PREFACE CUMULATIVE LISTING OF VOLUMES IN SERIES CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 2, CHARACTERISTICS OF X-RADIATION LI. Early Development of X-ray Diffraction 1.2. Origin of X-radiation 1.3. Continuous Radiation 1.4. Characteristic Radiation 1.4.1. The Photoelectric Effect 1.4.2. The Auger Effect 1.4.3, Fluorescent Yield 1.4.4, Selection Rules 1.4.5. Nondiagram Lines 1.4.6. Practical Form of the Copper K Spectrum 1.5. Scattering of X-rays LS.1. Coherent Scatter 1.5.2. Compton Scatter 1.6. Absorption of X-rays 1.7, Safety Considerations References THE CRYSTALLINE STATE 2.1. Introduction te the Crystalline State 2.2. Crystallographic Symmetry 2.2.1. Point Groups and Crystal Systems 2.2.2. The Unit Cell and Bravais Lattices vii xvii xix 23 33 26 28 30viii CHAPTER 3. 2. 2s, References CONTENTS 2.2.3. Reduced Cells 2.2.4. Space Groups . Space Group Notation 2.3.1, The Triclinic or Anorthic Crystal System The Monoclinic Crystal System 3.3, The Orthorhombic Crystal System . The Tetragonal Crystal System The Hexagonal and Trigonal Crystal Systems 2.3.6. The Cubic Crystal System 2.3.7, Equivalent Positions 2.3.8, Special Positions and Site Multiplicity Space Group Theory Crystallographic Planes and Miller Indices DIFFRACTION THEORY 3. 32. 33. 34. 3S. 3.6. 37. Diffraction of X-rays The Reciprocal Lattice The Ewald Sphere of Reflection Origin of the Diffraction Pattern 3.4.1. Single Crystal Diffraction 3.4.2, The Powder Diffraction Pattern The Location of Diffraction Peaks Intensity of Diffraction Peaks 3.6.1, Electron Scattering, 3.6.2, The Atomic Scattering Factor 3.6.3. Anomalous Scattering 3.6.4. Thermal Motion 3.6.5. Scattering of X-rays by a Crystal: The Structure Factor The Calculated Diffraction Pattern 3.7.1. Factors Affecting the Relative Intensity of Bragg Reflections 3.7.2. The Intensity Equation 3 34 35 35 35 37 37 38 38 39 4 43 47 47 49 ST 57 58 E23 67 68 75 16 380CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER §. CONTENTS 3.8. Calculation of the Powder Diffraction Pattern of KCI 3.9 Anisotropic Distortions of the Diffraction Pattern 3.9.1, Preferred Orientation 3.9.2, Crystallite Size 3.9.3, Residual Stress and Strain References SOURCES FOR THE GENERATION OF X-RADIA IN 4.1. Components of the X-ray Source 4.2. The Line-Voltage Supply 4.3. The High-Voltage Generator 4.3.1, Selection of Operating Conditions 4.3.2, Source Stability 44, The Sealed X-ray Tube 44.1. Typical X-ray Tube Configuration 4.4.2. Specific Loading 4.4.3. Care of the X-ray Tube 4.5. Effective Line Width 4.6. Spectral Contamination 4.6.1, X-ray Tube Life 4,7. The Rotating Anode X-ray Tube References DETECTORS AND DETECTION ELECTRONICS 3.1. X-ray Detectors Desired Properties of an X-ray Detector 5.2.1. Quantum-Counting Efficiency 5.2.2. Linearity Energy Proportionality 2.4. Resolution 5.3. Types of Detector 1. The Gas Proportional Counter v7 OR 99 102 104. 105 106 109 113 ia 116 W7 1s 120 120 121 122 122 123 125 126 127 128