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2.
Apply Newtons 3 Laws of Motion to a strength training exercise and identify the type of
motion produced in the strength training exercise.
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[4]
Clayesmore School
3.
With reference to the centre of mass, explain why a headstand is an easier balance to
hold than a handstand.
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4.
The figure below shows the position of the centre of mass whilst holding a balance.
Describe how the position of the centre of mass can affect a balance.
c e
t r e
s s
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[4]
Clayesmore School
5.
6.
7.
1.
2 marks max:
1.
2.
2.
(Law of Inertia/Newtons 1st Law) Weight/performer will not move unless force
applied
(Law of Acceleration/ Newtons 2nd Law) More force applied greater weight
lifted/weight lifted more quickly/athlete must apply force at end of lift to control
weight/more weight lifted requires more force to be applied
4.
3.
4 marks max:
1.
Clayesmore School
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.
4 marks in total
1
Centre of mass must be over base of support to hold a balance
2
If Centre of mass moves close to the edge of the base of support balance
becomes less stable
3
If Centre of mass/line of gravity passes outside base of support balance is lost
4
The lower the centre of mass the more stable the balance
5
If more points of balance are held balance is more stable
6
Large area of support makes balance more stable
[4]
5.
(height of CofM) the lower the centre of mass or gravity the more stable or
balanced / the higher the centre of mass or gravity the less stable or balanced /
(low CofM) performer has higher inertia or can resist external forces
2.
(e.g.) a (rugby) player lowers their centre of mass or gravity to prepare for a
tackle
3.
(line of gravity) line of gravity or centre of mass within base of support creates
a balanced or stable position / line of gravity or centre of mass moving away
from centre of base of support reduces balance / line of gravity or centre of
mass outside base of support creates an unbalanced or unstable position
4.
5.
6.
(e.g) in a headstand a gymnast will be able to remain stable (or not overbalance)
for longer (than a gymnast in a handstand)
7.
(angular motion) by moving the centre of mass or gravity outside line of action
of force a performer can create an eccentric force or rotation or spin or angular
motion
8.
(e.g) a gymnast leans forward before applying force at feet (that travels outside
centre of mass) to perform forward roll
9.
(linear motion) by moving the centre of mass or gravity inside line of action of
force a performer can create a linear or direct force or linear motion
10.
(e.g.) a performer will apply force that travels through centre of mass to perform a
vertical jump
11.
(take off) by raising the centre of mass or gravity at take off a body can remain
in the air longer or gain more height
12.
(e.g.) a high jumper raises arms at take off to raise the centre of mass or gravity
to gain more height / a long jumper raises their arms to raise the centre of mass
or gravity to remain in flight for longer
[5]
Clayesmore School
6.
Sub-max 8 marks
Changes 1 mark for each up to a sub-max of 5
1.
2.
so that areas with the greatest need / skin /muscles receive more blood
3.
this mechanism can increase the volume of blood going to the working
muscles fourfold
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
causes vasodilation / dilation of the arteries feeding the tissues with the
greatest need for oxygen
10.
Vasomotor control
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20.
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35.
26.
27.
(Newtons 2 Law) The greater force applied the greater the acceleration of
the object / athlete
(e.g. the harder a football player strikes the ball at a penalty, the faster it will
accelerate towards the goal [or equivalent])
28.
the direction of the force applied will determine the direction that the object/
athlete will travel in
(e.g. to pass to the right wing, the footballer will kick the ball from left to
right [or equivalent])
29.
nd
Clayesmore School
30.
31.
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7.
5 marks.
Sub max 2 if laws are stated but not applied.
*Explanation must be clearly linked with the correct law.*
Additional guidance:
Serve starts when player takes position and ends when opponent hits the return or the
ball hits the net
1.
2.
3.
4.
(e.g.N2) law of acceleration or Newton 2 states (ball) the harder the player hits
the ball the faster it will travel (in the direction it has been hit) / (player) the
greater the force applied to the ground the faster or further the player will jump
into the air.
(for ball) the further it will travel
5.
(N3) law of reaction or Newton 3 states for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
Candidates who write N3 or law of reaction and give the example of tennis that
is embedded within the definition of the law = 2 marks. action reaction as
explanation
6.
Additional guidance:
law of inertia the harder the player hits the ball, the faster it will travel = 0 marks =
(N1 identified but application = N2, which has not been identified)
law of inertia a body will remain in a state of rest in hand unless a force acts upon it
= 1 mark for point 1 = (law identified but not applied to tennis serve)
law of inertia a tennis ball remains in players hand until they apply a force to toss
the ball = 2 marks = application embedded within definition of N1 hits point 1 and
point 2)
[5]
Clayesmore School
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