Audio Video

BI GING
X L AUDIO & VIDEO
LI M U
Bi ging X l Audio v Video l ti liu c bin son nhm phc v cho i tng hc vin thuc chuyn ngnh K thut in t - Vin thng. gip hc vin tm hiu mn hc mt cch d dng, ti liu c chn lc bin son vi nhng ni dung rt cn bn v l thuyt theo mt trnh t logic, c trnh by qua 5 chng. Chng 1, i cng v tn hiu audio v video, y l bc tranh ton cnh v tn hiu audio v video. Chng 2, s ha tn hiu audio v video, trnh by nhng c trng v bin i ca tn hiu audio v video tng t-s. Chng 3, truyn dn tn hiu audio v video, trnh by nhng nguyn tc truyn dn tn hiu audio v video s. Chng 4, ghi pht tn hiu audio v video s, trnh by nhng nguyn tc ghi pht (lu tr) tn hiu audio v video s. Chng 5, nn d liu audio v video, trnh by nhng phng php x l nn audio v video. Bin son ti liu ny, tc gi tng hp v chn lc nhng ni dung da theo cc ti liu ca cc tc gi c xut bn, qua cng cp nht nhng ni dung mi nhm lm phong ph cho mn hc. Tuy c nhiu c gng v thn trng nhng ti liu khng sao trnh khi nhng sai st, mong s thng cm v ng gp kin ca bn c.
Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video
Chng 1 I CNG V AUDIO V VIDEO

1.1. QU TRNH PHT TRIN Khong cui th k 19 u th k 20, nhiu thit b x l m thanh in t ra i, m ra mt hng pht trin mi trong ch to cc thit b in t dn dng. Trong giai on ny cc nh khoa hc thnh cng trong ch to cc thit b x l m thanh nh: h thng my in thoi, my cassette, cc my quay a v my pht thanhNgy nay m thanh in t c ng dng rng ri trong cc thit b dn dng, nhiu thit b m thanh s ra i c tnh nng k thut cao tng bc thay th cho cc thit b m thanh tng t trc y. Cho n nay, hu nh cc gia nh u s hu mt vi thit b in t phc v i sng tinh thn. Khi k thut truyn thanh ra i th truyn hnh l tiu im nghin cu quan trng cho cc nhkhoa hc. n khong gia th k 20, thi k th chin th II, k thut truyn hnh nh ng u tin ra i, nhng ch nhm phc v cho mc ch qu s. Sau khi kt thc chin tranh, truyn hnh cc quc gia mi thc s nhm vo mc ch dn dng, t k thut truyn hnh khng ngng c ci tin v pht trin. Cho n nay, th gii thc s i thay t khi mi gia nh c th thng thc thng tin bng hnh nh v m thanh. Trong sut hn 50 nm qua, truyn hnh ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s pht trin ca nn kinh t tri thc ca th gii. Cho n nay cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh in t, nhiu cng ngh truyn hnh th h mi ra i vi nhng tnh nng k thut cao dn thay th cho truyn hnh tng t trc y, truyn hnh s vi nhng cng ngh khc nhau nh: truyn hnh mt t, truyn hnh cp, truyn hnh v tinh... thc s lm cho th gii truyn hnh ngy cng sng ng hn. 1.2. NH T NHIN nh t nhin l nhng g m chng ta c th trng thy xung quanh th gii thc, chng c to ra bi cc ngun nh sng mt tri hoc nh sng nhn to phn x ln cc vt th m ta c th trng thy. Truyn hnh l mt h thng tn hiu hnh nh v tn hiu m thanh analog c pht trin rt cao. C s ca h thng truyn hnh l da trn c tnh ca th gic con ngi, c tnh ny cng c p dng trong h thng truyn hnh k thut s hin nay.
Mc ch h thng ti to nh in t (video) l thu nh t nhin v ti to li vi nhng khong cch v khng gian, hoc c hai (hnh 1.1). y chng ta quan tm n hai thuc tnh nhn thy ca cnh quan l mu sc v chi.
nh t nhin ng knh Chuyn i nh-tn hiu X l tn hiu
To xung ng b Lu tr hoc truyn dn
X l tn hiu
Chuyn i tn hiu-nh nh ti to
Mt ngi xem
Tch xung ng b
Hnh 1.1. H thng ti to nh in t
Nhng cnh t nhin t khi c to nn t mt ngun sng n sc. nh ti mi im trong cnh quan l tng ca nh sng t cc ngun ng nht vi nh sng phn x t cc vt xung quanh. S chiu sng va nu c sa i bi cc thnh phn phn chiu t cc vt xung quanh mi trng to ra mt s chiu sng m mu sc v sng ca n thay i theo tng cnh. i vi nhng cnh phc tp hn, mt ngi c th thch nghi vi s thay i tng khu vc chiu sng cho n lc khng cn cm nhn c na khi quan st trc tip. H thng ti to hnh nh cng cn to ra mt kt qu tng t . Qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu-nh hon ton ng b v ng pha vi qu trnh chuyn i nh-tn hiu th mi khi phc c nh quang truyn i. thc hin s ng b v ng pha, trong h thng truyn hnh phi dng mt b to xung ng b. Xung ng b c a n b x l tn hiu khng ch qu trnh phn tch nh, ng thi a n b x l tn hiu hnh ri truyn sang pha thu, tn hiu hnh c cng thm xung ng b gi l tn hiu truyn hnh. 1.3. M THANH T NHIN m thanh l nhng bin i p sut nhanh xy ra trong khng kh do nhiu qu trnh t nhin gy nn. Ting gi thi trn cnh cy, ting sng bin v b , ting chim kutt c u l m thanh t nhin. Nhiu h thng do con ngi ch
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to cng to ra nhng bin i p sut tng t, i khi cn c ch nh, hay i khi cn do khch quan. Mt dn nhc to ra nhng m thanh c ch nh vi mc ch thng thc m nhc. Trong khi, m thanh ca mt ng c phn lc pht ra khi ct cnh li c coi l do khch quan gy ln. Tai con ngi phn ng li nhng bin i p sut khng kh phm vi tn s trong khong t 30Hz n 15000Hz sau a n no v chnh l m thanh. ln hay bin dao ng ca nhng bin i p sut ny to nn cm gic v ting n. m thanh chuyn ng trong khng kh theo quy tc truyn sng, v vy ngi ta c th nghe thy mt m thanh pht ra t khong cch kh xa v nhng bin i p sut m thanh thng c gi l sng m. Trong mi trng hp, sng m thanh l sng tng t. Sng m chuyn ng trong khng kh vi vn tc xp x bng 345m/s nhit phng v mc nc bin. Theo l thuyt v sng, mi lin h gia tn s f v bc sng l: = v/f (1.1)
Ngoi ra, cc tnh cht khc ca sng m thanh cng c tm quan trng i vi vic thit k cc thit b m thanh. Sng m s phn x vi b mt cng (nhng b mt khng hp th sng m) to nn hiu ng v ting vng v vang m. Sng m thanh b nhiu x, chng c th xuyn qua cc l hng, cc khe h v n tng ngc ngch. Sng m thanh cng c th b khc x, n s b b cong khi vn tc truyn thay i nhng khu vc khc nhau vi nhit v mt khng kh khc nhau. Tm quan trng ca nhng h qu ny l hm iu kin mi trng v bc sng. V mt ton hc, vic to nhng ng truyn sng m thanh trong mt mi trng thc tin kh phc tp. m thanh t nhin khng ch lin quan n hai yu t l ngun pht v ngi nghe, bi v sng m lun phn x vi cc vt xung quanh mi trng. Ngi nghe tip nhn m thanh phn x ngay sau khi m thanh c pht ra. Ngi ta gi cc yu t c lin quan n m thanh ny l mi trng m thanh. Mi trng ny rt quan trng i vi vic ti to li m thanh bng h thng in t. Mt trong nhng yu t ch yu ca mi trng m thanh c to ra do hin tng phn x, thng xy ra nhng khng gian kn (nh phng ho nhc). Do tc gii hn ca m thanh, song m c truyn i trong mt phng kn mt nhiu thi gian n c tai ngi hn l m thanh trc tip v c gi l nhng m b tr m c th nghe thy s lp li ca m thanh trc. Chng ta c th nhn thy r ting vng xy ra khi s tr m phn x ln hn khong 50m/s, tng ng vi khong cch l 17m. Ting vng r nht vi nhng m thanh c thi gian tr ln hn, v d nh ting vng xy ra trong mt thung lng.
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nhng khu vc khng gian hp hn, c th c rt nhiu phn x m khng mt phn x no c th b tr khc bit hn ti mc l ting vng. Tuy nhin, m thanh vn tip tc truyn i trong phng cho n khi n bin mt hon ton do c hin tng hp th m, v gi l hin tng ting vng. Hin tng ting vang to ra cm gic v khng gian, n rt quan trng trong qu trnh m phng m thanh. V d, nu vic m phng m thanh khng thu c ting vang (trng hp my thu t gn, hoc thm ch t my thu ngay ti ngun m), m thanh s tr thnh m cht. iu kin ny c th khc phc bng cch a vo nhng ting vang nhn to (thng x l bng k thut s). Cc chng trnh truyn hnh gc (cha c bin tp) thng c thc hin nhng iu kin m cht ny vi mc ch l ting vang nhn to s c a vo trong qu trnh bin tp, iu ny gip cho bin tp vin c th kim sot c m thanh. Ting vang c lng t ho trong khong thi gian n ph hu 1/1000 m gc. i vi phng thit k ring cho phng hi tho, thi gian vang ca m thch hp nht l 1 giy. Vi mt phng ha nhc, thi gian di hn mt cht, ln n khong 2 giy. Vic o m bng cc thit b nh micro hay loa cn phi c thc hin trong mt mi trng hon ton cch m tch cc c tnh ca chng ra khi cc c tnh ca mi trng. Mt loi phng c bit c gi l phng cch m c thit k cho mc ch ny. Loi phng ny hp th tt c cc m thanh nhp vo chu vi ca n, v vy hin tng phn x khng xy ra. V c bn y l mt khng gian cht. Khi ni trong cn phng ny, ngi ta hu nh khng th nghe c ging ni ca chnh mnh . 1.4. TI TO M THANH IN T m thanh in t c gi chung l audio. Hnh 1.2 minh ha mt h thng audio in hnh. m c thu t ngun nh mt hoc nhiu micro v nhng tn hiu audio thu c truyn qua h thng cho n khi ti loa pht (b phn chuyn cc tn hiu in thnh sng m).
Ngun m Thu audio Lu tr hay truyn dn My thu
Hnh 1.2. H thng ti to m thanh in t
Mc ch ti to m thanh in t l ti cc sng m thanh n nhng khong cch xa c v khng gian v thi gian, ngi nghe c th tip nhn nh th h ang nghe m trc tip t ngun. Mt mc ch khc na l chau chut
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m thanh mi khng c trong t nhin, lm cho m thanh in t hay hn m gc, hoc to ra nhng m thanh mi khng c trong t nhin. 1.5. TH GIC CON NGI Mt ngi l mt thit b rt c bit bao gm trn 100.000.000 (108) phn t cm bin cng mt h thng iu khin sng cho php nhn r mt phm vi sng hn 10 triu ti 1. Hai mt kt hp vi no to ra kh nng nhn bit cc vt trong khng gian ba chiu. Mc d hu ht cc h thng ti to in t khng c cc tnh nng ny nhng bng cnh thit k nh cc c im ca mt trong b no in t, h thng c kh nng p ng nhiu mc ch ng dng. 1.5.1. phn gii Th lc trung bnh ca mt l 20/20, vng trung tm th lc l mt cung c gc khong 1/60 . y l phn gii ca mt, tt nhin ch p dng i vi nhng nh ca cc vt th trn thang xm. Cn i vi nh mu, phn gii ca mt s gim i (xem phn 1.8.1). phn gii y c ngha l mt ngi c th nhn r cc vt th c kch thc khong 1cm khi nhn khong cch l 3m, trng nhn ca mt gn bng 1800, mt ngi c th phn bit c tng cng 18060 =10.800 vt th ngang qua trng nhn. Tuy nhin, phn gii ca mt gim dn t trung tm ca th gic, v vy tng s vt th trong thc t l t hn nhiu . H thng nh in t phn bit c mt s lng ln cc vt th trong nh n thc t l rt him. V vy, n thng c thit k sao cho mn hnh hin th c kch thc nh hn tng trng nhn ca mt. Do , hu ht hnh nh u c quan st bi phn c phn gii y nht ca mt, v phn gii y cng l yu t quan trng cn c s dng trong cc thao tc tnh ton hnh nh in t. Mt c im khc cng yu cu s dng phn gii y nht l kh nng chuyn ng ca mt mang vt th cn nhn vo trung tm th gic. Mt mn hnh hin th mt gc rng, khi nhn gn s gp mt s vn l ngi xem s nhn trc tip vo bt c phn no trn mn hnh thu ht h trc nht. mt thi gian c bit no n c th l mt im bt k trn mn hnh. Do vy ton b mn hnh u cn phi c phn gii cao. Ta bit rng, nh trong cc h thng s c miu t l mt chui cc pixel. H thng hin th cn phi thit k sao cho cc pixel khng b l din nu nh khng c s gy nh hng xu ti cht lng nh. Ngi ta thng hn ch s lng pixel trong nh cho ngi xem khong cch nhn quy nh hoc ln hn, khng th phn tch c. Mt thng s quan trng cn tnh n y l t l nhn, c xc nh bng t l gia khong cch ngi xem (tnh t mn hnh) vi cao nht ca nh.
