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Digital Fundamentals
Fernando L. Guintu Jr. ECE
Analog Quantities Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher power than digital systems. Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Temperature (, F) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system.
HIGH In binary, a single number is Digital systems can process, digit). and transmit data more V called a bit (for binary store, A efficiently but canthe value of either values to each point. Invalid bit can have only assign discrete V a 0 or a 1, depending on if the Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved LOW voltage is HIGH or LOW.
A .M . P. M.
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
H(min)
L(max)
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th
V L(min)
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Slide 6
Digital Waveforms Definitions Pulse Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time, Digital waveforms changeamplitude,the LOW and HIGH fall time, between and other characteristics. levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a Overshoot normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back Ringing Droop again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
90%
Linear amplifier
HIGH
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Amplitude
HIGH
50%
tW Pulse width
Ringing Undershoot
t0
t1
tf Fall time
th th Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 ed Digital Funda mentals,2009 ed Floyd, 10 Pearson Education, Upper2009 Pearson Education, All Right Reserved NJ 07458. All Right Reserved Saddle River, NJ 07458. Upper Saddle River, s s
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Periodic Pulse Waveforms Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.
f = 1 T T = 1 f
Pulse Definitions In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (t W) and duty Serial and Parallel Data cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of t W to T.
Volts Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 M o dem
Amplitude (A)
t0
Co m puter
t1
t2
t3
t4 t5 t6 t7
1 Co m puter 0 1 1 0 P ri nter
Time
Period, T
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0 1 0
t0 t 1
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Slide 9 Slide 11
Timing Diagrams A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two or more digital waveforms,
Clock
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Basic System Functions And, or, and not elements can be combined to form various logic functions. A few examples are: The comparison function
T wo binary numbers A Comp arator A> B A= B B A< B Outputs
A B C
Basic Logic Functions Basic arithmetic functions True only if all input conditions are true. Basic System Functions
True only if one function The data selectionor more input conditions are true. 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Dem ultiplexer D from ata Ato D
1
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D from ata B to E
?t2 C ?t3
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved Switching sequence control input Switching sequence control input
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7 4 1 0
8 5 2 .
9 6 3 +/
Cal culat or ke yp ad
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Basic System Functions One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and stores data each time it is clocked. Integrated Circuits 0 0 0 0 Inait tai aolrl y,a ltlhzeerr eo gs iasst erhcoown nt ahi ne sr eo. n l y i n v a l i d d s 0101 F i r s t b i t (1 ) i s h i f t e d s e ri l l y i n t o t h e Analog Being continuous or shavinga continuous values. re g i s t e r. Cutaway Digital DIP ( Dual-In- olineor discretes equantities; having a set view of Related to digits b i tPins)h ichip: a l l y i n t o Sec n d (0 ) i s s ft ed ri re g i s t e r a n d f i rs t b i t i s s h i ft e d ri g h t . 01 0 1 of0 0 discrete values. Plastic
0 1 1 0 Binary0 Having two values or states; describes a number F o u rt h b i t (0 ) i s s h i ft e d i n t o r e g i s t e r an d c b system1 trihasrsTa, esbase,eanndo twhtwoistandsuhutilizes 1 and 0 that hge hfit . th ereog ni sdt rof isrdo re sa larefo ri ft ie tds 0 1 0 t l b as its digits.a n d i s fu l l .
Pins Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0.
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S er i al b i t s o n in p u t line
Sequence of binary codes that represent the number of input pulses counted.
010
Chip
case T h i rd b i t (1 ) i s s h i ft e d i n t o re g i s t e r an d t h e fi rs t a n d s e c o n d b i t s a re s h i ft e d ri g h t .
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Pulse A sudden change from one level to another, The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a for laboratory experiments with logic. sudden change back to the original level.
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1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic waveform used to synchronize actions. Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic operations such as AND or OR. NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion. AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs only when all input conditions are true (HIGH). OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs when when one or more of the input conditions are true (HIGH).
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
a. are less prone to noise b. can represent an infinite number of values c. can handle much higher power 3.d.The of themeasurement between the 50% point on the all time above leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge of the pulse is called the a. rise time b. fall time
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 ed
th
c. period
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Slide
d. pulse width
21 Slide 22
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education
2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are a. one b. two c. three d. ten
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4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge o f the pulse is called the a. rise time b. fall time c. period d. pulse width
5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the a. rise time b. fall time 7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form c. period a. storage devices d. pulse width b. comparators c. data selectors d. all of the above
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Slide 28
9. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to a single output line is called a a. comparator b. decoder c. counter 8. A shift register is an example of a d. multiplexer a. storage device b. comparator c. data selector
Floyd, Digital Funda mentals, 10 th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education
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d. counter
Slide 29
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Answers: 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. d 8. a 9.d
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