El verbo en griego: VERB: Definition: A Verb is the word in a sentence which asserts what the subject is doing (an

action), or who or what he/she/it is (state of being). Forms: Greek Verbs are inflected (i.e., change their form to indicate) for: (1) Tense 117 (2) Voice 67 (3) Mood 85 (4) Person 63 (5) Number 16 (6) Gender 12 and (7) Case 20 though not all verb forms are inflected for all of these items. Types: In addition to the classifications of Verbs based on Tense, Voice, and Mood, Greek Verbs can also be classified as: (1) those taking an object which receives the verb's action (Transitive; "He hit the ball."), and (2) those which do not take an object (Intransitive; "I am waiting.").

Tiempo: TENSE: PRESENT TENSE: Definition: "The present indicative combines (adapted from: Fanning, Verbal Aspect, pp. 198-99): I. The Type of Action/State (Aspect-Value): An "internal viewpoint concerning an occurrence," i.e., the Action/State is viewed with respect to its particular elements, nature, and progress, and without regard to the beginning or end of the Action/State - contrast this with the Aorist "external viewpoint" 129 II. The Time of Action/State (Tense-Meaning): An "occurrence simultaneous with the time of speaking" (or, less frequently, simultaneous with some other reference-point indicated in the utterance). III. Non-Indicative Presents: Derive their "time" from "time" of Main Verb; in general, retain Aspect of one of the Presents Uses: I.

Specific Occurrence Presents (Progressive or Instantaneous): The uses which describe a specific occurrence and thus have a rather narrow focus or scope 119 A. Progressive-specific (Descriptive): Action is presented as in progress at time of speaking "at this present time," "right now"#Mark 4:38 (NASB); Rom 9:1 (NASB)

B. Progressive-simultaneous: Action is simultaneous with another event and is usually translated by "undefined" present #Mark 2:19 (NASB); John 5:7 (NASB) C. Progressive-stative: With a stative verb, translated by "undefined" present: #Acts 3:12 (NASB); Acts 8:30 (NASB) D. Aoristic (Instantaneous): Action occurs at point of speaking #Matt 26:63 (NASB); Mark 2:5 (NASB) II. General Occurrence Presents (Customary, Gnomic, and "Past Action Still in Progress"): The uses which denote a general occurrence and have a broader scope of the situation in view 120 A. Customary: What does take place or exist regularly: #Luke 3:16 (NASB) B. Iterative: "Repeatedly," but not necessarily regularly: #Matt 17:15 (NASB) C. Characteristic (Habitual): Regularly recurring action; "characteristically," habitually": #John 3:2 (NIV) D. Gnomic (Proverbial, General Maxim): An action which is portrayed as a present time event, which in fact does occur at all times, proverbial in character; "as a general, timeless fact": #John 3:8 (NASB); Acts 7:48 (NASB) E. Generic (Indefinite): An action which is portrayed as a present time event happening in response to a set of circumstances, occurs at any time; translated by "undefined" present: #Matt 6:24 (NASB); Matt 19:9 (NASB) F. Past Action still in Progress: "still..."; "have been..." #Luke 13:7 (NASB); John 5:6 (NASB) III. Special Uses: A. Modal 1) Conative: In progress, but not complete: "are attempting (unsuccessfully)": #Acts 26:28 (NIV) 2) Tendential: Not begun, but intended or contemplated: "about to," "would": #John 10:32 (NRSV) 3) Voluntative (Desiderative): To be on the verge of desiring something: "[could] almost want...": No Undisputed Examples in NT