VR= d/PH Trong : VR = t l nhn. d: khong cch t mt ti mn hnh. PH: cao ca nh (ly theo cng n v d)
(1.2)
Khi s dng hnh nh theo phn gii trn y, s lng ti a ca cc im nh c th nhn thy c mt t l nht nh l: S im nh = 3440/VR (1.3)
Lu , i vi mt bc nh c s pixel xc nh, nu khong cch cho trc m mt cha phn bit c cc im nh th y l kch c ln nht ca nh, iu tng ng vi t l nhn l nh nht (bng 1.1). iu ny ng cho c h thng video s v video tng t. H thng video tng t quan tm n s dnd qut hn l s pixel trn mt nh. Trong khi , cc dng qut li ngy nhiu cho kh nng nhn hn pixel, y chnh l nhc im ca h thng video analog. Cc my tnh thng hot ng vi cc thng s thp hn.
H thng H NTSC HDTV Mn hnh my tnh Dng hoc pixel/ph 483 1080 768 T l nhn 7.2 3.2 4.5*
Bng 1.1. Cc t l nhn nh nht
1.5.2. To mc xm to ra hnh nh r nt, nh sng pht ra mn hnh phi t l vi sng pht ra t cnh mt im. iu ny c ngha l cc tn hiu video phi l mt hm tuyn tnh vi chi ca nh. Tuy nhin, thit b hin th tiu biu (CRT) li c cng hm phi tuyn, ngc vi hm tn hiu, rt nhiu cc tiu chun ca h thng a vo cc phn sa li phi tuyn trong tn hiu video, bi v nu sa li phi tuyn ti cc my thu th gi thnh rt cao . Hu ht cc b cm bin trong camera truyn hnh c c tuyn nh sng tuyn tnh, v vy camera thng c lp t h thng sa mo gamma a vo tn hiu c c tnh bin phi tuyn cn thit. Gamma l mt ng c tuyn ca hm m xp x bng bin phi tuyn chuyn giao. V d, gamma ca mt CRT in hnh l 2,2. Nh vy mt camera phi a phn sa li vi s m l 1/2,2 hoc 0,45. c tnh ny c th hin bng ng cong trn hnh 1.3.
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1.0
= 45
u ra tng i
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Hnh 1.3. ng cong sa li = 0.45
Tuy nhin, a phn my tnh p dng tiu chun sa li gamma ch khng phi truyn hnh, v vy i khi vic gy li l cn thit khi chuyn i gia cc tn hiu truyn hnh v tn hiu trong my tnh. 1.5.3. Rung hnh v t l phc hi Ngi ta khng nhn thy s nhp nhy ca mn hnh bi v mt c kh nng lu hnh. C ngha l, h thng th gic phn ng rt chm vi s thay i nhanh ca nh sng trn mn hnh. Tuy nhin, s chiu sng thay i theo chu k vi tn s thp (khi c chiu sng bi n in c tn s thp), gy ra hiu ng m ta gi l hin tng rung hnh. Hin tng rung hnh ph thuc vo s lng ca chiu sng (rung hnh d nhn thy hn khi hnh nh c chi cao) v cng d nhn hn khi nhn ngoi vi tm nhn. Hiu ng va ri gip chng ta nhy cm hn vi nhng vt chuyn ng nhanh (c th l nguy him) xut hin u tin ngoi vi tm nhn. Vn iu khin rung hnh kh quan trng, bi v nu nh sng mn hnh b rung ko di s gy ra chng mi mt ngi xem.
H thng NTSC PAL Mn hnh my tnh Rp chiu phim T l phc hi 60 (59,94) 50 72 48 Mi trng Phng khch Phng khch Phng sng Phng ti VR 7 7 1-2 5-10
Bng 1.2. Cc t l phc hi tiu biu
Thit b in t li c hiu ng lu hnh ngc li, nh sng pht ra s b hy sau mt thi gian ngn. V vy, nh in t phi c phc hi thng xuyn duy tr hiu ng chiu sng n nh. T l phc hi phi trnh tnh trng rung hnh cc iu kin xem mong mun. T l phc hi tiu biu c trnh by trong bng 1.2. in nh, t l phc hi c th thp bi v cc rp chiu phim thng phi ti v nh khng c qu sng. Ring my tnh li trong tnh trng ngc li, thng hin th trong mt phng sng, mn hnh cng phi sng, v nh vy t l nhn thp c ngha l nhng phn mn hnh ny xut hin ngoi vi tm nhn. Hin tng rung hnh vi mt s lng thch nghi nht nh, iu ny xy ra khi cng mt kiu nhn u n din ra. V d, t l phc hi 50 Hz c s dng mt s quc gia c nh gi l hon ton hp l vi ngi bn a. Song, mt s quc gia khc t l 60 Hz cng c p dng. 1.5.4. Ti to nh chuyn ng S chuyn ng ca nh c to ra trong h thng video nh vo cp nht ni dung trn mn hnh vi t l va ngi xem c th nhn bit c mt qu trnh chuyn ng lin tc. Trong mt h thng truyn hnh, n c thc hin camera v t l qut ca mn hnh. Trong nhng trng hp n gin nht, camera video s to ra mnh ring bit cho mi chu k phc hi ca mn hnh. y chnh l cch hot ng thng thng ca tryun hnh s, t l mnh ca camera v mn hnh nh nhau. Thc cht, t l hai b phn ny c ng b ho. Trong phng thc vn hnh ny, tn hiu pht ra t camera khng ngng i ti mn hnh m khng cn s can thip ca qu trnh x l hay lu tr no. Khi ra cc tiu chun mn hnh, vn x l hay lu tr vn cha c bn n, do vy h thng thit k cho mn hnh c phc hi bng cch lin tc pht ra cc tn hiu mi t camera, thm ch ngay c khi hnh nh dng. Hin nay vi cng ngh k thut s, lu tr v x l l hai qu trnh tn ti thng xuyn trong h thng, v camera cng nh mn hnh khng cn thit phi c t l mnh nh nhau thm ch khng cn phi ng b. Camera c th hot ng mt t l mnh va to li chuyn ng, cn mn hnh c th vn hnh mt t l cao hn, p ng ch tiu rung hnh cn thit. Thm ch c th ngng hn vic truyn theo chu k ca nhng hnh nh dng, gim yu cu m qu trnh truyn d liu t ra. Nh cp trn, gim rung hnh, tn s mnh 50 Hz hoc cao hn na v mn hnh cng c th qut tn s ny. Nhng qu trnh ti to chuyn ng thng tt nht vi tn s mnh 30Hz, hoc thm ch c th thp hn. Do vy qu trnh qut nh ca camera cng phi din ra nhanh, h tr qu trnh to
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chuyn ng. Cc h thng s c th p ng c nhng tiu ch ny. Khi theo di mt vt chuyn ng nhanh, ngi ta c cm gic nh s chuyn ng ny rt r nt. Tuy nhin, thc cht hnh nh chuyn ng li rt m do hiu ng lu hnh ca mt nu trn. Tuy nhin, nu mt di chuyn theo chuyn ng ca vt, s m o ca chnh vt s gim xung nhng phong hnh li tr ln m o. Mt h thng m phng khng th ng thi gii quyt tnh trng ny do camera thu nh in t u c lu hnh nh nhau. y c gi l s ko vt ca chuyn ng xy ra do camera c thi gian l sng xc nh. Vn t ra khng kh khn lm vi h thng truyn hnh bnh thng hot ng t l nhn thit k sn v hnh nh khng rng n mc ngi xem c th di chuyn theo chiu chuyn ng ca vt. Camera thng di chuyn theo chuyn ng ca vt, ngi xem khng cn thit phi lm vic ny. Tuy nhin, vi mn hnh c phn gii cao v rng hn, ngi xem c th phi di chuyn mt theo nhng phn khc nhau ca cnh p ng y trng nhn ca mnh. Sau na, camera cng khng nn di chuyn theo vt v phi c thi gian l sng ngn vt chuyn ng sc nt hn. 1.6. THNH GIC CA CON NGI nhy ca tai con ngi khng h thua km mt. Kt hp vi no, tai c th tip nhn sng m phm vi bin ln v trong chc lt n c th xc nh phng hng tn s, c tnh ca m ngun thng tin (trong trng hp y l li ni). Hiu c kh nng v hn ch ca h thng sinh hc tuyt vi ny l mt iu quan trng i vi cng vic ti to h thng m thanh din t. Nghin cu qu trnh thch gic ca con ngi c gi l khoa hc tm l m thanh. 1.6.1. Ting n Ting n l phn ng ca con ngi vi bin sng m thanh, n nm trong ngng c th nghe c mc m thanh thp n ngng ca s chi tai ca nhng m cao nm trong phm vi t 1012 (1000.000.000.000:1) hoc nhiu hn nhng m thanh c cng cao. m thanh c cng cao c biu th bng W/mm. Do phm vi rng, thng thng m thanh c tnh theo dB. mc m chun (0 dB) thng c s dng nh l ngng nghe v 120dB (v d nh mc m khong cch 457,2m pht ra t mt ng c my bay phn lc khi ct cnh) gn nh c coi l ngng ca m chi, mc ny ting n tr nn kh chu. Nu nh mc cao hn thnh gic ca con ngi c th b tn thng. Con ngi cng khng th nghe c nhiu m thanh cc mc khc nhau trn ton b phm vi bt k thi im no, bi v cc m thanh ln c xu hng ln p nhng m thanh yu. Tuy nhin, khi nhng m thanh hu ch (nh li ni,
m nhc) c xu hng xut hin nhng khong lng v tai con ngi nhanh chng phn ng vi s thay i mc m thanh . V vy, vic a ra t l tn hiu trn tp m S/N 80 hoc 90dB, nu nh ting n hon ton khng th nghe c, l rt quan trng i vi qu trnh ti to m thanh in t cht lng cao. Mc khc, nu ch tnh n kh nng nghe r, tai c th hiu c li ni S/N bng 30dB hoc thm ch cn thp hn. 1.6.2. c tuyn tn s c tuyn tn s ca thnh gic con ngi nm trong phm vi t 30 n 15000Hz. Tuy nhin, con s ny thay i mt cch ng k ty theo tng ngi v tng loi ting n. Cc ng cong hnh 1.4 biu din mt s cp m thanh to ra cm gic ting n nh nhau nhng tn s v cc cp m thanh khc nhau.
120
120 100 80 60 40 20
Bin (dB)
20
40
60
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0 0 20
50
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500
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Tn s (MHz )
Hnh 1.4. ng cong bin tn hiu duy tr n nh m lng
Nhng ng cong ny da trn c s nghin cu tm l do Fletcher v Munson tin hnh. ng cong thp hn biu th chch khi phm vi tn s khong 40dB, khi m thanh ln hn c s thay i cm gic i vi tn s. 120dB, mi tn s m thanh u ln nh nhau. Do ph thuc vo mc ch ca h thng nn khng bit lc no phi ti to phm vi tn s. V d nh in thoi, loi my c thit k dng cho m thoi ch c rng band tn t 300 n 3000Hz. Mc khc, i vi cc loi my nghe nhc HI-FI li cn ton b band tn t 30 n 15000Hz. Rt nhiu h thng audio li yu cu rng band tn mc cao hn th, t 20 dn 20000Hz. 1.7. QUT NH
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Mt cnh t nhin phn chiu nh sng ng thi t tt c cc im, trong khi mt ngi c th cm th c tt c cc im ny tng ng 108 b cm bin ca mt. Vic cm nhn dng d liu ny song song ph thuc vo no. Tuy nhin cu trc song song nh vy khng thng dng trong in t, v vy h thng nh in t gp phi nhng vn kh khn khc, n phi chuyn d liu song thnh mt hoc vi tn hiu in t thay i theo thi gian, phng tin thc hin vic ny chnh l qu trnh qut nh. Qut nh cng ging nh c mt quyn sch, bt u bn gc tri trn cng ca cun sch, mt ngi c s di chuyn theo chiu ngang t tri sang phi bt u dng u tin ca vn bn, cui dng ny mt li quay ngc tr li bn tri v di chuyn xung dng tip theo, y c coi l qu trnh qut dng.
