Chemistry Review Atomic Elements and the Periodic Table Terms o Element a pure substance that cannot be broken

en down into simpler chemical substances by any means o Compound pure substance composed of two or more different elements that are chemically joined o Periodic law a state that describes the repeating nature of the properties of elements o Group a column in the PT o Period a row in the PT Families o Alkali metals very reactive; react strongly with water; solid; conductive; lustrous o Alkaline Earth Metals reactive, less than alkali; solid; lustrous; conductive o Halogens reactive non-metal; gaseous o Noble gases extremely non-reactive non-metal; gaseous Period Table Trends o Atomic Radius The space in with electrons spent 90% of their time Group trend increases down a group Descend down a group electrons are added this adds energy levels; these electrons occupy the furthest energy level b/c the electrons at the front block energy from getting to the back Period Trend decreases from left to right Electrons remain in the same energy level; positive nucleus charge increases, therefore attractive force on each electron is greater; tighter packed o Ionization Energy The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gaseous state For each electron removed, more energy will be required to remove another Group trend Decreases down a group Radius increases meaning the valence electrons have less attractive force to the nucleus Period Trend increase left to right Radius decrease, electrons have a greater attraction to the nucleus o Electronegativity The relative indication of the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons Group Trend Decreases down a group Period Trend increases from left to right The smaller the radius the greater ability it has to attract electrons

Used to determine bond between added by calculating electronegative difference EN > 1.7 - Ionic EN b/w 0.4 & 1.7 Polar Covalent EN < 0.4 Slightly polar covalent EN = 0 Non- Polar Covalent Illustrated using Greek symbol for partial (- or +) o Electron affinity The energy absorbed or released when an electron is added to a neutral atom Group Trend Decrease down a group Period Trend increases left to right The greater the negative value, the greater the amount of energy released and the more stable the ion is o Metal Reactivity The degree to which metals have a tendency to react with other elements by losing electrons Group trend increases down a group Period trend Decreases from left to right o Non-metal Reactivity The degree to which non-metals have a tendency to react with other elements by gaining electrons Group Trend decreases down a group Period trend increases from left to right Bonding o Ionic Description Metallic and non-metallic atoms combine ionically (transferring electrons) cations (+), anions (-) arranged in a lattice or crystalline structure Forces A strong electrostatic force holds the compound together Properties High melting/boiling points Soluble in water Conducts electricity Crystalline at room temp. o Covalent Bonding Description Non-metallic atoms combine covalently (sharing electrons) forming molecules

Can be polar or non-polar covalent o Polar has a definitive positive and negative end o Non-polar has no overall positive or negative end

Forces Non-polar intermolecular are London dispersion forces only o LDF weakest force; between all molecules; nucleus attracts the electrons of an adjacent molecule, creates instantaneous dipole, this creates another dipole, the two dipoles attract Polar dipole-dipole forces, stronger than LDF, o Dipole-dipole the positive and negative ends of polar molecules attract the positive and negative ends of the molecules, weaker than ion-dipole forces Properties Non-polar o Low melting points; insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvent; insulates electricity; solids with distinct smell or liquids and gases Polar o Higher melting points; greater solubility; weak conductors when dissolved or melted; solid or liquid Metallic Bonds Description Metallic atoms will combine so that the kernels of atoms share their valence electrons in a delocalized electron sea The cationic kernels are densely packed with a delocalized region of free valence electrons Forces The bonds are a strong attraction between oppositely charged components Properties Solids with high melting points Insoluble in water Good conductors lustrous; malleable; ductile reacts with acid to release H2 gas

Nomenclature Binary Ionic compounds o Cation (metal) first then anion (non-metal) o Transition metals (more than one charge) Stock system write the charge in roman numerals in brackets

Alternative system largest ionic charge add ic (gigantic) Smallest ionic charge add ous (small like a mouse) Binary molecular compounds o Element with lower group number goes first, if there is two or more atoms add prefix o Higher group number second, always add prefix and add suffix ide o Prefixes: mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hept, octa, nona, deca (1-10) Oxy-compounds or salts o Ionic compounds that contain polyatomic ions o Formulas are written like normal ionic compounds o Polyatomic Fixes +1 oxygen per_________ate Standard - ________ate -1 oxygen - _______ite -2 oxygen - hypo________ite Acids o Binary acids Do not contain oxygen Hydrogen cation; non-metal or binary exception radical anion Hydro-anion-ic acid o Oxoacids Contain oxygen Hydrogen cation; polyatomic anions Per(anion)ic acid (+1 oxygen); (anion)ic acid (standard); (anion)ous acid (-1 oxygen); hypo(anion)ous acid (-2 oxygens) Oxoacid salts o Replacing of a hydrogen in a oxoacid with a metal o Only possible with polyatomics that have a charge smaller than negative (-2,-3) o Hydrogen(root)ate or bi(root)ate (H2 H), or dihydrogen(root)ate (H3 H) Hydrates o Compounds with water molecules o Name of compound (mono, di, tri, etc.)hydrate o Fomula - compound(number of water molecules)H2O