B. Futuristic 122

1) Ingressive-Futuristic: Begun in present time, completed in future: #Matt 26:45 (NASB); Mark 10:33 (NASB) 2) Future Instans: Just about to begin: #Luke 3:16 (TLB); John 14:12 (NIV) 3) Generic (Gnomic) Futuristic: Will occur at any time or at all times: #John 3:18 (NIV; cf., TLB) 4) Prophetic Futuristic: Wholly future; certainty is stressed: #Matt 26:2 (NKJV); Luke 12:20 (NIV) C. Historical 123 Must be: 3rd person, non-copula, indicative: 1) Expressive or Vivid Description Historical Present: Translated normally as past, but could be Present for effect: #Matt 4:5 (NASB) 2) Unmarked or Standard Narrative Historical Present: Translated as past with no special significance; takes aspect from associated past time verb: #Mark 12:41 (With aspect from Imperfect) (NASB) 3) Annalistic or Note-taking Historical Present: Present used in the original recording of the events by eyewitness is retained: #Matt 3:1 (NASB) 4) Discourse-Function or Dramatic Historical Present: Used by author, especially Mark, to clearly introduce new pericope, story, unit, etc.: #Mark 1:12 (NRSV); Mark 1:40 (TLB) D. Perfective 124: Emphasizes that the results of a past action are still continuing; translate with Present Perfect: #Luke 16:2 (NASB; better: "I have heard about you...")

TENSE: IMPERFECT TENSE: Definition: (Adapted from Fanning, Verbal Aspect, pp. 240-41): I. Aspect-Value: of the Present ("internal viewpoint on an occurrence") 118 II. Time-Reference: Past-time frame; It indicates past tense (i.e., occurrence antecedent to the time of speaking III. Non-Indicative Forms: Imperfect Tense forms only occur in the Indicative Mood Uses: I.

Specific occurrences 126

A. Progressive-specific or Durative: Of what was occurring at that point; "was continually) doing...": #Matt 26:58 (NRSV); Acts 16:13 (NASB) B. Progressive-stative: With a stative verb; translate using English past indefinite #Matt 26:63; Acts 15:37 (NKJV)

C. Progressive-descriptive: In contrast to surrounding aorists, which merely relate the act of the occurrence, the imperfect highlights the manner of the occurrence; "was doing...": #Mark 9:20 (NASB) D. Progressive-simultaneous: In contrast to surrounding aorists, which set up the equence of events, the imperfect presents particular situations which were going on at the same time as another event; "was [at the same time] doing...": #Matt 8:24 (NIV) E. Inceptive (Ingressive, Inchoative): "began doing..." #Matt 4:11 (NASB) II. General occurrences 127

A. Customary Imperfect: Refers to what did take place or exist, focuses on the state not the action; "customarily" (in past time): #John 11:36 (NRSV) B. Iterative Imperfect: "Repeatedly," but not necessarily regularly: #Acts 18:8 (NASB) C. Habitual or Characteristic Imperfect: Refers to regularly repeated actions: #John 5:18 (NIV) D. Generalized Narrative Imperfects: A string of imperfects which gives the impression of a great deal occurring in a general time-frame: #Gal 1:13 (NASB) E. Explanatory Narrative Imperfects: A singular imperfect amid aorists which relates parenthetical or explanatory information supplementing the main narrative given by the aorists: #1Cor 3:6 (NASB)

III.

Special Uses; Modal only 128

A. Conative Imperfect: In progress but not actually accomplished or completed: #Luke 9:49 (NIV) B. Tendential Imperfect: Not begun, but intended or contemplated: #Luke 1:59 (NIV) C. Voluntative (Desiderative) Imperfect: To be on the verge of wanting: #Rom 9:3 (NIV) EL TIEMPO: EL TIEMPO IMPERFECTO: La definicin: (Adapt de Abanicando, el Aspecto Verbal, el pp. 240-41): I. el Aspecto-valor: del Presente ("el punto de vista interior en una ocurrencia ") 118 II. La Time-referencia: El marco del pasado-tiempo; Indica el tiempo pasado (es decir, antecedente de la ocurrencia al tiempo de hablar III. Las Formas Non-indicativas: Las formas del Tiempo imperfectas slo ocurren en el Modo Indicativo