Hng qut ngang
Xung qut dng Xung qut mnh
Do vy, qut nh l mt qu trnh di chuyn cc phn t cm bin ln mi im ca mt nh n khi ton b nh c qut ht, tt nhin iu ny c th c thc hin trong m hnh qut nh rada, theo hnh son c hoc thm ch l ngu nhin. Trong truyn hnh ngi ta la chn kiu qut hnh ch nht (c gi l mnh) bao gm cc chuyn ng theo hng dc hng ngang tch ri nhau. iu ny c chng t u th ch ton b cnh do mt phn t chuyn ng ng b vi tc ng nht qut v thit b lp t phn cng cng n gin. 1.7.1. Qut nh in t
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Hng qut dc
Hnh 1.5. Qut lin dng: a) mnh qut, b) dng xung qut.
c m hnh qut nh n nh, tn s qut nh hng dc (qut mnh) v hng ngang (qut dng) phi c ng b ho trong mi quan h thng nht. Nu mt h thng c N dng, tn s qut dng phi mc cao nht v t l vi tn s qut dc theo cng thc: fh = N fv Tn s qut dng cng l tn s qut nh trong h thng. V d nu tn s qut nh l 60Hz th tn s qut dc cng l 60 Hz. i vi h thng 525 dng, tn s qut dng l 525 60 = 31500Hz. Cc tn hiu qut phi c thit k to ra qu trnh qut tuyn tnh, c ngha l tc qut phi ng nht trn mi v tr ca nh. iu ny kh quan trng i vi camera v my thu nhm m bo s ng b ca nh trn mn hnh my thu. Bt c phi tuyn trong qu trnh qut nh cng s gy ra s bin dng v tr trn mt vi phn nh. Mc d, trn l thuyt c th s dng m hnh qut nh phi tuyn, nhng m hnh ny rt kh di tr, v tc qut khng ng b nn s gy ra mt s vn nh: s thay i phn gii, nhy cm v chi. Chnh v vy cc tiu chun qut nh ca video u s dng qut tuyn tnh. 1.7.2. Xo khong trng V tr ca cc phn t qut phi chuyn ng tuyn tnh trn mt ng thng theo thi gian. iu ny c p dng trong qu trnh qut nh t tri qua phi trn mt dng ca mn hnh (y l thi gian qut tch cc), nhng khng cn thit trong qu trnh qut ngc li. Giai on ny thi gian qut cng ngn cng tt. Trc y, qut ngc trong cc h thng truyn hnh b gii hn bi cc mch qut, do vy thi gian qut ngc chim gn 18% tng thi gian qut mt dng. iu ny gy ra lng ph, bi v trong thi gian ny khng c mt thng tin no c tuyn. Thc t trong thi gian ny tn hiu b xo do b y ti in p ca mc en. Do vy, chu k qut ngc thng c gi l khong xo dng v qut nh tuyn tnh phi c dng hnh rng ca. Hnh 1.5(b) qut mnh cng l mt qu trnh tuyn tnh, khong xa mnh (VBI) l 8 % i vi truyn hnh. 1.7.3. phn gii theo chiu ngang v di thng tn hiu Nh trong khi c mt cun sch, mt phi nhn bit t k t ny n k t khc, qu trnh qut nh mt camera video di chuyn rt hiu qu cc phn t cm bin nn nh. in p ly ti u ra thay i t l vi cng nh sng mi im m b cm bin qut qua, (trong thc t khng c phn t chuyn ng no, nhng kt qu li ging nh chuyn ng ny vn tn ti). Mt phn t cm bin c kch c xc nh, b cm bin ly trung bnh nh sng m n cm nhn c thng qua gc m. Ly trung bnh nh vy lm mt
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cc chi tit nh hoc gy ra dc ca tuyn tnh tn s cao khi chng ta quan st tn hiu in ny, hiu ng gy ra bi gc m, gi l c tyn gc m, c minh ha trong hnh 1.6. Hnh ny a ra mt gc m trn, tuy nhin gc m c th l bt c hnh g v nhy khng c phn b ng u. iu ny bin qu trnh ly trung bnh thnh mt qu trnh gp ton b din tch gc m. Kt qu nh ch trong hnh v, l lm trn cc bin trn cc qu trnh chuyn tip v s bin b mt khi khong cch gia cc hnh nh hn kch thc ca gc m.
Gc m trong qu trnh qut
u ra tn hiu video
Hnh 1.6. c tuyn gc m trong qu trnh qut
V hnh thc bn ngoi cc tn s video to bi qu trnh qut nh ph thuc vo nhng chi tit nh ca cnh v tc qut. Vic quan st cc chi tit nh bit h thng to ra m hnh c dng en v trng cn bng l rt hu ch trong cc hnh theo chiu dc kim tra phn gii theo chiu ngang ca h thng v ngc li, cc hnh theo chiu ngang kim tra phn gii theo chiu dc. i vi phn gii theo chiu ngang tn s video fv to bi mt hnh ca cc dng en v trng theo chiu ng khong cch ng nht c cho tnh bng biu thc: fV= (fH Np AR)/ 2(1-HB) fH: tn s qut dng Np: s dng en trng khong cch cn bng vi cao ca nh AR: c nh l t l ca chiu rng v chiu cao ca mn hnh (NTSC l 1,33). HB: thi gian xa dng (0,18 i vi h NTSC) 1.7.4. Qut cch dng Phng php qut m t trong nhng phn trn c gi l qu trnh qut lin dng bi v tt c cc dng hoc mi nh u c qut lin tc. Cng thc (1.5) ch r tn s video ln nht c to bi qu trnh qut nh t l vi tn s qut dng, v tt nhin s bng tn s qut dc nhn vi s dng qut. Do tn s qut dc phi ln khng gy ra hin tng rung hnh, nn ngi ta c th nhn (1.3)
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thy rng band tn video cn thit l mt hm s dng trc tip trong nh v gi tr ca tn s qut theo hng dc. Tuy nhin, tn s video c th h thp m khng gy ra hin tng rung hnh bng phng php qut cch dng. Qut cch dng c thc hin bng cch ch qut tng phn ca dng qut trong mi ln qut dc. V d, mt ln qut dc th nht c th qut tt c cc dng l, v ln qut dc th hai qut tt c cc dng chn. y chnh l qut cch dng t l 2:1, v tn s video gim theo h s 2:1 so vi qu trnh qut lin dng cng tn s qut dc. Do tn s qut dc khng i, nn hin tng rung hnh hu nh khng xy ra.
Hng qut ngang
Xung qut dng Xung qut mnh
Qu trnh qut dng c hon thnh khi tng s dng qut phi l s l (525 hoc 625) v tn s qut dng bng 1,5 ln tch ca s dng v tn s qut dc. T mi quan h tn s ny s cho ra kt qu ca qu trnh qut cch dng nh trong hnh 1.7. Trong hnh ny, im cui ca lt qut dc th nht nm trung tm ca dng, v vy im xut pht ca dng qut dc th hai cng nm trung tm ca mt dng (chnh xc l dim gia ca dng u tin). Phi mt hai lt qut mi qut ht mt nh gm hai mnh: mnh 1 bao gm tt c cc dng l v mnh 2 bao gm tt c cc dng chn. 1.7.5. phn gii ng
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Hng qut dc
Hnh 1.7. Qut cch dng: a) mnh qut b) dng xung qut
Khng ging nh phn gii ngang thng b gii hn bi rng band tn ca h thng, phn gii ng li b gii hn bi s lng cc dng qut trn hnh. Cc hnh ngang hoc gn k, nhng chi tit nh c ly mu bng tn s khng gian ca s dng qut th hin qua s dng qut tch cc. Tiu chun Nyquist ch ra rng cc tn s vt qu 1,5 chu k ly mu s khng ly c mu chnh xc nn ngi ta c th kt lun gii hn phn gii theo hng dc o TVL l 1.5 s dng tch cc. Tuy nhin, trong thc t gin hn ny c th cao hn bi v hin tng mo do chng ph, khng hon ton che khut tn hiu. Trc y, trong h thng truyn hnh, ngi ta t tn cho t l gia phn gii gii hn biu kin v s dng tch cc l h s Kell. N nm trong phm vi t 0.5 n 0.9 v thng ly 0.7. Kt hp qut cch dng v chng ph theo chiu dc cc bin ngang s gy ra hiu ng gi trong qu trnh ti to li nh t nhin, chnh l hin tng rung hnh cc bin ngang gn k v hin tng rung hnh theo hnh ch chi mt phn ca nh c hng tp trung theo chiu ngang. Hiu ng ly mu theo chiu dc xy ra bt c h thng no c s dng qut dng, v vy n tn ti trong cc h thng video s cng nh truyn hnh. loi tr hon ton hin ng ny, tn s u vo trn gii hn Nyquist phi c lc ra trc qu trnh ly mu. iu ny c ngha l, qu trnh lc phi c thc hin phn quang hc ca camera trc khi qu trnh qut xy ra b cm bin nh. 1.8. BIU DIN MU SC 1.8.1. c trng mu sc ca nh sng nh sng t nhin l mt ngun sng tng hp cc sng in t nm trong gii ph c bc sng t 400 n 700nm (10-9m) m mt ngi c th quan st c. S phn b ph bin ca nh sng trng tng i ng u trn ton b di nh sng quan st c mc d c rt nhiu loi nh sng trng. Ngc li, s phn b ca nh sng mu khng ng u, thng c t hai vng ph tr ln. Qu trnh phn chiu nh sng trng t b mt ca nhng vt t nhin c th c s chn lc bc sng, iu ny to ra c tnh mu sc ca vt. Sng ca nh sng bc sng ca mu sc c phn chiu, bc sng khc t nhiu b hp th thay bng b phn chiu Mt ngi nhn bit c mu sc bng ba loi t bo hnh nn khc nhau trong b th cm ca vng mc. Chng phn ng khc nhau vi nhng mu sc khc nhau v pht tn hiu ba chiu ti no, ti y mu sc s c nhn bit. Chnh v qu trnh nhn bit ny m mt ngi cm nhn mu sc khng ging vi mu sc vt l. Mt h thng ti to mu sc thng quan tm ti cc thng tin v
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mu sc vt l (phn b ph), tuy nhin n vn phi ti to li c cm gic mu sc m ngi xem cm nhn c. T th k th 17, Isaac Newton ch ra rng tt c cc mu sc u c th cm nhn ch bi t ba mu tng ng vi ba thnh phn cm th mu sc trong mt v iu ny c trnh by thng qua thuyt ba mu. y l c s cho nh mu, in mu, sn mu v cc h thng truyn hnh mu. 1.8.2. Cc mu c bn Thuyt ba mu cho rng bt k mu sc no cng c to ra bi s kt hp ca ba mu, c gi l cc mu c bn (hnh 1.10). Ba mu c bn s dng trong h thng truyn hnh ny: , lc, lam. (gi tt l RGB). Khi trn ba mu theo t l bng nhau th s thu c mu trng . Mi mu c bn c mt mu ph tng ng, m khi trn vi mu c bn ca n s to ra nu trng. Mu ph ca mu l mu l, ca mu lc l mu mn chn v ca mu lam l mu vng nh biu din hnh 1.8. Nh vy trong s l nh mu cng nh trong k thut truyn hnh mu ngi ta ch dng ba mu c bn biu din cho v s cc mu sc ca nh bng cch pha trn nhng mu sc c bn ny theo nhng t l mu nht nh.
