10 5 strain 0 -5 -10x10

-3 strain stress

10 5 0 stress [Pa]

-5 -10

6 time [s]

10

12

Introduc)ontoRheology
D.Vader,H.Wyss Weitzlabgroupmee)ngtutorial

Whatisrheology?
RheologyisthestudyoftheowofmaBer:mainly liquidsbutalsosoEsolidsorsolidsundercondi)onsin whichtheyowratherthandeformelas)cally.It appliestosubstanceswhichhaveacomplexstructure, includingmuds,sludges,suspensions,polymers,many foods,bodilyuids,andotherbiologicalmaterials.
Cheese Emulsions

Biopolymers Foams

Whatisrheology?
Thetermrheologywascoinedin1920s,and wasinspiredbyaGreekquota)on,"pantarei", "everythingows". Inprac)ce,rheologyisprincipallyconcerned withextendingthe"classical"disciplinesof elas)cityand(Newtonian)uidmechanicsto materialswhosemechanicalbehaviorcannot bedescribedwiththeclassicaltheories.

Basicconcepts
L area A F L + L F

area A F

F x

Simplemechanicalelements
Elastic solid: force (stress) proportional to strain

Viscous fluid: force (stress) proportional to strain rate

Viscoelastic material: time scales are important Fast deformation: solid-like Slow deformation: fluid-like

Responsetodeforma)on
Step strain time stress

time stress

time stress

time

Oscillatoryrheology
10 5 strain 0 -5 -10x10
-3 strain stress

10 5 0 stress [Pa]

-5 -10

6 time [s]

10

12

Elastic solid: Viscous fluid: Viscoelastic material, use:

Stress and strain are in phase Stress and strain are out of phase

Lissajouplots
10 5 strain 0 -5 -10x10
-3 strain stress

10 5 0 10 stress [Pa] stress [Pa] 5 0 -5

-3

Lissajou

G'

-5 -10

6 time [s]

10

12

-10 -10x10 -5 0 strain 5 10

10 strain rate [1/s] 5 0 -5

-3

strain rate stress

10 stress [Pa] 5 0 -5 stress [Pa]

10 5 0 -5
-3

G''/

-10x10

-10 0 2 4 6 time [s] 8 10 12

-10 -10x10 -5 0 5 strain rate [1/s] 10

Straincontrolvsstresscontrol
Strain-controlled Stress-controlled

ARES

Bohlin, AR-G2, Anton Paar

Straincontrolvsstresscontrol
Straincontrolledstatetypicallyconsidered be2erdened StresscontrolledrheometershavebeBer torquesensi)vity Straincontrolledrheometerscanprobehigher frequencies BUTnowadays,feedbackloopsarefast enoughthatmostrheometerscanoperateOK inbothmodes

Rheometergeometries
Cone-plate
uniform strain / strain-rate fixed gap height

Plate-plate
non-uniform strain adjustable gap height good for testing boundary effects like slip

Couette cell
good sensitivity for low-viscosity fluids

Linearviscoelas)city
Acquire data at constant frequency, increasing stress/strain

storage modulus G loss modulus G

strain amplitude 0

Typicalprotocol
Limitsoflinearviscoelas)cregimeindesired frequencyrangeusingamplitudesweeps =>yieldstress/strain,cri)calstress/strain Testfor)mestability,i.e)mesweepatconstain amplitudeandfrequency Frequencysweepatvariousstrain/stress amplitudeswithinlinearregime Studynonlinearregime

Nonlinearrheology(ofbiopolymers)
Unlikesimplepolymergels,manybiologicalmaterials includingbloodvessels,mesentery<ssue,lungparenchyma, corneaandbloodclotss<enastheyarestrained,thereby preven<nglargedeforma<onsthatcouldthreaten<ssue integrity.(Stormetal.,2005)

stiffening

weakening

Oscillatorystrainsweeps(collagengels)

LissajouplotsfromtheG2Rawdatatool
Lissajouplot,1%strain

Nonlinear Lissajou plot

4

2 stress [Pa]

-2

-4
-3

-40x10

-20

0 strain

20

40

Nonlinear Lissajou plot

4
RAW DATA ' (elastic stress) fit to '

2 stress [Pa]

-2

-4
-3

-40x10

-20

0 strain

20

40

2.4mg/mLconeplate

2.4mg/mLconeplate

MITLAOSMATLABpackage

Creepringing

Creepringing
Norman&Ryansworkhere(brin,jamming) GoodtutorialbyEwoldt&McKinley(MIT)

Creepringingresults

I:bulkproper)es

Morenonlinearrheology
Stress/strainrampswithconstantrate Prestressmeasurements,i.e.smallstress oscilla)onsaroundaconstant(pre)stress Prestrainmeasurements TransientresponsesinLAOS(talktoStefan) Fourierdomainanalysis SRFS(talktoHans) Linear behavior

Originofnonlinearbehavior
Distribu)onoflengthscales/inhomogenei)es Rearrangementofpar)cles/laments Nonanemo)on Howdowendout?
Observation at the microscopic scale: Microrheology Microscopy

Microrheologybasics
Generalidea:lookatthethermallydriven mo)onofmicronsizedpar)clesembeddedina material Meansquaredisplacementofpar)clesasa func)onof)meprovidesmicroscopic informa)ononlocalelas)candviscousmaterial proper)esasafunc)onoffrequency MasonandWeitz,PRL,1995

Shortandlong)mescales
Short time scales: diffusive Long time scales: spring-like

r: position vector D: diffusion constant : lag time kT: thermal energy a: particle size : viscosity

K: effective springconstant, linked to elastic properties

What about intermediate times?

GeneralizedStokesEinstein

Take Laplace transform of () numerically, to get (s) with s=i. From earlier, we know:

We can then get the generalized complex modulus, by analytically extending:

i.e.

2pointvs1pointmicrorheology
2-point microrheology calculates a mean-square displacement from the correlated pair-wise motion of particles, rather than the singleparticle MSD.

Black: bulk rheology Red: 2-point microrheology Blue: 1-point microrheology Open symbols: G

Otherconsidera)ons
Nonlinearregimenontrivial,butmore interes)ng. Surfaceeectscanbeimportant. Imagingtogureoutmechanisms. Richnessofeects,mechanisms,)me,length andenergyscalespresentinsoEmaBer/ complexuids. MoretoexploreonWeitzlabwebpage. MoreatComplexFluidsmee)ngs.