Los usos: i. las ocurrencias 126 Especficas . Progressive-specific o Durative: De lo que estaba ocurriendo a ese punto; " era continuamente) haciendo...": #Matt 26:58 (NRSV); Actos 16:13 (NASB) B. Progresivo-estado: Con un verbo del stative; traduzca usando el pasado indefinido ingls #Matt 26:63 ; Actos 15:37 (NKJV) C. Progressive-descriptive: En contraste con aorists circundante que meramente relaciona el acto de la ocurrencia los momentos culminantes imperfectos la manera de la ocurrencia; estaba haciendo...": #Mark 9:20 (NASB) D. Progressive-simultaneous: En contraste con aorists circundante que prepar el equence de eventos los presentes imperfectos situaciones particulares que estaban siguiendo al mismo tiempo como otro evento; " era [al mismo tiempo] haciendo...": #Matt 8:24 (NIV) E. Inceptive (Ingressive, Inchoative): " empez haciendo... " #Matt 4:11 (NASB) II. Las ocurrencias 127 generales . el Pretrito imperfecto De costumbre: Se refiere a lo que tuvo lugar o existi, enfoques en el estado no la accin; habitualmente " (en tiempo del pasado): #John 11:36 (NRSV) B. el Pretrito imperfecto Reiterativo: " Repetidamente, " pero no necesariamente regularmente: #ACTS 18:8 (NASB) C. el Pretrito imperfecto Habitual o Caracterstico: Se refiere a las acciones regularmente repetidas: #JOHN 5:18 (NIV) D. Generalized los Pretritos imperfectos Narrativos: Un cordn de pretritos imperfectos que dan la impresin de un gran trato que ocurre en un tiempomarco general: #GAL 1:13 (NASB) E. los Pretritos imperfectos Narrativos Explicativos: Un pretrito imperfecto singular en medio de aorists que relaciona informacin parenttica o explicativa que complementa la narrativa principal dado por el aorists: #1COR 3:6 (NASB)

III. Los Usos especiales; Modal slo 128 El . Conative Pretrito imperfecto: En marcha pero no realmente logrado o complet: #LUKE 9:49 (NIV)

El B. Tendential Pretrito imperfecto: No empezado, pero pens o contempl: #LUKE 1:59 (NIV) C. Voluntative (Desiderative) el Pretrito imperfecto: Para estar al borde de querer: #ROM 9:3 (NIV)

TENSE: AORIST TENSE: Defintion: (Adapted from, Fanning, Verbal Aspect, p. 255) A. Aspectual Meaning: "External viewpoint" concerning an occurrence as a whole or in summary, including beginning and end-point, without reference to its internal make-up or progress contrast with "Internal Viewpoint" of the Present 118 B. Temporal Meaning: Of past occurrence: an action or state seen as antecedent to the time of speaking/writing (With a few exceptions) C. Non-Indicative Aorists: Derive their "time" from "time" of Main Verb; in general, retain Aspect of one of the Aorists Uses: I.

Constative (Complexive) Aorist: 130

I. Constative (Complexive) Aorist: A. Instantaneous (Momentary) Aorist: With verbs with instantaneous lexical character, i.e., climaxes and punctuals: #Matt 7:27 (NRSV); 25:10 (NASB) B. Extended Action or State Aorist: With verbs with durative lexical character, i.e., states, activities, or accomplishments: #John 1:14 (NASB); 2:20 (NRSV) C. Series of repeated actions or states: With any type of verb: #Mark 3:10 (NASB); 12:23 (NRSV) D. General reference to past occurrence: Usually repeated though not regularly: #Acts 10:37 (NIV); Phil 2:22 (NIV) E. Recent Past Aorist: English = present perfect: #Matt 9:18 (NASB); 26:65 (NIV) F. Indefinite Past Aorist: English = present perfect: #Mark 12:26 (NASB) II. Ingressive Aorist: 131