Reactions Shown in o Skeletal Equation No coefficeients o Balanced Equation w/ coefficients o Word equations o Ionic equation compounds separated into ions Net ionic equation without repeat ions

Single Displacement- a chemical reaction in which one element in a compound is replaced by another element - A+ BX AX + B o Metal displaces metal displaces metal or non-metal displaces non-metal forming an ionic compound o Metal displaces hydrogen in an acid or water Double displacement generally b/w aqueous solutions AB + CD AD + CB o Reactions that form precipitate + (aq) Solubility table o Reactions that form a gas + (aq) Doesnt occur directly; 2 steps Any reaction that forms H2CO3 will make a gas b/c this decomposes to make CO2 o Reactions that form water Neutralization reactions H + OH Synthesis reactions o A + B AB o 2 Elements forming a binary compound Metal + Non-metal Ionic compound Non-metal + Non-metal Molecule o Elements + compound forming new compound o 2 compounds forming a new compound Need to be small; often oxides and water Decomposition o AB A + B o Binary compound decomposing into its elements Usually through high temp. or electrolysis o Metal nitrate decomposing into metal nitrite and oxygen gas o Metal carbonate decomposing into a metal oxide & carbon dioxide o Metal Hydroxide decomposing into metal oxide and water o TNT decomposes into nitrogen gas, water, carbon monoxide and carbon Combustion o Complete occurs when there is sufficient or excess amounts of oxygen in the environment Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water Blue flame o Incomplete occurs where there isnt enough oxygen Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + carbon monoxide + carbon + water Yellowish colour

Quantities n mole

M molar mass (g/mol) m mass (g) N formula units, particles etc NA - Avogadros constant (6.02 1023) C concentration (mol/L) V volume (L)

Empirical formula 1. Find moles of each substance in the compound (percent comp) 2. Divide all by smallest number of moles 3. Convert to whole numbers Molecular formula using empirical formula 1. Find molar mass of empirical formula 2. 3. Multiply empirical formal by x to get molecular formula Solution chemistry

Acid base theories o Arrhenius theory An acid is a substance that dissociates in water to produce H+ ions A base is a substance that dissociates in water to produce OH- ions Power of hydrogen ; 7 neutral; acidic <7; basic > 7

Bronstead- Lowry theory o o o o an acid is a substance from which a proton can be removed a base is a substance that can remove a proton from an acid all acids must have Hydrogen conjugate acid (gains H) conjugate base (loses H)

Solutions o o o o Solvent any substance that has another substance dissolved into it Solute a substance that dissolves into a solvent Aqueous dissolved in water Soluble a solute is said to be soluble if 1 gram or more can be dissolved in 100mL of solvent o Solubility the amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature o Factors affecting rate of dissolving o o o o Temperate higher temp. faster dissolve Agitation more agitation faster dissolve Particle size bigger the particle slower it dissolves

Polar hydrophilic; will dissolve in water Non-polar hydrophobic; wont dissolve in water Likes dissolve likes Factors affecting solubility Molecule size smaller the molecules higher the solubility Temperature - Higher temp. more solubility Pressure - Higher pressure more solubility

Gases

Charles Law as temperature of a gas increases, the volume increases proportionally, if the pressure and moles stay the same o

Gay-Lussacs Law as the temperature of a gas increases, the pressure increases proportionally if the volume and moles of gas remains constant o

Boyles Law as the pressure on a gas increases. The volume of gas decreases proportionally, if temperature and moles of gas remain o

Combined Gas Law the product of pressure and volume of a gas I proportional to its absolute temperature o

Avogadros Law if the amount of gas in a container increases than the volume of the gas will increase proportionally o

Ideal Gas Law states that the product of the pressure and volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount and temperature of the gas o o An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas composed of particles that have zero size, travel in straight lines, and have no attraction to each other o R is known as the gas constant. o o o Obtained by substituting known values into the ideal gas law and solving for R

At STP (101.3kPa, 273K) 1mol of an ideal gas would occupy 22.4L

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures since all gases exert the same amount of pressure, the partial pressure is determined by the amount of gas o o