t W to T.
Volts Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 M o dem

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a periodic wave.


What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1 T = = = 313 ps f 3 .2 GHz
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Amplitude (A)

Pulse width (tW)

t0
Co m puter

t1

t2

t3

t4 t5 t6 t7

1 Co m puter 0 1 1 0 P ri nter

Time

Period, T

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
0 1 0

t0 t 1

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Slide 9 Slide 11
Timing Diagrams A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two or more digital waveforms,
Clock

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Basic System Functions And, or, and not elements can be combined to form various logic functions. A few examples are: The comparison function
T wo binary numbers A Comp arator A> B A= B B A< B Outputs

A B C

A diagram like this can be observed directly on a logic analyzer.


Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Basic Logic Functions Basic arithmetic functions True only if all input conditions are true. Basic System Functions

Adder A T o w binary numbers Carry in B Cin S Cout Sum Carry out

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed M ultiplexer A

True only if one function The data selectionor more input conditions are true. 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Dem ultiplexer D from ata Ato D
1

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?t Indicates the opposite condition. ?t ?t ?t ?t B


1 2 3 1

D from ata B to E

Data from CtoF

Data from Ato D

D ?t1 E ?t2 ?t3

?t2 C ?t3

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved Switching sequence control input Switching sequence control input

Basic System Functions


HIGH 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Enco de r Bin ary c od e for 9 u sed fo r sto rage a nd /o r comp ut at ion

The encoding function

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

7 4 1 0

8 5 2 .

9 6 3 +/

Cal culat or ke yp ad

Slide 14

The decoding function


Dec oder Binary in p ut

7 -se gmen t d i splay

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

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Basic System Functions The counting function


Counter 1 2 3 4 Input pulses 5 Parallel output lines Binary code for 1 Binary code for 2 Binary code for 3 Binary code for 4 Binary code for 5

Basic System Functions One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and stores data each time it is clocked. Integrated Circuits 0 0 0 0 Inait tai aolrl y,a ltlhzeerr eo gs iasst erhcoown nt ahi ne sr eo. n l y i n v a l i d d s 0101 F i r s t b i t (1 ) i s h i f t e d s e ri l l y i n t o t h e Analog Being continuous or shavinga continuous values. re g i s t e r. Cutaway Digital DIP ( Dual-In- olineor discretes equantities; having a set view of Related to digits b i tPins)h ichip: a l l y i n t o Sec n d (0 ) i s s ft ed ri re g i s t e r a n d f i rs t b i t i s s h i ft e d ri g h t . 01 0 1 of0 0 discrete values. Plastic
0 1 1 0 Binary0 Having two values or states; describes a number F o u rt h b i t (0 ) i s s h i ft e d i n t o r e g i s t e r an d c b system1 trihasrsTa, esbase,eanndo twhtwoistandsuhutilizes 1 and 0 that hge hfit . th ereog ni sdt rof isrdo re sa larefo ri ft ie tds 0 1 0 t l b as its digits.a n d i s fu l l .
Pins Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
S er i al b i t s o n in p u t line

Sequence of binary codes that represent the number of input pulses counted.

010

and other functions such as code conversion and storage.

Chip

case T h i rd b i t (1 ) i s s h i ft e d i n t o re g i s t e r an d t h e fi rs t a n d s e c o n d b i t s a re s h i ft e d ri g h t .

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10th ed

Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20

Pulse A sudden change from one level to another, The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a for laboratory experiments with logic. sudden change back to the original level.

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed Floyd, th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper PearsonRiver, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2009 Saddle Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic waveform used to synchronize actions. Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic operations such as AND or OR. NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion. AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs only when all input conditions are true (HIGH). OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs when when one or more of the input conditions are true (HIGH).
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

a. are less prone to noise b. can represent an infinite number of values c. can handle much higher power 3.d.The of themeasurement between the 50% point on the all time above leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge of the pulse is called the a. rise time b. fall time
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 ed
th

c. period

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Slide

d. pulse width

21 Slide 22
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are a. one b. two c. three d. ten

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

Slide 23

Slide 24

4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge o f the pulse is called the a. rise time b. fall time c. period d. pulse width

5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the a. rise time b. fall time 7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form c. period a. storage devices d. pulse width b. comparators c. data selectors d. all of the above

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27


6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency is a. 20 MHz b. 200 MHz c. 2 GHz d. 20 GHz

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

Slide 28
9. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to a single output line is called a a. comparator b. decoder c. counter 8. A shift register is an example of a d. multiplexer a. storage device b. comparator c. data selector
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

d. counter

Slide 29

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

Answers: 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. d 8. a 9.d

Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

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