A. Ingressive-stative Aorist: With stative verbs; the event of entering a state:

#Matt 2:16 (NASB); Acts 7:60 (NASB) B. Ingressive-active Aorist: With activities and accomplishments; usually ingressive because of narrative sequence: #Luke 19:41 (NIV); Acts 16:10 (NIV) III. Consummative (Effective) Aorist: 132

A. Effective Aorist: With verbs of accomplishment or climax in a context implying difficulty or resistance to the action: #Acts 5:39 (NRSV); Phil 4:11 (NASB) B. Consummative Aorist: With activity or punctual verbs of multiple occurrences where some adjunct limits the action: #Acts 28:14 (NIV); Heb 11:7 (NRSV) IV. Gnomic Aorist: 133 It phrases a statement which is proverbially true by referring to a representative instance from which the general truth is abstracted: #James 1:11 (NASB); 1Pet 1:24 (NASB) IV. Proleptic (Futuristic) Aorist: 134

A. Explicit Conditional Proleptic Aorist: With eij or ejavn clause: #Matt 12:26 (NASB); 18:15 (NRSV) B. Implicit Conditional Proleptic Aorist: With participle, relative clause, or i{na clause: #John 15:8 (NRSV; better: "will be glorified"); Heb 4:10 (NIV; better: "will rest") C. Prophetic Futuristic Aorist: #Jude 1:14 (NIV); Mark 13:20 (Living; Matt 24:22 uses futures) D. Confident Futuristic Aorist: #John 13:31 (NASB; better: "will be glorified"; cf., Living) E. Divine Decree Futuristic Aorist: #Rom 8:30 (NASB; better: "He will also glorify" cf., Living) V. Dramatic Aorist (Aorist of Present State): 135

English = present indefinite #Luke 16:4 (NASB)

VI.

Epistolary Aorist: 136

English = Present Progressive #Eph 6:22 (NIV)

EL TIEMPO: AORIST TENSE: Defintion: (Adaptado del Aspecto Verbal, pg. 255) El . Aspectual Significado: El punto de vista externo acerca de la ocurrencia como un conjunto o en resumen, incluyendo el principio y el punto-final, sin la referencia a su composicin interior o progreso - en contraste con " el Punto de vista Interior" del tiempo Presente 118 B. el Significado Temporal: De ocurrencia pasada: una accin o estado visto como el antecedente al tiempo de hablando/escribiendo (Con unas pocas excepciones) C. Aoristo No-indicativo: Derive su " tiempo " del " tiempo " del Verbo principal; en general, retiene el aspecto de uno de los Aoristos Los usos: I. CONSTATIVE (COMPLEXIVE) AORIST: 130 I. CONSTATIVE (COMPLEXIVE) AORIST: . Instantaneous (Momentneo) Aorist: Con los verbos con carcter lxico instantneo, es decir, climax y puntual: #MATT 7:27 (NRSV); 25:10 (NASB) B. Accin extendida o Estado Aoristo: Con los verbos con el carcter lxical duradero, es decir, estados, actividades, o logros: #JOHN 1:14 (NASB); 2:20 (NRSV) La Serie de C. de acciones repetidas o estados: Con cualquier tipo de verbo: #MARK 3:10 (NASB); 12:23 (NRSV) D. la referencia General a la ocurrencia del pasado: Normalmente repetido aunque no regularmente: #Acts 10:37 (NIV); Phil 2:22 (NIV) E. Reciente Pasado Aorist: Ingls = el perfecto presente: #MATT 9:18 (NASB); 26:65 (NIV) F. Aorist Pasado Indefinido: Ingls = el perfecto presente: #MARK 12:26 (NASB) II. Ingressive Aorist: 131

. INGRESSIVE-STATIVE AORIST: Con los verbos del stative; el evento de entrada a un estado:

#Matt 2:16 (NASB); Actos 7:60 (NASB) B. Aorist Ingressive-activo: Con las actividades y logros; normalmente el ingressive debido a la sucesin narrativa: #Luke 19:41 (NIV); Actos 16:10 (NIV) III. Consummative (Eficaz) Aorist: 132

