Chapter 4

Organization & Regulation of Body Systems

Chapter Four
4.1 Types of Tissues 4.2 Connective tissue 4.3 Muscle tissue 4.4 Nervous tissue 4.5 Epithelial tissue 4.9 Homeostasis

Chapter Four
4.1 Types of Tissues 4.2 Connective tissue 4.3 Muscle tissue 4.4 Nervous tissue 4.5 Epithelial tissue 4.9 Homeostasis

4.1 Types of Tissues

Definition of tissue: A tissue is composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body.
(Human Biology textbook, p. 66, 12/e)

4.1 Types of Tissues

Connective Muscle Nervous Epithelial

Chapter Four
4.9 Homeostasis 4.1 Types of Tissues 4.2 Connective tissue 4.3 Muscle tissue 4.4 Nervous tissue 4.5 Epithelial tissue

4.2 Connective Tissues

Connective tissues can be very different from each other; however, all connective tissue contains (Fig. 4.1): - Specialized cells - Ground substance - Protein fibers: Matrix - collagen - reticular - elastic

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Contains fibroblasts Contains jelly-like ground substance Loose fibrous connective tissue Adipose tissue Dense fibrous connective tissues e.g., tendons & ligaments

Specialized Connective Tissues

Cartilage is flexible but solid Cells live in lacuna surrounded by a strong but flexible matrix Cells are called chondrocytes These cells do not have a good blood supply Hyaline cartilage
- contains only fine collagen fibers; glass-like matrix

Hyaline Cartilage

Supportive Connective Tissues

Hyaline cartilage
- contains only fine collagen fibers; glass-like matrix

Elastic cartilage
- more elastic fibers which can stretch

Elastic Cartilage

Supportive Connective Tissues

Hyaline cartilage
- contains only fine collagen fibers; glass-like matrix

Elastic cartilage
- more elastic fibers which can stretch

Fibrocartilage
- very strong collagen fibers

Bone
Compact bone
- structural elements called osteons

Spongy bone
- lattice-like, archs & irregular spaces

Similar to 11.1

Fluid Connective Tissues

Blood Lymph

Look at Fig. 4.4

(its a concept map)
p. 69 in the 11th & 12th editions

Chapter Four
4.1 Types of Tissues 4.2 Connective tissue 4.3 Muscle tissue 4.4 Nervous tissue 4.5 Epithelial tissue 4.9 Homeostasis

Muscle Tissue
Contractile Composed of cells called muscle fibers Muscle fibers contain the contractile proteins actin and myosin Actin and myosin interact to create movement Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary Attaches to bones via tendons One fiber has multiple nuclei Appears to be striped or striated Does not divide; no mitosis

Fig. 4.5

Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary Cells with single nuclei Has striations Branched Connected to each other by intercalated disks Cannot divide; no mitosis

Fig. 4.5

Smooth Muscle
Involuntary Single nucleus in cells No striations Contracts to move materials or fluids through the lumen of body vessels or organs

Fig. 4.5

Chapter Four
4.1 Types of Tissues 4.2 Connective tissue 4.3 Muscle tissue 4.4 Nervous tissue 4.5 Epithelial tissue 4.9 Homeostasis

Nervous tissue
Neurons (Fig. 4.6) - Cell body - Dendrites - Axon Neuroglial cells 9:1 ratio with neurons in brain Nerves

Fig. 4.6

Chapter Four
4.1 Types of Tissues 4.2 Connective tissue 4.3 Muscle tissue 4.4 Nervous tissue 4.5 Epithelial tissue 4.9 Homeostasis

Epithelial Cells
Tightly packed cells Usually form a continuous layer Lines surfaces One side exposed The other side is attached to a basement membrane

Simple Squamous
Single layer of cells Flat cells Allows for diffusion of substances Found in alveoli of lungs and capillaries

Fig. 4.7

Simple Cuboidal cells

Single layer of cells Cube-shaped cells Function: absorb substances but some involved with active transport Found in tubules and glands (e.g., pancreas, salivary, etc.)

Fig. 4.7

Fig. 4.7

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of cells Function: absorb nutrients in small intestine Function: move egg through Fallopian tube

Fig. 4.7

Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium

Does not have distinct layers Each cell touches the basement membrane Layered look due to nuclei at different heights Example: lining of the trachea. Function: clean debris from trachea with cilia and mucus

Stratified Epithlia
Layers of cells Only one layer touches basement membrane Function: protection Examples: lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, outer cervix and skin

Chapter Four
4.1 Types of Tissues 4.2 Connective tissue 4.3 Muscle tissue 4.4 Nervous tissue 4.5 Epithelial tissue 4.9 Homeostasis

4.9 Homeostasis
Maintaining relatively constant internal conditions Limit the amount of internal change Examples: body pH, body temperature, blood sugar levels, etc.

The Internal Environment

Blood Tissue fluid

Negative Feedback
Primary control mechanism for homeostasis Attempts to keep a variable close to a certain value Main point: the output of the system dampens the original stimulus

Fig. 4.15 Components of a Negative feedback mechanism: -Sensor -Control Center -Effector

Similar to Fig. 4.16

Home Heating/Cooling System

Positive feedback
Change builds and grows in same direction Output stimulates more output e.g. hormone oxytocin and contraction of the uterus during childbirth