Ph ca mu lc
ti
Lam
Cc mu c bn
Vng
Ph ca mu lam
Ph ca mu
Lc
Hnh 1.8. Cc mu cng v tr c bn
1.8.3. H thng truyn hnh thnh phn Trong h thng truyn hnh mu, camera phi pht i ba thnh phn mu sc iu khin cc ngun nh sng , lc, lam ca mn hnh. Camera video chuyn nghip thc hin vic ny bng cch s dng ba b th cm hnh nh c qut ng thi v ba b ny c b phn lc mu sc ph hp t c c tuyn ph tng ng. u ra ca b th cm s truyn tn hiu iu khin ba sng in t
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ca my thu. Cc camera gi thp hn ch s dng mt b th cm c b lc mu sa sai thu ba mu t khu vc ln cn trn b mt th cm. Qu trnh x l in t ca cc tn hiu camera ny cho php ly ra cc thnh phn mu sc RGB. Khi h thng ln, vic x l cc tn hiu thnh phn mu sc trn ba mch song song tr nn phc tp, c nhiu tn hiu video mc ni tip v khng th thc hin c khi cc tn hiu mu analog c truyn hoc pht qung b trn mt knh n. V vy, cn thit phi c mt h thng mu tng hp kt hp ba thnh phn mu sc thnh mt tn hiu n . Ch rng, trong h thng s m cc thnh phn RGB c s ho, vic kt hp cc knh s cho mt trong ba thnh phn, mt knh n gin ch l qu trnh chuyn i song song-ni tip. Tuy nhin, to ra mt tn hiu tng hp mt h thng analog khng phi l mt cng vic n gin v thng c lin quan n cc quy c v ch tiu k thut. Do , bt c mt h thng no c thit k theo tiu chun k thut s u khng nn s dng cc tn hiu tng hp analog. D vy, rt nhiu h thng s i t analog sang s v vic s ho cc tn hiu tng hp analog c miu t di y l rt c ch trong giai on chuyn tip . Mt s thao tc k thut gip h thng mu tng hp analog c th s dng vo h thng s cng rt hu ch vi cc h thng s. Phn bn lun di y s ch ra iu . Tuy nhin, phn bn lun h thng tng hp ny mi ch dng li vic khi qut. 1.8.4. H thng mu tng hp Mt ngi cn c mt c tnh na gp mt phn kh quan trng cho h thng truyn hnh mu. T cch thu thp thng tin trong no, c th nhn thy l mt c phn gii km vi cc vt th c mu sc hn l vi cc vt en trng. V vy, mt h thng video cng phi gim phn gii, khai thc c tnh ny ca mt, cc tn hiu mu c bn ca mt h thng video to bi camera cn phi c cu trc li thnh cc mu sc ring bit v n sc ging nh cch m mt thc hin. Thuyt ba mu cho rng, bt c mt tn hiu ba mu no xut hin, u c th thc hin php chuyn i ma trn tuyn tnh ca cc tn hiu thnh phn R,G,B thnh mt tn hiu n sc ( chi) v hai tn hiu hiu mu. Cc tn hiu mu l cc khc nhau v mu sc, c ngha l khi khng c mu ta c kt qu bng 0. y l kt qu ca php tr tn hiu chi cho cc tn hiu mu thnh phn. 1.8.4.1. chi v cc thnh phn tn hiu mu Tn hiu chi c c tuyn ph tng ng vi ng chi (hnh 1.9), n th hin chi tng i m mt ngi thu c nhng ph mu khc nhau. Tn hiu chi Y c tng hp bng cch kt hp cc tn hiu R, G, B theo cng thc:
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Y = 0,59G + 0.30R + 0,11B
(1.6)
Ch l trng s ca mu sc cng thc chi l thch hp vi s cm nhn ca th gic v chi ca mu sc. Mu lc xut hin chi nht, mu ti hn v mu lam l ti nht. Cc tn hiu mu nhn c bng cch tr Y vi R v B to ra tn hiu R-Y v B-Y. Nhng tn hiu ny c th truyn i vi di band tn c rng mt na do s phn gii ca mt km hn. chi cc tn hiu mu c s dng rng ri trong h thng tng t v s.
1.0
0.5
400 440
480
520
560
600
640
680
Hnh 1.9. ng cong chi
1.8.4.2. Tn s qut cch dng Mt c tnh khc ca tn hiu video l c th kt hp cc thnh phn tn hiu chi v cc thnh phn tn hiu mu thnh mt knh n. iu ny c l gii l cc thnh phn tn s to bi tn hiu video c qut hu ht u tp trung xung quanh hi ca tn s qut dng.
210 x fH
Bin
211 x fH 212 x fH
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Tn s MHz
Hnh 1.10. Ph ca tn hiu video n sc 18
V mt ton hc, iu ny c th c chng minh bng php phn tch Fourier cc tn hiu video tiu biu, song n c th c chng minh theo trc gic bng cch quan st v thy rng, cc thnh phn c ngha nht ca sng video l tn hiu xo dng, l mt chui xung ca tn s qut dng. Tt nhin, ph ca xung ny c th bao gm tn s qut dng v hi ca n, nh hnh 1.10. Bn cht ny l ph nng lng tn hiu tp trung vo gn hi ca tn s dng. C ngha l, c th qut cc dng v i tn hiu m cc thnh phn tn s ca n hu ht c th b gim gia cc hi ca dng. Nu iu ny c thc hin mt cch chnh xc s gim thiu c nhiu gia hai tn hiu. 1.8.4.3. H thng truyn hnh mu tng hp NTSC H thng truyn dn mu tng hp u tin l cng ngh truyn hnh mu NTSC xut hin ti M vo nhng nm 50. H thng ny kt hp cc tn hiu thnh phn ba mu thnh mt tn hiu tng hp ph hp vi knh 6MHz, knh ny s dng cho truyn hnh qung b en trng. Hn na, tn hiu ny c th p ng c tnh tng hp gia truyn hnh mu v truyn hnh en trng, tc l tn hiu mu en trng c th thu c tn hiu mu v c en trng na. H NTSC hin nay vn c s dng hn 50 nm sau khi ra i.
Di tn hiu sc Sng mang mu
Di bin tn hiu chi
210 x fH 211 x fH
Bin
212 x fH
Ph tn hiu chi
Ph tn sc c chn
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Tn s MHz
Hnh 1.11. Ph ca tn hiu video mu tng hp minh ha qu trnh chn tn s
h truyn hnh mu NTSC hoc PAL, hai tn hiu mu c iu bin nn vung gc c im ca phng php iu ch ny l sng mang ph s bng 0 khi khng c tn hiu, n xy ra khi truyn nh en trng. V vy, tn hiu sng mang mu s bin mt nh en trng hoc cc vng n sc ca nh mu. Bi v cc tn
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Sng mang mu c chn min tn s cao ca ph tn hiu chi, bi v c tnh ca tn hiu video l cc thnh phn tn s cao thng nh v s nhiu tn s cao th kh nhn thy hn tn s thp. C hai vn ny iu lm gim kh nng nhn cc s xuyn m gia cc thnh phn qut dng. Mt c im cui cng gp phn lm gim thiu s xuyn m gia cc thnh phn ca tn hiu NTSC l phn gii ca mt tu theo mu. V vy, bng cch chn cc thnh phn mu ph hp, n s gim di tn s tn hiu mu R-Y v B-Y c th n hn mt na, iu ny yu cu thay i tn hiu mu R-Y v B-Y thnh hai tn hiu Y (cng pha) v Q (cu phng). Biu thc ma trn ca tn hiu ny l: I = 0.6R - 0.28G - 0.32B Q = 0.21R - 0.51R + 0.30B Trong tiu chn NTSC, tn hiu I c truyn vi di thng l 1,3MHz, tn hiu Q c di thng l 0,5MHz, v tn hiu Y c s dng ton b di thng 4,2MHz. Bng 1.3 a ra cc thng s thc t cho ba h truyn hnh.
Danh mc Tn s qut dng T l qut cch dng Tn s qut mnh (Hz) fH (Hz) Di thng tn hiu chi (Mhz) fSC (Hz) Di thng tn hiu sc (Mhz) NTSC 525 2:1 59,94 15.734.26 4,2 3.579.545 I = 1,3 Q=0,5 PAL 625 2:1 50,0 15.625 5,0 hoc 5,5 4.433.619 U = 1,3 V = 1,3 SECAM 625 2:1 50,0 15.625 50 hc 5,5 4.250.000 4.406.250 DR = 1,3 DB = 1,3
Bng 1.3. Cc thng s h thng ca cc h thng mu tng hp
Tn s mnh 59,94 Hz ca h NTSC c s khc bit rt nh so vi tn s 60Hz v mt l do rt quan trng. Nhm gim thiu hin t ng nhiu iu bin xuyn c th xy ra gia tn s mang m thanh 4,5MHz v tn s mang ny th tn s qut
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dng phi l c s nguyn ca 4,5MHz. Tn s gn nht tn s dng 15.725Hz ca tiu chun mn hnh trng en l c s th 286 ca 4,5MHz l 15.7345,26Hz con s ny chia cho 525 v nhn vi 2 s cho tn s mnh 59,94 Hz. 1.8.4.4. H thng truyn hnh mu tng hp PAL Vi nm khi h NTSC a vo s dng, h truyn hnh mu PAL ca chu u cng c pht trin v tha h ng thnh qu ca h thng NTSC, n c di thng ln h n h NTSC v n c dng qung b chu u. Cng ging nh NTSC h PAL cng p ng c tnh t ng hp i vi h thng truyn hnh en trng chu lc ny. Hu ht cc n c chu u c h thng en trng 625 dng v c tng s qut mnh l 50Hz. Vi rng band tn l 5,5MHz, h PAL s dng tn s qut mu cao h n h NTSC v c di thng ca 2 tn hiu mu l nh nhau cho mi knh. T h PAL dng trc tip cc thnh phn B-Y v G-Y. Cc thnh phn ny c gi l U v V. Cc biu thc ca n l: U = 0.493(B-Y) V = 0.877(R-Y) Tuy nhin c s khc bit quan trng h PAL chnh l tn gi ca h ny o pha theo tng dng c nh du bng k hiu trong biu thc. Pha ca sng mang mu tn hiu V s b o ng c t dng ny n dng khc. Mc ch ca n l sa mo pha, mo ny c th gy nn s mo sc ca mu, y chnh l nh c im ca h NTSC, mc d n c th gim bt khi cc h thng v thnh phn c thit k mt cch cn thn. Cc thng s ca h PAL cng c cho trong bng 1.3. 1.8.4.5 H thng truyn hnh mu SECAM Mt h thng truyn hnh mu khc c pht trin ti Php c tn l SECAM v n c s dng hai sng mang iu tn mang hai tn hiu hiu mu B-Y v R-Y. H thng ny loi b cc thng s bin v pha bi v cc thng s ny khng quan trng vi iu tn. Tuy nhin n ch c s dng Php v Lin X c. Cc thng s ca SECAM cng c cho trong bng 1.3 1.8.4.6 Cc vn ny sinh vi mu tng hp Mc d hin nay c khong 10.000 trm pht hnh ti hng trm triu my thu trn ton th gii, tt c u s dng mu tng hp, song nhng h thng ny vn cn rt nhiu vn cn gii quyt. Kt qu ca qu trnh iu ch mu v qut cch dng khng hon ho, phn gii tn hiu en trng b tiu hao, phn gii mu b gim qu nhiu khng th ti to c truyn i t my tnh. Qut cch
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dng to ra mt hiu ng gi v cc tn hiu li khng chp nhn hin t ng nhiu hoc mo do vic truyn hay ghi hnh gy nn. Nhn chung, ng i xem truyn hnh u hi lng vi h thng hin c, song l do ch a c h thng no h chn la. Tuy nhin, cn ni thm l cc tiu chun truyn hnh hin nay cn nhiu hn ch. y l mc tiu ca nhng ng i ang nghin cu pht trin tiu chun HDTV mi. S dng k thut s, nhng hn ch ca truyn hnh tng hp s c loi b v bng cch p dng cng ngh nn hnh s, cc tn hiu c phn gii cao h n nhiu s c truyn i trn cng cc knh c tn s 6MHz ang c s dng cho h thng NTSC. Tt nhin, mi h thng u c hn ch ring, song cc tiu chun HDTV c s ci thin cht l ng ng k h n c so vi cc h thng khc. Tuy nhin qu trnh chuyn i t t ng t sang s s rt kh khn i vi h thng ny. Trong th gii ca k thut s khng c khng gian ginh ring cho mu tng hp 1.9. CC TN HIU VIDEO T NG T Cc tn hiu do qu trnh qut nh to nn c x l trong camera v nh dng theo tiu chun ca camera. Cng vi vic xc nh cc tn s qut nh tiu chun video t ng t cng xc nh r dng sng ca tn hiu video. 1.9.1 Dng sng tn hiu video Cc dng sng video t ng t c th nhn thy trn mn hin th dng sng hoc trn OSC, n c ng b ho vi tn hiu ca c nh, mnh v t l dng. bt c cc t l ny thng tin video th ng l ngu nhin v tt nhin n s thay i khi nh thay i. Tuy nhin phn xo dng v ng b ho tn hiu video khng thay i v lp i lp li v vy chng xut hin rt nt. Hnh 1.12 biu din cc dng sng video ca tiu chun truyn hnh NTSC. Nh biu din hnh 1.12a. l dng tn hiu video trong mt chu k qut dng, n minh ha chi tit d liu trong khong xo dng bao gm xung ng b dng v burst ng b mu. Burst ng b mu bao gm t nht 8 chu k tn tn s sng mang mu. Hmh 1.12b minh ho chi tit khng xo mnh. Trong khong xo mnh c cha mt xung ln ng b qu trnh qut mnh, tuy nhin trong khong rng xung ny, cc xung hp li b bin thnh hnh rng c a ng b ho qu trnh qut dng. Bi v mi quan h gia s dch cc xung dng v xung mnh gia mnh chn v mnh l do t l tn s cn cn qut cc dng nn cc xung hnh rng c a trong khong ng b mnh v cc xung cn bng xung quanh c tn s gp i. Nh xung mnh v cc xung quanh n ging nhau c mnh chn v mnh l.