. Aorist Eficaz: Con los verbos de logro o climax en un contexto que implica dificultad o resistencia a la accin: #Acts 5:39 (NRSV); Phil 4:11 (NASB) B. CONSUMMATIVE AORIST: Con actividad o los verbos puntuales de las ocurrencias mltiples dnde algunos adjuntos limitan la accin: #ACTS 28:14 (NIV); HEB 11:7 (NRSV) IV. Gnomic Aorist: 133 Expresa una declaracin que es proverbialmente verdadero refirindose a un caso representativo de que el la verdad general est resumida: #JAMES 1:11 (NASB); 1PET 1:24 (NASB) IV. Proleptic (Del futuro) Aorist: 134

. Proleptic Aorist Condicional Explcito: Con eij o clusula del ejavn: #MATT 12:26 (NASB); 18:15 (NRSV) B. Proleptic Aorist Condicional Implcito: Con el participio, clusula relativa, o clusula del i{na: #John 15:8 (NRSV; bien: ser glorificado "); Heb 4:10 (NIV; bien: descansar ") C. Aorist Del futuro Proftico: #Jude 1:14 (NIV); Mark 13:20 (Viviendo; Matt 24:22 futuros de los usos) D. Aorist Del futuro Seguro: #John 13:31 (NASB; bien: se glorificar "; el cf., Viviendo) E. el Decreto Divino Aorist Del futuro: #Rom 8:30 (NASB; bien: " l tambin glorificar " el cf., Viviendo) V. Aorist Dramtico (Aorist de Estado del Presente): 135 Ingls = el presente indefinido #LUKE 16:4 (NASB)

VI.

Aorist epistolar: 136

Ingls = el Presente Progresivo #EPH 6:22 (NIV)

aoristo. (Del gr. ). m. Gram. En ciertas lenguas, como el griego,

categora combinable con el tiempo y el modo, y que indica bien una accin puntual, bien una considerada en bloque sin atender a su duracin. Biblioteca de Consulta Microsoft Encarta 2005. 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos.

TENSE: PERFECT TENSE: Definition: "A condition resulting from an anterior occurrence...the result of the occurrence is seen to be `present' or simultaneous with the time of speaking." (Fanning, Verbal Aspect, pp 290-91) The general meaning of the Perfect involves three elements which combine to produce the basic sense: I. Type of Action: An Aspect-feature of summary viewpoint concerning an occurrence, i.e., the type of action is viewed as a whole which is concluded, not as on-going or as an analysis of its particulars. II. Time of Action: An Internal Tense-feature of anteriority, i.e., the State follows a prior Action. III. Combined Nature: These result in an Aktionsart-feature of stative situation, i.e., the action is concluded and the actor is at rest, but the results of the action are still in existence. Uses: I. Perfect of resulting state (Intensive): Emphasis on existing results: #John 5:42 (NASB); Rom 5:2 (NRSV) II. Perfect of completed action (Consummative): Emphasis on completed action: #Mark 5:34 (NIV); John 1:18 (NIV) III. Perfect with purely present meaning: #Luke 8:20 (NASB); Gal 5:10 (NRSV) IV. Perfect with Aorist sense: #Matt 13:46 (NASB); Acts 7:35 (NASB)

V. Other uses of the Perfect: A. Gnomic (Empiric) Perfect: #John 3:18 (NIV); 1Cor 7:39 (NASB) B. Proleptic Perfect: Future from the standpoint of another event mentioned: #John 20:23 (NIV); Rom 13:8 (NRSV) C. Perfect of Allegory: #Gal 3:18 (NIV); Heb 11:17 (NIV)

