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Presented To: ASCE/SAME Engineering Conference Presented By: Clyde N. Baker Jr., P.E., S.E. STS Consultants Ltd.
Introduction
Purpose of Talk
To share some experiences and insights gained over a 50 year career on a subject hopefully of interest to both geotechnical and structural engineers.
Method
Use well documented case histories to illustrate points.
Project Name: Dunbar Builders Depth: 25 27.5 Water Content: 28.8% LL: 30.1 PL: 16.1 Soil Classification: Silty Clay, Trace Sand and Gravel, Gray (CL)
Project Name: Dunbar Builders Depth: 25 27.5 Water Content: 28.5% LL: 33.4 PL: 16.1 Soil Classification: Silty Clay, Trace Sand and Gravel, Gray (CL)
Project Name: Dunbar Builders Depth: 30 32.5 Water Content: 21.0% LL: 28.4 PL: 15.1 Soil Classification: Silty Clay, Trace Sand and Gravel, Gray (CL)
Settlement Analysis
Assumptions: Boussinesq stress spread through dense sand layer (conservative)
Average net stress increase beneath mat = 2000 psf Clay Layer: Top 8 Normally Consolidated, Lower Clay Preconsolidated Average t90 = 12-16 minutes
Calculated Settlement:
4 at center of mat 2-1/2 at edge of mat 90% occurring in 9 to 12 months
Summary of the Stresses Beneath the Center of the Building at a Depth of 5 Feet into the Soft Clay
Inclinometer Readings
Piezometer Readings
Settlement Data
Conclusions:
By utilizing the high bearing capacity of the dense sand layer overlying the soft clay, a relatively thin and economical modified mat foundation design proved feasible at this site Construction of a building that developed theoretically induced shear stresses in the underlying soft clay soils, which exceeded the initial shear strength of the soft clay soil, was successfully accomplished by monitoring the performance of the structure and the critical soft clay. Construction loading occurred at a rate which permitted pore pressure dissipation and resultant shear strength buildup to occur fast enough so that excessive shear strains did not occur. Apparent pore pressure dissipation in the soft clay deposit at the site occurred more rapidly than was predicted by one-dimensional laboratory consolidation tests. Settlement of the structure has been less than anticipated, possibly due to insufficient recognition of overconsolidation effects.
Dearborn Center
Concept
Use deep basement excavation stress relief in combination with new basement mat over existing caisson foundations to maximize number of additional floors possible at site. Building load is distributed between new mat and existing caissons based on relative stiffness predicted by pressuremeter testing.
Site Investigation
Soil
Borings and lab testing In-situ pressuremeter testing
Existing Foundations
Coring Pressuremeter testing below caissons
Pressuremeter Set-Up
Pressuremeter Reduction
STS Consultants, Ltd.
Pressuremeter Data Reduction (BX)
Ed = Deformation Modulus Eo = Rebound Modulus E+ = Recompression Modulus Pf = Creep Limit Pl = Limit Pressure
+ = Ed/E
Pressure in TSF
0 900 800 10 20 30 40 90 80 70
Injected Volume in CC
Po
PSEUDO-ELASTIC ZONE
Pf
PLASTIC ZONE
Pl
Ed E+ Volume Creep
10 20 30 40
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10
Pressure in TSF
Creep in CC
60
Dead Load Pressure + Long-term Real Live Load + Effective Overburden Pressure Must be less than Creep Pressure
Geotechnical Analysis
Settlement Prediction
Existing Caissons New Mat
Structural
Local distribution through shear walls 3-dimensional SAP model used to determine overall behavior using geotechnical developed springs.
Observed Settlement
Full structure dead load in place Live load not in yet Estimated 70% of total design load. So predicted 5 settlement would be about 0.7 8 inches or about to inches Measured settlement varied from:
0 on the North wall reported to be on rock caissons to on the West wall 5 8 on the South wall and interior mat
0.0
-400
-4.0
-600
-6.0
Black - 1
-800
-8.0
-1000
-10.0
Settlement (Inches)
-200
-2.0
pr -9 6
pr -9 5
pr -9 7
ct -9 5
ct -9 6
pr -9 8
ct -9 7
3O
2O
3O
2O
200
100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 Gage 8745 Gage 8746 Average Settlement
2O
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0
3A
2A
2A
2A
Settlement (Inches)
ct -9 8
ct -9 4
0.0
-400
-4.0
-600
-6.0
Black - 2 Gray-2
-800
Average Settlement
-8.0
-1000
-10.0
Settlement (Inches)
-200
-2.0
Gage 8747
- = Compression Microstrains + = Tension
150
1.50
100
1.00
50
0.50
0.00
-50
-0.50
-100
-1.00
-150
-1.50
-200
-2.00
Settlement (Inches)
B-6 C-2
1978 2327
76 48
1.25 0.9
Conclusion:
Innovative cost effective solutions to foundation design problems are sometimes possible using combinations or mixtures of foundation elements provided that ground deformation and response to structure loading can be reasonably predicted within allowable tolerances.
Petronas Towers
Worlds tallest building (1482) Worlds deepest high rise foundations up to 430 Worlds deepest ground improvement up to 530
Concept:
Use of variable length piles under mat to minimize critical differential settlement of worlds tallest building Petronas Towers. Predict settlement based on modulus values based on bored pile load testing and extensive in-situ pressuremeter testing Use simple equivalent footing approach as well as more complete finite element computer programs to predict settlement Monitor settlement and load distribution in piles and on mat during and after construction
Overall Weighted
E1 = E d E2 = Ed
q3 R
4.5E1
2 , 3 = 1 for a circle
R0 = 30cm
E 3, 4 ,5 = 20 E d
s Menard
0 .4
0.4 0.61
7,500 2 4.5 94
EB =
3 .2 1 1 1 + + E1 0.85 E 2 E3, 4 , 5 3. 2
s Menard = 0.55cm + 2.16cm = 27.1mm Settlement Calculation Elastic Theory qB s Elastic = 0 1 E 0.35 0.92 6,100 75,000 s Elastic = = 59mm 250,000
EB =
kN 2,680,000kN = 9,727 2 82 1.2 2.8 m E conc 27,000,000kPa 9,727 40,000 = 14.4mm 27,000,000
10 15.0m (Lev. C)
Meters
20 22.0m (Lev. D)
30
40 41.25m (Lev. G) 50
Meters
54.25m (Lev. G) 60
Pressure in PSI
(1 PSI = 6.9 kPa)
Settlement m.m.
References
C.N. Baker, Jr. and T.P. Wiesinger, Modified Mat Foundation Design Over Soft Clay, ASTM Special Technical Publication 584 C.N.Baker, Jr., T.D. Bushell, Rob Diebold, Dearborn Center: A Unique Soil Structure Interaction Design, Fifth International Conference on Case Histories, N.Y., N.Y., April, 2004. C.N. Baker, Jr., T.A. Kiefer, Kolbjorn Saether, Use of Straight Shaft Piers as Settlement Reducers in Combined Footing Design Over Soft Clay, Fifth International Conference on Case Histories, N.Y., N.Y., April, 2004. C.N. Baker, et. Al., Foundation Design and Performance of the Worlds Tallest Building, Petronas Towers, Fourth International Conference on Case Histories, St. Louis, March 1998.
Questions???