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nh mc trng
Mc en Xung ng b dng Khong xa dng Tn hiu hnh trn dng VBI Bust mu
Xung ng b mnh
Xung ng b mnh v cn bng
Hnh 1.12. Dng sng tn hiu video NTSC
Hu ht cc h thng truyn hnh u c mt vi b phn v tn hiu video phi c truyn gia cc b phn , v vy phi ra cc tiu chun kt ni video xc nh cp, b kt ni, mc in p. iu ny gip cho cc b phn ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau c th kt ni cng mt h thng. 1.9.2. Cc c im ca truyn hnh tng t Tn hiu u vo v u ra ca mt h thng video lun l tn hiu tng t ngay c khi h thng c s ho ton b, ngi ta vn s dng cc thng s video tng t nh gi h thng s. 1.9.2.1. Thang xm c tuyn thang xm c kim tra bng mt nh c dng bc thang hoc bng mt tn hiu c dng bc thang xm c biu din trn hnh 1.13. Hnh (hoc tn hiu) bao gm cc bc thang xm cn bng cc bc ny c th c to li tuyn tnh bi h thng. Bng cch a ra 2 nh: 1i ln v 1 i xung, chng ta c th so snh c tuyn ca im gia. Vi h thng tuyn tnh tht s, im gia s gp nhau chnh xc 50% thang xm. Nu h thng kim tra c li gamma th cc bc ny s gp nhau im khc nhau nh hnh miu t.
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th thang xm
Dng sng tuyn tnh
Dng sng phi tuyn
Hnh 1.13. nh kim tra thang xm minh ho dng sng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
1.9.2.2. T l tn hiu trn tp nhiu T l tn hiu trn tp nhiu (SNR) c o bng cch o tch ring tn hiu v tp nhiu. Tuy nhin mt h thng tng t, tn hiu ng b v tn hiu xo phi cng xut hin th mi c tn hiu. Php o SNR, v vy c thc hin bng cch cung cp tn hiu hin mnh dng phng, tn hiu ny thng phi l 50% chi ng u ca thang xm. Cng do tp nhiu dng o s thay i (s thay i ny chnh l tp nhiu) ca mnh xm. ng thi, mnh phng c th c quan st trn b kim tra dng sng v chng ta c th nh gi c dy ca dng thuc mnh phng. Cng thc SNR l: SNR = (mc tn hiu en ti trng)/( dy ca dng thuc mnh phng) Phng php ny c th c dng khi nh gi tp nhiu mi bc thuc thang xm kim tra tp nhiu chi ca h thng. Vic kim tra tp nhiu mnh phng kh hn khi dng camera bi v camera c th gy ra s thay i v phng (gi l bng) trn mnh phng khin ngi ta nhm vi tp nhiu. 1.9.2.3. Cc thng s mu sc Vic kim tra mu sc ph thuc vo bng cht h thng l tng hp hay thnh phn. h thng thnh phn, ch tiu mu sc c xc nh bi s kt hp cc mc tn hiu. i vi vic kim tra cc tn hiu dng ny cn phi a vo h thng mt tn hiu mu RGB dng thang. Mt h thng c iu chnh ng s to ra cc tn hiu mu RGB dng thanh u ra ca n. Hnh 1.14 m t mt nh mu dng thanh v cc dng sng RGB ca n. Mt h thng tng hp s to ra cc dng sng c trng vi nh dng ca n. V d dng sng NTSC cho nh mu dng thanh nh m t trong hnh th 3 ca hnh 1.14. Hnh mu dng thanh mt h thng NTSC hay PAL cng c th c quan st trn mt mn hnh c bit l mn hnh dao ng to sng hin th cc
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thnh phn chi, mn hnh ny ch r ta cc mn hnh ca pha v bin sng mang.
nh
Dng sng RGB
Dng sng NTSC (75 bin )
Hnh 1.14. Cc tn hiu thanh mu RGB v nh
1.10. TN HIU AUDIO TNG T Hu ht cc m thanh t nhin l s kt hp phc tp cc sng m thanh c tn s v dng sng khc nhau. V vy, ph ca tn hiu m tiu biu u phc tp nh nhau, gm mt hoc nhiu tn s c bn, song hi ca nhng tn s v cc sn phm ca s bin iu xuyn. V a s tn s c bn ca m thanh u di 500Hz nn ph trn mc tn s ny ch bao gm cc sng hi. iu ny c ngha l mt nng lng ca quang ph m thanh s gim tn s cao. y l mt c tnh cn c khai thc trong qu trnh nn tn hiu hoc trong cc h thng gim tp m. Tn hiu m thanh l lng cc, v vy chng dao ng trn hoc di gi tr zero. Khi c tuyn tn s c hin tng b ct thnh phn tn s thp, s khng c thnh phn mt chiu trong bt k mt tn hiu no. Khng ging nh tn hiu video vn c cu trc da vo qu trnh qut nh, tn hiu audio tng t hon ton khng c cu trc. Khng c bt c khong cch no trong tn hiu audio m ta c th on c gi tr ca n, hoc c th chn thm thng tin vo c. Mt khi tn hiu audio c s ha chng ta c th xy dng cu trc ca n dng s. iu ny l cn thit nh vic ly li thi gian chun cho ng h v chng li trong h thng s. K thut audio tng t rt pht trin, cc c tnh ca tn hiu c hiu rt cn k. Cc phng php o c s dng rng ri. Phn bn lun di y l nhng c tnh quan trng nht v ngha ca chng trong mi trng s.
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Nguyn l c bn xy dng dng ph rt quan trng trong vic nghin cu cc c tnh ca tn hiu audio. y l nhc im c hu ca h thng tng t, tuy nhin sang h thng s n c khc phc. S suy yu c bn ca h thng s ch xy ra b phn A/D v D/A. Theo , ng dng duy nht ca cc c tnh tng t trong h thng s l b phn chuyn i A/D v D/A. Cc thnh phn cn li ca h thng s c nh gi ch cn da vo cc ch tiu ca li. Tuy nhin, h thng s c mt vi qu trnh c th nh hng n ch tiu k thut ca h thng tng t. Mt trong nhng qu trnh l nn d liu; nu qu trnh nn d liu xy ra trong h thng th chng ta phi nh gi tc ng ca n ln ch tiu k thut ca h thng. Hn na, nu qu trnh nn v gii nn din ra lin tc trong h thng, s gy ra nguy c mo tn hiu trong tng hp , qu trnh nn v gii nn s xy ra bt c thi im no m tn hiu truyn qua my ghi m. 1.10.1. c tuyn tn s Khong tn s t 20Hz n 20kHz 0.1dB nhm d phng cc tng analog to nn c th ca c tuyn tn s. Trong khi iu ny th hin trong sut cho mt ng truyn th cn lu n mi t bn vng nh ton b h thng. Nh cp trn, hu ht con ngi khng th nghe c ngoi phm vi 30 n 15.000 Hz, v khng ai c th pht hin c s thay i c tuyn phm vi 0,1dB. Tuy nhin, mt vi my CD nhng c tnh nh vy n gin ch l u th ca k thut s. c tuyn tn s ca h thng s tng ng vi c tuyn tn s ca h thng tng t c xc nh trc tin bng vic chn tn s ly mu, sau l qu trnh lc tn s ti cc im ca b A/D v D/A. Khi s dng k thut ly mu tn cao c cp trong phn 1.12 v trong chng 2, th cc ch tiu m t trn y l tng i d chp nhn mt h thng audio s. Tuy cc ch tiu trn kh cao, nhng nu h thp gi thnh thit b cng khng gim ng k. c tuyn tn s tng t c o nh mt lot cc tn hiu hnh sin u vo c tn s khc so vi tn s ca b phn ang kim tra, v quan st bin ca tn hiu u ra. Vic ny c th thao tc n gin bng tay vi nhng tn s ring l hoc c th thao tc bng nhng thit b t ng qut tn s qu phm vi v v s tn hiu u ra. V c nhng tn s thp, nn qu trnh xc nh c tuyn tn s c th mt mt vi giy (nu l t ng) n vi pht (nu bng tay). c tuyn thng c trnh by di dng biu bin nh hnh 1.15. Do phm vi tn s rng, thang o tn s c chia theo logarit v tung c tnh theo dB tng ng vi c tuyn mt tn s trung tm, thng l 1.000Hz. Phn ln cc n v u th hin c tuyn dng phng trn ton b
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phm vi tn s trung tm v dc xung mi u. c tuyn tn s c xc nh r bng cch a ra mt gi tr dung sai, trong khong c tuyn phi thc s c nh hng n phm vi tn s c xc nh. Hnh 1.15 l mt v d v dng c tuyn phng trong khong 20 dB trn phm vi t 20 20.0000Hz.
6 Bin (dB) -6 20 -4 -2 0 2 4
50 100
200
500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Tn s (Hz )
Hnh 1.15. th c tuyn tn s audio in hnh
1.10.2. T l tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) Mi h thng in t u c tp m, vn ch l ch gi cho tp m va nh so vi cc tn hiu yu cu ton b ch tiu hot ng ca h thng c th chp nhn c. Trong mt h thng audio tng t, SNR c xc nh bng dB tng ng vi mc tn hiu bnh thng. i vi h thng audio, c ting n v tn hiu u c tnh theo gi tr qun phng (rms). H thng ny c thit lp cho mc tn hiu bnh thng 0dB, tn hiu b kh v tn hiu thu c u ra (c xc nh l tp m) c o xp x l 0dB. y l mt phng php o n gin cho kt qu l mt s n. Quang ph ca tn hiu tp m cng l vn cn quan tm. iu ny cng quan trng i vi cc h thng audio v nhy ca tai vi tp m gim xung v tr cui tp m. N s nh gi c tuyn tn s ca tai (hnh 1.14). Mt vi chun mc c cung cp vi mc ch ny, v vy khi thc hin qu trnh o tp m c trng s, ngi ta phi xc nh r k thut trng s. Trng s c s dng rng ri nht l A v CCIR. Trong h thng audio s, t l tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) ca analog tng ng khng b nh hng bi phn s ca h thng. N ch b nh hng bi qu trnh chuyn i A/D v D/A. Vic o SNR cc phn s ca mt h thng m khng c
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tn hiu hin thi s l v ngha. Phn s tng ng ca SNR analog thng c coi nh l t l li bit. 1.10.3. Mo tn hiu Tnh phi tuyn ca cc c tnh chuyn i h thng analog gy ra hin tng mo (bin dng). min tn s, ngi ta c th coi s mo l nhng thnh phn tn s tp do s xut hin ca mt tn hiu gy ra. Cc c tnh a ra u l bin dng hi ton phn (THD), v khi s bin dng hi vt qu khong 1% th ta c th nghe thy s bin dng ny. Cc thnh phn mu ca h thng analog thng a ra nhng gi tr nh hn rt nhiu d phng trong h thng ln. Qu trnh xc nh bin dng analog c thc hin nh s dng mt tn hiu m thun hnh sin (i vi ton h thng) v im o, qu rnh lc ra tn hiu m thun s do mt thit b lc khc nhn thc hin. Ci cn li sau b lc ny chnh l THD. Tuy nhin, n cng cha c tp m ca h thng, iu ny c l s hn ch n qu trnh o, nhng bin dng nh trong cc h thng n. THD c xc nh l s phn trm ca mc tn hiu bnh thng, tt c c phn nh bng php o s sai lch bnh phng trung bnh (rms). Bin dng c th l mt hm tn s tn hiu v iu ny c ngha trong vic thit k h thng. Song hu nh ch tiu k thut a ra u b qua vn ny v xc nh bin dng cho mt tn s tn hiu l 1000Hz. Mo tng ng phn tng t trong h thng audio s ch b nh hng bi qu trnh chuyn i A/D v D/A. Vic xc nh bin dng h thng nhng phn s l hon ton v ngha. 1.10.4. Dch chuyn pha Nu thi gian tr h thng analog thay i theo tn s tn hiu, h thng s bo li dch chuyn pha. Ban u, tai c v nh khng nghe thy nhng li ny. Tuy nhin, dch pha c th xc nh c v i khi c xc nh r trong cc thnh phn ca h thng cht lng cao. Lu thng s ny rt quan trng i vi mt h thng video, h thng ny n c gi l mo thi gian truyn nhm. Ngi ta o s dch chuyn pha nh s dng mt tn hiu hnh sin u vo v so snh pha tn hiu u ra vi u vo. Nu dch chuyn pha l mt hm tn s tuyn tnh ca tn hiu u vo, khi s tr l n nh v khng c bin dng. i vi cc h thng s, dch chuyn pha hu nh ch xy ra cc thnh phn qu trnh chuyn i A/D v D/A. Phn a cc b lc s u khng c li dch chuyn mc d b lc s IIR c th a vo nhng sai s ca pha. V nhng c tnh ny b lc IIR rt t c s dng trong h thng audio s. 1.10.5. Mo sai tc m tn
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Cc tn hiu audio tng t truyn qua mt s thit b nh my ghi bng t tnh hoc my ghi a c th phi chu s bin iu tn s do c s chuyn ng khng ng nht v chuyn ng c hc ca bng v a. N c xc nh bi nhng thng s ca s mo sai tc m tn v phch ng (W&F). Ngi ta o W&F bng cch t mt tn hiu kim tra (thng 3,15kHz) ln h thng v o u ra thng qua b tch sng bin iu tn s FM c iu chnh n tn s kim tra. W&F c xc nh l bin iu tn s ton phn rms biu th s phn trm ca tn s kim tra. Mt h thng s phi c di 0,1%, mc ny chng ta khng th nghe thy. Mt s tiu chun p ng c qu trnh o ny, chng s thay i cc n v o c s dng (rms, nh v.v) v qu trnh lc knh cn o tuy nhin vn phi tn trng ng tn s kim tra. Hu ht qu trnh o u hn ch rng band tn ca W&F phm vi t 0,5 n 200Hz. Song vn c nhng chun mc o rng band tn cao hn nhiu thu sng FM nh cc hot ng to m c cu bng. Trong h thng s, W&F ph thuc vo s n nh ca ng h ly mu s dng trong b chuyn i A/D v D/A. T khi nhng ng h ny c sn xut bi b dao ng my to sng in t cho mc n nh cao, cc tnh nng W&F ca h thng s thng thp di 0,001%. 1.11. CHUYN I TN HIU AUDIO TNG T SANG S Nhng tham s ca qu trnh chuyn i A/D l tn s ly mu v s bit/ mu. Theo chng 2 qu trnh s dng h thng s quyt nh rng band tn nh mong mun cc ch tiu ca SNR. iu ny to ra cc c tnh ca tn s ly mu v s bit/mu. Cc h thng audio s bao gm t CD cc h thng audio s Hi-Fi n mt vi h thng c thit k cho in thoi truyn m thanh cht lng cao. Trong s c nhng tiu chun audio s dng cho my tnh c nhn, y t l ly mu thp hn do yu cu lu tr d liu v phi s dng nn d liu. Bng 1.4 a ra mt vi tiu chun ly mu tiu biu.