TENSE: PLUPERFECT: Defintion: "The sense of the pluperfect is simply that of the perfect...removed one step into past time: its general use is to denote a past `condition resulting from an anterior occurrence'... The `pastness' of the condition is reckoned from the reference-point of the time of speaking..." (Fanning, Verbal Aspect, pp. 305-06) Uses: I. Pluperfect of Resulting State (Intensive): Emphasis on the results which exist in past time: #Mark 15:7 (NASB); John 6:17 (NASB "Jesus had not yet come to them.") II. Pluperfect of Completed Action (Consummative): Emphasis on the action as completed ("had. . ."): #Luke 8:2 (NASB); John 6:17 (NASB "...it had already become dark...") III. Pluperfect with Past Stative Meaning: #Matt 12:46 (NASB); John 1:35 (NIV)

TENSE: FUTURE: Definition: "...the future is the only tense which expresses only a level of time and not an Aktionsart so that completed and durative action are not distinguished." (BDF #348; cf., Burton, Moods & Tenses, p. 358) I. Time: Future II. Aspect: External Viewpoint (Undefined) or Internal Viewpoint (Linear) Uses: I. Predictive: 140 I. Predictive: Declaration of a future occurrence: A. "Aoristic"-predictive future:

1) Definition: "THE AORISTIC FUTURE conceived of an action simply as an event, and affirms that it will take place in future time. It may be indefinite, inceptive, or resultative. As indefinite it may be momentary, comprehensive, or collective." (Burton, M&T 359) 2) Uses: a) Inceptive: #1Cor 15:51 ("We shall not all fall asleep...") b) Resultative: #Luke 16:31 ("Even if someone were to rise from the dead, they will not be persuaded.") c) Indefinite-Momentary: #1Cor 15:51-52 ("We shall all be changed in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye..." d) Indefinite-Collective: #John 14:26 ("The Paraclete will teach you all things and remind you of everything I've said to you...") e) Indefinite-Comprehensive: #Luke 1:33 ("And He shall reign over the house of Jacob forever...") B. "Progressive"-predictive future: 1) Definition: "THE PROGRESSIVE FUTURE affirms that an action will be in progress in future." (Burton M&T, p. 360) 2) Uses: #Phil 1:6 (Living) II. Imperatival: A. Defintion: Future used for a command--solemn, universal, or timeless B. Uses: 1) 1st Person Singular Imperative: "must" (RobtGr p. 874) #1Cor 14:15 ("What then does this mean? I must pray with my spirit(ual gift), and I must also pray with my mind." 2) 2nd Person Imperative: "shall" #Matt 1:21 (" you will bear a son and you shall call his name `Jesus,'") 3) 3rd Person Imperative: "must, let him/her..." #Rom 6:14 ("For sin must not be master over you..." IV. Deliberative: 142

A. Definition: Asks a question concerning what can (rhetorical question) or ought (real question) to happen: B. Uses:

1) Deliberative-Rhetorical Future: Takes the place of a direct assertion, i.e., "How can you..." = "You can't/shouldn't": #Matt 7:4 ("Or how can you say to your brother...?") 2) Deliberative-Real Future: Asks for information "concerning the possibility, desirability, or necessity of a proposed course of action." (RobtGr p. 875) #Luke 22:49 ("...Lord, should we strike with our sword(s)?") IV. Gnomic: 143 A. Gnomic: "As a general timeless principle" #Rom 5:7 (Very rare; Rom 5:7 seems the only NT example) B. Generic: Can happen at any time when the circumstances are correct; NB: Matt 19:5; Eph 5:31; and 1 Cor 6:16 are cited as Gnomic-Generic but are more likely example of the following category, "Translation Future" 144 #Rom 7:3 (NRSV) V. Translation or Semitic Future: 144 A. Definition: Since the Hebrew imperfect form frequently has a "future" translation value, certain passages in the NT which cite the LXX are simply passing through their translation error (#Eph 5:31; Matt 19:5; 1Cor 6:16). The actual translation tense should be present and the aspect either Generic or Characteristic. B. Uses: #Eph 5:31 ("For this reason a man will leave (better: leaves) his father and mother and be joined [better: commits himself] to his wife, and the two will become [better: become] one flesh [better: a new family unit]." (NRSV); Rev 4:9 (NASB)