Telephone (-low) Tiu chun CD-DA stereo WAV mono (speech) WAV stereo (music) 8,0 Fs (KHz) 44.1 11,05 22.1 8 Bit/mu 16 8 16 3,5 Di thng (kHz) 20 5 10 64.000 Tc d liu (byte/s) 176.400 11.050 88.400
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Bng 1.4. Cc tiu chun ly mu audio in hnh
Do tn hiu m tng t l lng cc, nn tt c cc h thng u phi da vo s m ho b ca c hai cc mc d nhng h thng nn c th s khng truyn mu trc tip trong nh dng ny. Hu ht cc h thng u s dng qu trnh lng t ho tuyn tnh, tr mt s thit b nh in thoi s dng lng t ho phi tuyn theo lut . N ti u ho vic s dng mt lng bit nh/ mu h thng ny. S dng b lc u vo b chuyn i A/D nhm loi b nhng tn s ca tn hiu u vo cao hn 1 tn s ly mu l ht sc quan trng bi v khi ly mu, nhng tn s ny s to ra nhng thnh phn tn s tp do s khc nhau gia tn s audio v tn s ly mu. Nhng tn s ny c gi l tn s chng ph v b lc ny c gi l b lc trnh chng ph. V nhng tn s ny khng lin quan n bt c tn s no ca m nn n rt d b nghe thy. Vi mc ch nh vy, mt b lc analog cn phi c dc cao, tuy nhin thit k c b lc ny l rt kh v gi thnh cng tng i cao. Mt cng ngh c th to iu kin thun li cho cc yu cu ca qu trnh lc c gi l ly mu tn s cao (oversampling). phng php ny, m analog c ly mu cao hn chu k ly mu thng thng, nu khng mt b lc u vo s c s dng. Sau khi ly mu, ngi ta s s dng b lc s y bt c thnh phn chng ph no t tp xung quanh tn s ly mu cao v do y l tn s ly mu cao ta khng nn chng ghp di thng m. Mt dng khc ca k thut ny li s dng h s ly mu tn cao ln nhng ch s ho 1 bit/mu. K thut ly mu tn cao s c ni r thm phn 2.3.1 Lu l k thut ly mu tn cao ch c th p dng cho cc tn hiu m tn c rng band tn thp m him khi c s dng cho video v tn s ly mu cn thit s tr nn qu cao so vi cc mch thng dng. 1.12. GIM TP M Tp m trong khi thu hoc ghi m c th nhn bit c khi ngun m tnh hoc ngng li. Trong sut thi gian ny ngi nghe c th nghe c tp m nh mt m sut. Rt nhiu h thng c thit lp th cm ting n ca m thanh v sa i n trong nhng khong lng ting n khng n c tai ngi nghe. H thng ny c s dng rng ri c bit l my ghi m.
1 2
30
Bin php c bn c gi l p gin hnh 1.16. u vo ca h thng mc m thanh c th cm v h s khuch i ca h thng c iu chnh sao cho nhng m thp hn s c h s khuch i cao hn cn nhng m cao h s khuch i gim do knh s khng b qu ti u ra ca h thng. C th xy ra hot ng ngc li lu tr di ng ca h thng. Kt qu l tp m ca knh s b loi i i vi tn hiu mc thp bng vi s lng m b p gin tng h s khuch i ca nhng tn hiu ny. Thng thng ting n gim 10dB hoc hn na.
Ng vo tng ch thay i tng ch thay i Ng ra
H thng
iu khin
iu khin
Hnh 1.16. S khi p gin
Qu trnh p gin t ra rt nhiu vn , bao gm vn thch ng hoc xc nh qu trnh x l u vo. l sn phm ca mt vi cng ty phc v cho c nhng c s thu bng chuyn nghip v ngi tiu dng, cho mt vi knh truyn hnh, bao gm m thanh a knh trong truyn hnh v tuyn qung b truyn hnh s phn gii cao (HDTV). 1.13. H THNG VIDEO S Nhng h thng video s cng yu cu cc tiu chun cng loi. Mt vi h thng video s thng xc nh r vic ly mu trc tip ca dng sng analog tng hp, y l h thng s tng hp. Nhng h thng khc thao tc trc tip vi cc tnh hiu RGB v trnh c qu trnh x l mu tng hp. y c gi l cc h thng s thnh phn. Vic x l mt h thng tng t tng hp c lin quan s dung ha v cht lng ca tnh hiu, iu ny cng khng th thiu c i vi qu trnh s ho, trong khi cc h thng thnh phn li trnh c s dung ha ny ngay t u cho nn cht lng hnh nh cao hn. Di y l mt vi nt khi qut v h thng video s. 1.13.1. H thng s tng hp Trong mt h thng s tng hp, tn hiu NTSC hay PAL c to ra bnh thng nh trong mt thit b tng t, v qu trnh chuyn i A/D c thc hin trn tn hiu n ny. Do cc tn hiu ny, sng mang mu l mt thnh phn c nng lng cao v bin cng nh pha ca n phi c ti to mt cch chnh
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xc nn thng phi s dng tn s ly mu ng b vi sng mang mu. Hu ht cc h thng u ng b vi clock ly mu 3 hoc 4 sng mang, vi 8 bit trn mu. N a ra tc d liu nh trong bng 1.5.
Tiu chun NTSC NTSC PAL PAL fs (KHz) 3fSC 4 fSC 3 fSC 4 fSC Bit/mu 8 8 8 8 Tc d liu Mb/s 85.9 114.5 106.3 141.8
Bng 1.5. Cc thng s ly mu ca cc h thng s tng hp
Mt vi h thng s tng hp x l cc tn hiu nhm thay i b m ha, di chuyn khong xa dng-mnh, hoc to ra mt s thay i khc tn dng trit cc th mnh ca k thut s. 1.13.2. H thng s thnh phn Trong h thng s thnh phn, ba thnh phn mu c lp s c s ha tn s ly mu, gn bng nh tn s ly mu h thng tng hp. V vy, tc dng s h thng s thnh phn s cao hn tc dng s h thng tng hp. Ngay t khi h thng truyn hnh s ra i, y ban t vn quc t v thng tin v tuyn (CCIR) v ngy nay l lin on vin thng quc t (ITU) m nhn trch nhim thit lp cc tiu chun nh dng ly mu tn hiu video s thnh phn. thun tin trong qu trnh trao i quc t, cc tn hiu truyn hnh s, tn s ly mu c quy c l khng c mi quan h no vi tn s sng mang trong cc h thng tng t. y l s la chn hp l t thc t l cc h thng thnh phn khng c sng mang mu. Tn s c la chn l 13,5Mhz, nhng bin th ca n s c gii thch trong phn 2.3.3. Tiu chun ITU, cn gi l ITU-R BT cng hng dn cch s dng cc thnh phn mu khc nhau h PAL hay NTSC c th gim rng band tn v c ly mu l c s ca tn s ly mu c bn. y c gi l ly mu con mu v c th xy ra vi h s chia 2:1 hoc 4:1 di tn s c bn (13,5Mhz). Tt nhin, ly mu con cng c ngha l phi gim rng band tn ca mu sc, iu ny li tri vi yu cu qu trnh x l thnh phn. Song, ly mu con vi t l 2:1 vn c s dng rng ri. Mt thit k n gin ca ITU-601 xc nh: 4:4:4 ly mu ton b cc thnh phn R,G,B
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4:2:2 ly mu con theo dng vi t l 2:1 R-Y, B-Y 4:1:1 ly mu con theo dng vi t l 4:1 R-Y, B-Y 4:2:0 ly mu con theo dng v theo ct vi t l 2:1 R-Y, B-Y Lu rng cc thnh phn mu sc khc nhau l R-Y v B-Y. n gin, nh dng ny thng c vit di dng YUV hoc YCrCb, bng 1.6 a ra tc d liu ca nhng s la chn mu ny. 1.13.3. Cc tiu chun a s Tn hiu hnh nh c ghi trn CD-ROM bng cch s dng mt s phng php nn d liu ln. V vy, cht lng hnh nh gim rt nghim trng v khng th chp nhn c i vi mt h thng chuyn nghip. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ca nh dng DVD da vo cng ngh ghi a quang tng t nh CDROM, cht lng hnh nh ang c ci thin dn. Cc DVD lm tng mt ghi t 650 MB nh dung lng mt mt ca CDROM ln 4,7GB. iu ny, kt hp vi nh dng hai mt, hai lp, cho php ghi ti 17GB trn mt a n 12cm. S dng k thut nn MPEG-2, cc ch tiu k thut ca video tng ng vi ch tiu ghi hnh ca h NTSC v PAL s nhn c vi thi gian c l 1 gi/mt mt hoc lp. N tng ng vi tc nn d liu l 10Mb/s. Ging nh a CD-ROM, DVD l a ch c, hoc ti a ch ghi mt ln. V vy, n rt hu ch cho vic phn phi chng trnh nhng li khng th thay th c nh dng bng t phc v cho vic ghi v c thng thng. 1.14. AUDIO S a CD l mt trong nhng ng dng u tin ca cng ngh audio s. N chim lnh th trng bng a thu m v to ra bc t ph ca my tnh c nhn thng qua a CD-ROM v mt vi ng dng khc. 1.14.1. a compact (CD) Cng ngh ghi a quang c pht trin vo nhng nm 70 v xut hin ln u tin dng analog l a hnh laser (LVD). Sn phm ny cha bao gi xut hin trn th trng tiu dng nhng li ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong lnh vc gio dc v o to. V trong lnh vc ny kh nng truy cp ngu nhin ca a ghi ph hp hn bng ghi. a CD, c Sony v Philip pht trin v gii thiu vo u nhng nm 80, vn p dng cng ngh LVD ghi s trn a nha c kch thc 12cm. y chng ta ch cp n cc thng s ly mu. S la chn cc tiu chun ca CD cho audio s (CD-DA) phi m bo yu cu v cht lng, rng band tn t nht
33
l 18KHz v SNR phi ln hn 90 ng b, chuyn sang tn s ly mu l 44,1KHz v 16 bit/mu, m ha s dng iu ch xung m (PCM) v khng c nn. M ha knh chng li bao gm m khi Reed-Solomon v chn m. Tiu chun CD-DA cho ra i mt h thng tng i mnh nhng ch dng c. Nh s tin b ca k thut s, gi thnh mi thit b vi y cc tnh nng k thut gim ng k. 1.14.2. Bng m thanh s Tip theo nhng thnh cng ca a chuyn i, mt h thng bng t c pht trin v to ra mt h thng c kh nng ghi c phi hp cc ch tiu ca a CD. y chnh l bng m thanh s. DAT c s dng trc tin trong lnh vc thu m chuyn nghip hoc c s dng lu tr d liu trong my vi tnh c nhn, n c kh nng lu tr vi dung lng trn 4 GB. 1.14.3. m thanh trong PC My tnh c nhn c kh nng lu tr v x l bt c tn hiu thuc v k thut s. Do vy, x l m thanh s vi cc PC l mt iu hon ton t nhin. Nhng PC trc y khng c phn cng (A/D v D/A) x l cc m thanh analog cht lng cao ti card m thanh. Ngy nay, mi PC u c card m thanh. Tuy nhin, d liu c to ra theo tiu chun CD-DA (9MB/pht) l qu nhiu cho kh nng lu tr ca hu ht cc PC, do vy cc tiu chun m thanh c bit ca PC c xy dng cho php iu chnh cht lng m thanh ph hp vi kch c ca d liu mt vi cp . Tiu chun thp nht a ra c tn s ly mu l 11,05 KHz 8bit/mu, n ch ph hp vi li ni s dng tc d liu 0,66 MB/pht. Tn s ly mu v s bit/mu c nhn i khi p dng cho m nhc. Tiu chun ny cng c th dng cho m thanh ni (stereo) vi tc d liu ln ti 4,5 MB/pht. Cc tiu chun audio cho PC cng bao gm phn nn, da trn thut ton ADPCM. Thut ton AD-PCM c th gim tc d liu i 4 ln trong khi cht lng gim khng ng k. Cn lu l, c im phi cu trc ca mt tn hiu audio s a ra kh nng nn d liu t hn nhiu so vi tn hiu video. 1.14.4. Tng hp nhc C hai yu cu khc nhau cho cc b tng hp. Mc ch th nht l ti to cc dng c pht m mc chun nht c th, hai l to ra nhng m thanh mi v k l khng c trong t nhin. C hai mc ch ny u quan trng nh nhau. Phng php tt nht tng hp m thanh t nhin nh l m thanh ca cc b kh c nhc c gi l b tng hp sng m. phng php ny, cc nhc c
34
c ly mu theo k thut s, c mi ln mt nt, thng ch mt vi im trn phm vi tn s ca nhc c . Nhng mu ny c lu tr trong b nh ca b tng hp v khi mt nt nhc c c, mu gn nht c chn t b nh s dch chuyn tn s nh qu trnh x l s, mt h thng c thit k hon chnh, m tng hp s rt trung thc. C rt nhiu loi hnh tng hp khc nhau, tuy nhin loi hnh c s dng nhiu nht l tng hp FM, loi hnh ny FM s l bin iu tn s. Nguyn l ca phng php ny l mt hoc nhiu b dao ng c tn s b bin iu bi tn s khc to ra ph ca di band tn. Ph ny s c lc to nn m thanh u ra. m thanh c tng hp theo loi hnh ny rt mm do. Tuy nhin, vic lp chng trnh cho m thanh l rt phc tp v khng thuc v lnh vc trc gic ngay c i vi nhc s. Song, n vn ph bin nh kh nng truyn ti nhiu tnh nng mc gi thp. D vy, n cng khng tt bng qu trnh ly mu tng hp m thanh thc ca nhc c. 1.15. AUDIO A KNH Hai hoc nhiu knh m phng nhng m thanh t cng mt ngun vi cng s phn b khng gian to ra nhng m thanh gn vi thc tin hn v ngi nghe c th th cm c tnh c hng ca m thanh. Mc d nhiu thit b a hp cc knh audio ph hp cho ghi hoc phn b nhng mc ch thng vn l gi cho cc knh c lp vi nhau ch vi vic trn knh xy ra trong khng gian, ni m thanh c thu. Vi cch ny, cm gic nh trong mt khong khng gian tht s tng ln r rt. Audio hai knh c gi l m thanh ni. N c s dng rng ri trong qu trnh ghi v qung b c pht thanh ln truyn hnh. Cc knh c gi l tri (L) v phi (R) tng ng vi v tr ca loa. Cm gic m thanh nh trong khng gian thc c th tng ln khi cho thm mt hoc vi knh m phng pht m pha sau ngi nghe. y l nguyn l ca m vm, c s dng rng ri trong khi chiu phim v nhanh chng c p dng HDTV s. H thng ny cung cp 5.1 knh, vi 5 knh c rng band tn ln nht v mt knh dng loa li trm ph. Mt vi my thu TV cung cp m vng m phng rt hiu qu ngay c khi truyn hnh ch pht bng m ni.
35
Chng 2: S ho tn hiu audio v video
Chng 2 S HA TN HIU AUDIO V VIDEO

2.1 GII THIU Hu ht cc tn hiu audio v video t nhin l dng tng t, nhng hu ht cc thit b lu tr v truyn ti tn hiu hin nay c thc hin da trn phng thc s, cho nn chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang s l mt mt yu cu cn thit. Cht lng tn hiu ti a ca mt h thng audio v video s hu nh c quyt nh ton b b chuyn i tng t sang s ADC. Cn cc phn t khc trong h thng s c th c kh nng ti to li mt hon ho tn hiu nhng khng th ci thin c cht lng hnh nh v m thanh tt hn tn hiu s ha sau b ADC. Hiu c y nhng hn ch ca b ADC l rt quan trng trong vic thit k v s dng cc h thng s v y cng l mc ch ca chng ny. 2.2. CC BC CA ADC Cc bc chuyn i bao gm qu trn lc trc loi b nhng tn s qu cao khng th s ha c ti u vo, qu trnh ly mu dng ri rc ha tn hiu theo thi gian, qu trnh lng t ha chuyn bin tn hiu tng t sang dng s, v cui cng l qu trnh m ha ch r cch thc biu din ca cc gi tr s. Mi mt qu trnh ny c cp trong cc phn di y. phn cui ca mt h thng s, tn hiu anolog ban u s c phc hi t chui cc mu nh b chuyn i s sang tng t, b ADC c nhim v chuyn cc mu thnh cc xung iu ch bin , sau b lc thng thp loi b cc thnh phn tn s ly mu cao hn.
Tn hiu analog Tin lc Ly mu Tn hiu digital M ha
Lng t ha
0111 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000
Hnh 2.1. S khi ADC
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Nh trn hnh 2.1, trnh by mt s khi khi qut ca khi ADC, qu trnh ly mu v lng t ha lm vic da trn cc c tnh trc giao ca tn hiu (thi gian v bin ), iu ny c ngha l chng c lp vi nhau. V vy, c hai bc ny c th c thc hin theo c hai trt t, tc l c th lng t ha trc thay bng cch ly mu trc nh trong hnh. 2.2.1. Tin lc v ly mu Ly mu l qu trnh c cc gi tr ca tn hiu tng t theo chu k xc nh. Thng thng cc mu c xu hng nht thi, c ngha l mu c ly trong khong thi gian ngn hn chu k ca tn s ly mu. rng ca mt mu l s phn trm ca chu k tn s ly mu, trn chu k ny mu c ly trung bnh. u ra ca qu trnh ly mu l mt chui cc gi tr tng t (cc mu) tng ng vi cc im dng sng, ni din ra qu trnh ly mu. N thng l cc dng xung tn s ly mu, v bin ca tn s ly mu biu th cc gi tr ca mu.
Tn s ly mu cao
Tn s ly mu theo Nyquist
Tn s ly mu thp
Hnh 2.2. Gii hn tn s ly mu
Qu trnh ly mu c thc hin mt tn s n nh, fS l tn s ly mu. Theo l thuyt ly mu, tn s ly mu phi cao, to c cc thnh phn tn s cn thit cao nht ca sng u vo. Theo tiu chun Nyquist th tn s ly mu c xc nh bi: fS 2 fMAX Trong : fMAX l tn s cao nht phi c to ra. Vic lc u vo c s dng m bo s khng c cc thnh phn tn s no cao hn fMAX. Bi v cc b lc dc nhn thc t thng mc phi mt s kh
37
khn nn fS c thit lp phn no cao hn tiu chun Nyquist. Ly mu 2,2 n 2,5fH l thng dng nht. Mt vi h thng ly mu vi tn s cao hn nhiu c gi l ly mu tn cao s bn n trong phn 2.3.1
Di tn c bn ca video
fs
2fs
Tn s ly mu cao
fs
2fs
Tn s ly mu theo Nyquist
Chng ph
fs
2fs
Tn s ly mu thp
Hnh 2.3. Ph ly mu
V d trn hnh 2.2, trnh by qu trnh ly mu di, trn v ti tn s ca tiu chun Nyquist. Ni dung ca mt chui mu c th c xc nh bng cch ni cc nh mu theo mt ng thng. Hnh 2.2 cng ch ra rng cc mu to ra tn s tn hiu chnh xc cho n khi tn s tn hiu vt qu 1,5 tn s ly mu. im ny, tn s u ra s to nn s khc nhau gia tn s ly mu v tn s tn hiu. y l mt kt qu sai v ngoi mong mun c gi l hin tng chng ph. Mc thit hi ca n ph thuc vo ng dng. V d trong cc h thng audio, tn s chng ph c coi nh l nhng tn s khng lin quan v v vy c th loi b. Cn i vi video, chng ph gy ra cc hnh trn nh c to c th thit hi hoc khng. Tiu chun Nyquist cng c th c quan st trn min tn s. Mt chui cc mu c th c coi nh l mt hm xung nh k tn s ly mu m bin ca n c iu ch bi cc gi tr ly mu. Ph ca mt xung nh k bao gm mt thnh phn tn s ly mu cng vi cc thnh phn cn bng bin tn s lp li v cc sng hi ca n. Mi mt thnh phn c di band tn biu th s iu ch bng cc tn s tn hiu biu din trn hnh 2.3 vi ba iu kin ng vi hnh 2.2. Chng ph xy ra khi di band tn ca thnh phn tn s ly mu chng ln di band tn ca thnh phn tn s ly mu bng 0. Nu hin tng chng xy ra s
38
khng c cch no loi b n sau khi ly mu, phi ngn chn ngay t qu trnh tin lc u vo. T hnh v ta nhn thy, c th xy ra hin tng chng lp bt c khi no tn s tn hiu ti a cao hn 1,5 ln tn s ly mu, v vy y ch l mt cch biu th khc ca tiu chun Nyquist. Khi cn thit phi x l cc tn s tn hiu gn gii hn Nyquist, yu cu t ra cho b lc u vo tr nn kh khn. Nh trn hnh 2.3b, dc ca b lc phi nhn trnh xy ra hin tng mo tn hiu cn thit trong qu trnh kh cc tn s gy chng ph. 2.2.1.1 Qu trnh ly mu trong mng hai chiu Sng video analog thu c t qu trnh qut s c ly mu theo tng dng qut. Qu trnh ly mu ny trong b ADC bin din mt mng hai chiu (chi tit dng). N c th c quan st trong gii hn ca nh nh ch ra trong hnh 2.4. trnh nhiu, tn s ly mu thng c ng b vi tn s qut dng. Nu y l mt mi quan h c tnh chnh xc th qu trnh ly mu s xy ra ti cc im ging nhau trong mi dng (cn gi l ly mu trc giao) nh hnh 2.4a. Hnh 2.4a minh ha qu trnh ly mu quincunx, qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cch ly tn s ly mu l mt bi s l ca hai ln tn s qut dng. Cc nh trong qu trnh ly mu khc nhau c th xy ra vi nhng mi quan h phc tp hn, v trn nh s xut hin hin tng nhiu nhiu hn.
Trc giao
quincunx
Hnh 2.4. M hnh ly mu khng gian
Qu trnh ly mu quincunx c nhiu u im do to ra phn gii cao mi hng, nhng li khng c s dng nhiu bi v n lm cho qu trnh x l s ca cc tn hiu tr nn kh khn hn. 2.2.1.2 Hin tng chng ph trong mng hai chiu
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Hnh 2.5 biu din dng ca chng ph trn mt ng cho en vi nn mu trng. Hnh 2.5a biu din mt ng nh b che bi mt hnh ly mu trc giao, v Hnh 2.5b biu din kt qu ly mu khi u ra ch da vo mu sc (en hay trng) ti thi im ly mu. y l dng nhn quen thuc thng xut hin trn mn hnh my tnh khi hin th cc dng k ngang, k dc hoc cc bin.