VOICE: Definition: Voice: Indicates how the Subject is related to action (or state) of Verb: Types: a. Active Voice: 68 VOICE: ACTIVE VOICE: Definition: Subject performs the Action or is the State described by the Verb: Uses: 1. Simple Active: Normal use #Luke 22:54; 1Cor 3:6; Acts 1:5; John 4:45; John 1:19

2. Stative Active: Subject exists in State indicated by Verb 3. Causative Active: Ultimately the "source" of the Action #John 19:1; Acts 13:19; 16:3; 21:11; 1Cor 3:6; 8:13 4. Reflexive Active: Subject acts upon him/herself or in his/her own behalf; with a Reflexive Pronoun: #Mark 15:30

b. Middle Voice: 69

Definition: Subject acts in relation to him/herself: Uses: 1. Direct Middle (Reflexive): Subject acts upon him/herself #Matt 27:5; Mark 7:4; 1Cor 6:16; 2Pet 2:22; 1Cor 14:8; Luke 12:15 2. Indirect Middle (Intensive, Dynamic): Subject's personal involvment (usually exclusive) in the action is stressed, or acts for him/herself, or in his/her own interest: #Heb 1:3; 2Tim 4:15; Eph 1:4; 5:16; Acts 5:2; Phil 1:22; Rom 15:7; Acts 25:11 3. Causative/Permissive Middle: Subject has, allows, or causes something to be done for himself): #Luke 2:4-5; 1Cor 10:2; 11:6; Gal 5:12; Acts 22:16 4. Reciprocal Middle: Plural subject of Verb; Interchange of effort between Subjects: #John 9:22; Matt 26:4 5. Deponent Middle: Verb is middle in form, but Active in meaning.

III. Passive Voice: 70

Definition: Subject receives the Action of the Verb Uses: 1. Passive with Direct Agent: Normally expressed by uJpov + Genitive: #Acts 22:30; Matt 10:22; Rom 3:21; (with ajpov ) 2Cor 3:18; (with ejk) Gal 4:4; (with parav ) John 17:7 2. Passive with Intermediate Agent: Expressed by diav + Genitive: #Matt 1:22; John 1:3; Gal 3:18 3. Passive with Impersonal Nouns: Expressed by ejn + Dative or simple Dative: #Acts 12:2; Matt 3:12; Eph 2:8

4. Deponent Passive: Passive in form, but Active in meaning.

MOOD: Definition: Speaker/Writer's portrayal/representation (not assertation or affirmation) of the relation of the Verb's action or state to certainty/actuality. Note that the objective nature of the action and its portrayal by the writer do not necessairily correspond; Mood expresses the writer's mental attitude to the reality of the act in question. Special Notes: While technically the Infinitive and the Participle are not Moods, Traditionally when they are Parsed, their Mood is classifed as Infinitive or Participle. Therefore, for convience sake, they are listed under the Mood category. Uses: I. Indicative: Action/State Represented as Certain or Realized: 86 Definition: Action/State Represented as Certain or Realized: Uses: 1. Declarative: Straightforward Assertion; Portrays it as Fact: #Matt 2:2; Mark 4:7; Acts 6:8; Eph 4:1; 1Thes 3:7; 1Pet 4:7 2. Interrogative: Simple Question (of Fact): #Matt 16:13; 27:11; Mark 1:24; John 1:19; 1:38; 11:26 3. Potential (Conditional): i. 1st Class: Assumes Reality for Sake of Argument: 146 ii. 2nd Class: Assumes Non-reality for Sake of Argument: 147 4. Command (Cohortative): The Future Tense used as an Imperative: 141

c. Subjunctive: Action/State Represented as Contingent, Probable, Eventual: (87-89) 87 Types: 1. In Independent Clauses: 88 a. Hortatory: Exhortation in First Person Plural: "Let us..." #Mark 4:35; Luke 2:15; John 19:24; Acts 4:17; Rom 13:12; Heb 12:1; 1John 4:7 b. Prohibition: mhv + Aorist Subjunctive: #Matt 5:17; 6:34; John 3:7; 1Cor 16:11 c. Deliberative:

 Purely Rhetorical Questions: Question Portrayed as Uncertain as to Answer, but No Answer is Expected; Used to Elicit Consideration on the Part of the Questionee(s): #Mark 12:14; Rom 6:1; 10:14 1Cor 11:22 Real Questions: Question Presented as Uncertain as to Answer, buth an Answer concerning the "Oughtness," "Desirability," or "Necessity" of the Question is Expected: #Matt 6:31; Luke 3:10; John 19:15 d. Emphatic Negation: ouj mhv + Subjunctive; Negates the Possibility of the Verbal Action ever occurring (Strongest Negation in Greek, but sometimes purely for Rhetorical Effect): #Matt 5:20; Luke 6:37; John 6:35; 10:28; 11:26; Gal 5:16 1. In Subordinate Clauses: 89 1.1. Conditional Clauses: With ejavn or ajn in the Protasis ("If" Clause): Third Class Conditional Sentences: 148 Concessive Clauses: Translate "although," "though," "even though," or "even if": #John 8:16; Gal 6:1 1.2. Consecutive Clauses: 1.2.1. Purpose (Final, Telic): 1.2.1.1. Postive Purpose: Introduced by i{na, o{pw": Translate "in order that": #Matt 6:5; John 1:7; 3:16; Phil 2:9-11 1.2.1.2. Negative Purpose: Introduced by i{na mhv, o{pw" mhv, mhvpote, mhv pw", or mhv alone: Translate "that...not," "lest": #Matt 7:1; 24:20; 1Cor 8:9; 2Cor 11:3; 12:20 1.2.2. Result (Consecutive, Ecbatic): Introduced by i{na; Translate "so that," "that": #Rom 11:11; Gal 5:17 1.2.3. Purpose-Result: Both what is intended & what happens 1.3. Indefinite Clauses: Clauses introduced by a[n, or ejavn or those particles combined with other words, or constructions which are otherwise indefinite in some sense: 1.3.1. Indefinite Relative Clauses: Introduced by a Relative Pronoun with a[n or ejavn: #Matt 5:19; Luke 7:4 1.3.2. Indefinite Locative Clauses: Introduced by either a Locative Conjunction or Adverb with a[n or ejavn: #Matt 24:28; Luke 9:57

1.3.3. Indefinite Temporal Clauses: Introduced by either an Indefinite Temporal Conjunction (o{tan, ejpavn, hJnivka) or Adverb (used as a Conjunction; a[cri, e{w", mevcri["], or wJ" a[n): #Matt 24:33; Mark 13:30 1.4. Comparative Clauses: #Mark 4:26; 1Thes 2:7 1.5. Substantival Clauses (Noun, Nominal, Content, Sub-Final): Introduced by i{na or o{pw": 1.5.1. Subject: #Matt 18:14 1.5.2. Predicate Nominative: #John 4:34 1.5.3. Direct Object: #Matt 4:3 1.5.4. Apposition: #John 15:12 1.6. Command: i{na following Verbs of Saying, Praying, Exhorting; Subjunctive = Command in Force: #Eph 5:33; 2Cor 8:7 1.7. In an Indirect Question: After a Primary Tense

III. Optative: Action/State Represented as Possible 90 IV. Imperative: Action/State Represented as the Commander's Intention or Desire to be Fulfilled/Realized by Another: (91-94) 91 V. Infinitive: A Verbal Noun (95-105) 95 VI. Participle: A Verbal Adjective (106-116) 106