Hnh 2.5. Hin tng chng ph
Hnh 2.5c biu din hiu ng ca hin tng trnh chng ph, ti cc gi tr ca u ra c da vo s lng ca cc vng ly mu cha dng (mt hnh ch nht biu th chu k ly mu s cng ra trong mi mng v a v trung tm ca im ly mu). Nu hnh nh c quan st t khong cch xa th ngi ta c th nhn thy dng c trnh chng ph d chu hn cc cc dng nhn. Khi s dng mt b lc t trc b ly mu, th kt qu cho nh hnh 2.5c. T khi b lc loi b cc thnh phn tn s trn gii hn Nyquist, th cc bin ca dng sng tn hiu s b dc ti im thi gian tng ln xp x bng mt chu k ly mu. Qu trnh ly mu tc thi ca bin dc ny s t ng to ra cc bin trung gian chnh xc cho cc im nh ti cc bin ca nh. 2.2.1.3 rng ly mu Vic ly trung bnh gi tr cc mu trn phn trm c ngha ca chu k ly mu gy ra s gim st bin mu nhng tn s cao, nh ch ra trong hnh 2.6. Phm vi ly mu c biu th bng vng bng trn hnh, vic ly trung bnh trn rng ny cho ra cc gi tr c biu din bng dng chm, gi tr ny nh hn cc gi tr c c bi mu tc th ly ti nh ca sng tn hiu. y c gi l hiu ng gc m, n xy ra trong nhiu qu trnh x l video.
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rng mu Gi tr trung bnh
Hnh 2.6. rng mu
Trn thc t, gim c dng sin(x)/x v c biu th trn hnh 2.7. Tham s rng W l s phn trm ca chu k ly mu. gim ny c ngha i vi rng mu cc i (W=100), ti gii hn Nyquist, c tuyn gim xung cn 63,6%. Tuy nhin, hnh 2.7 ch ra rng rng ca mu t hn 20% c th c b qua.
1.0
W=20
c tuyn tng i
0.9
W=50
0.8
W=100 0.7 0.6 0
10
20
30
40
50
Tn s (phn trm ca fs)
Hnh 2.7. Ly mu hiu ng gc m
2.2.1.4. Mu v lu tr Khi thc hin qu trnh ly mu trc khi lng t ha, ngi ta thng s dng mt mch ly mu v lu tr cc gi tr mu trong mt thi gian b lng t ha thc hin chc nng ca mnh. Mch ny, nh trn hnh 2.8, thu mu bng cch ng mch trong mt thi gian ngn np cc gi tr c mu cho t. Khi mch h, t s lu gi tr ca mu cho n khi c xung ly mu tip theo. V vy, cc mch ca b lng t gn nh c c ton b chu k ca tn s ly mu hot ng ng logic ca mnh.
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Tn hiu tng t
Mu v gi u ra
Xung ly mu
Hnh 2.8. Mch ly mu v lu tr
2.2.2 Lng t ha Lng t ha l qu trnh chuyn i mt vng lin tc ca cc gi tr tng t thnh mt b gii hn cc gi tr ri rc. Vi nh ngha ny, qu trnh ly mu c th c coi nh l lng t ha theo trc thi gian bi v cc mu biu th cc gi tr tn hiu ch cc thi im thi gian ri rc ni din ra qu trnh ly mu. Tt c cc gi tr tn u vo gia cc im ly mu u b loi b trong qu trnh ly mu. Nh m t trong hnh 2.5, qu trnh lng t ha theo thi gian ny s gy ra hin tng nhiu, biu th bng cc ng rng ca. D vy, thut ng lng t ha vn c s dng rng ri vi ngha to ra tn hiu ri rc ch vi trc bin . y cng l cch hiu v lng t ha trong cun sch ny.
Tn hiu thoi
Mc lung t
Hnh 2.9. Lng t ha: a) phm vi bin chia thnh lng t, b) tn hiu c lng t ha, c) li lng t ha
u ra ca b ly mu l mt chui xung ri rc theo thi gian, nhng bin vn lin tc. Cc gi tr bin phi c lng t ha n c th biu th di dng s trong mt s bit xc nh. Hnh 2.9 biu din hiu ng lng t ha, khng ly mu. Hnh 2.9a ch r, di bin c chia ra thnh tng vng v b lng t p dng cng gi tr vi bt k bin no trong phm vi mi vng. Do vy, vi mt u vo tuyn tnh, u ra ca b lng t s thc hin tng bc tun t t
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mt gi tr lng t ti gi tr tip theo. Tt c cc gi tr trung gian ca tn hiu u vo b mt. V d ny l lng t ho tuyn tnh bi v tt c cc gi tr lng t c cng kch thc. i vi lng t ha, s lng N bit trn mt mu th s mc lng t hoc gi tr lng t s l (2N), c chn ln khng nhn thy hay nghe thy tnh ri rc ca cc mc. Gi tr c bn l 8bit/mu cho tn hiu video v 16 bit/mu cho audio, mc d cc gi tr khc c th c s dng trong nhng trng hp c bit. Bn cht sai s lng t c th c quan st trn hnh 2.9c. Li ny l s khc nhau gia tn hiu dc thoi trong hnh 2.9a v dng bc thang trong hnh 2.9b, n c dng rng ca m bin nh-nh ca n chnh l rng Q ca mt mc lng t. Ch rng, sai s ny s gim tuyn tnh khi tng s mc lng t. 2.2.2.1 Cc mch ca b lng t Cc b lng t c thit k da vo mch b so, b ny so snh gi tr tn hiu ca u vo vi mc in p chun. N pht ra tn hiu s bng 0 khi gi tr tn hiu nh hn gi tr chun, v bng 1 khi gi tr tn hiu trn mc chun. Gi tr chun ny i khi cn c gi l ngng ca b so. Cc b so phi rt n nh, chnh xc ( pha u vo, y l cc b so snh tng t) v phi ngt t 0 n 1 i vi s thay i rt nh ca cc gi tr u vo Hnh 2.10 ch ra cch ni b so c s dng cho lng t ho. Trn mi mc gi tr lng t ca mt b so, tn hiu u vo c s dng cho tt c cc b so, mt thang in tr s thit lp cc gi tr chun ca mi b so ti mt mc cao hn. Bi v phng php ny ly 2N b so, n ch thc hin vi khong N= 8 n 10 bit (tt nhin tt c cc b so u c tch hp trong IC). C 2N u ra t thang b so nh trong hnh 2.10, ton b u ra l 1 cho n tn mc gi tr lng t ca tn hiu u vo v s bng 0 khi mc gi tr lng t cao hn. Cn thm vo mt b logic nhm gim s u ra t cc b so cn N u ra. B logic ny gi l b m ha u tin v n c tch hp trong IC ADC. Kin trc ca b so trn hnh 2.10 thc hin lng t ho trc qu trnh ly mu, qu trnh ly mu xy ra trong b m ha u tin. y c gi l mt ADC tc cao, mt trong nhng loi ADC nhanh nht. Nhng kin trc khc c s dng trong cc b lng t khong hn 10 bit do s b so cho mt ADC tc cao khng hot ng c. Mt phng php ph bin hn l s dng b lng t xp x lin tc, n ch c mt b so dng so snh in p u ra vi in p u vo ca b DAC. Tn hiu s vo b DAC c iu chnh bi vng hi tip cho n khi u ra ca b so c gi tr bng 0. V vy, tn hiu ti u ra b DAC tr thnh tn hiu u vo b ADC. Phng php ny rt
43
chnh xc vi s bit cao (v d, N= 16) nhng li rt chm do vng hi tip phi i qua N php lp t ti gi tr u ra cho mi mu. N vn c th p dng cho audio nhng khng dng c cho video.
B so snh
fs
VREF
255 D7 255 D6
...........
B chia bin 255
B m ho chn l
Ngt 8 bit
D5 D4 D3 D2 D1
u vo analog
+ _
255
D0
255
255
Hnh 2.10. ADC tc cao
2.2.2.2. Thit lp phm vi bin Mt b lng t khng th cung cp u ra cao hn (hoc thp hn) u ra c xc nh bi gii hn ca phm vi mc lng t. Nu nh tn hiu u vo vt qu phm vi ny, th cc gi tr u ra phi bo ha ti gi tr ti a (hoc ti thiu). Trong thut ng ca h thng analog, c gi l xn, n biu th hin tng mo nghim trng cn phi trnh. S c th phi to ra mch vo ph bi v hu ht cc thit b s ch n gin l chuyn i chu k n gi tr bng khng khi vt qu gi tr s ti a, iu ny thm ch cn t hi hn c hin tng bo ha. Do s iu khin tn hiu khng bao gi chnh xc tuyt i nn hu ht cc tiu chun s ha u cho rng cc mc tn hiu phi c thit lp khng phi s dng ht phm vi lng t. iu ny cho php b qua lng gim nh ny. V d hnh 2.11 a ra cc tiu chun mc cho s ha tng hp l SMPTE 224M v s ha thnh phn SMPTE 253M. Cn lu rng trong hu ht cc mch video, mc
44
chch xc ca nh ng b hoc mc en ca nh s x dch xung quanh chi trung bnh ca nh bi v thnh phn DC ca tn hiu khng xut hin trong mch. duy tr nh ng b hoc mc en ca tn hiu mt mc s xc nh, thnh phn DC phi c lu tr trong ADC, iu ny c thc hin nh ghim mc tn hiu. y n gin ch l mt mch iu khin mc nh ng b hoc mc en ca nh v iu chnh h thng gi c mc n nh ny.
255 nh mc trng 200
Mc en Bust mu Xung ng b Khong xa dng Tn hiu hnh trn dng
60
Hnh 2.11. Cc mc lng t tn hiu video SMPTE 244M NTSC tng hp
Trong trng hp s ha tn hiu audio, hiu ng th cm do qu trnh xn thm ch cn km hn tn hiu video, v cc mc audio kh iu khin hn. Kt qu l, cc h thng audio s thng s dng cc mc iu khin t ng hoc cc phng tin hn ch trnh xy ra hin tng trn, v chng vn c th hot ng c khi s dng bin bo v l 3dB hoc hn na. Khi cc tn hiu audio khng c thnh phn DC th khng cn thit phi s dng qu trnh ghim. 2.2.2.3. T l SNR Khi tn hiu chim ht di lng t, sai s lng t c th c coi nh tp m ln vo tn hiu tp m l ngu nhin vi gi tr nh-nh (p-p) ca mt bc lng t v l mt hm mt xc sut ng nht (pdf). T l tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) c th xc nh mt cch n gin i vi trng hp tn hiu l sng sin nh php phn tch sau y: Gi s mt tn hiu hnh sin chim ht di lng t c L mc (L=2N, trong N l s bit/mu). Khi sai s lng t c gi tr p-p ca mt mc lng t hoc 1/L, SNR da trn cc gi tr p-p bng L. Nu s dng cho audio, SNR c xc nh l t s rms ca tn hiu trn rms ca tp m, v phn tch trn s ng ch khi t s pp trn rms ca tn hiu v tp m l nh nhau, nhng iu ny li khng xy ra. i vi mt tn hiu sng sin, gi tr rms l 0,354sp-p, nhng i vi tp m lng t (gi
45
thit l pdf ng nht) s l 0,29Sp-p. V vy, SNR cao hn L 1,22:1 (1,76 dB) chuyn tt c sang dB ta c SNR(dB) = 6,02N+1,76 (2.2)
y l i vi audio, i vi video SNR l t s ca p-p ca tn hiu trn rms ca tp m, v vy h s 0,354 c th c loi b. Kt qu i vi video l: SNR(dB) = 6,02N+10,8 (2.3)
Biu thc (2.2) v (2.3) ch p dng cho trng hp tn hiu ln, chim ton b phm vi lng t. Khi tn hiu nh hn, hiu ng tp m lng t s tng ln do tn hiu chim mc lng t t hn. Tp m ny tr nn ph thuc vo tn hiu, n chnh l mo ch khng phi tp m na. i vi audio v c video, hin tng mo tn hiu thp vi mt b lng t ng nht c m t trn y tr nn rt nghim trng v khng th chp nhn c. Rt may vn ny c th c loi b nh s dng tn hiu dither. 2.2.2.4. Lng t nhn to audio, tp m lng t hin r trong on mc thp ca rnh m, tp m ging nh mt loi mo ht ch hon ton khng ging nh tp m ngu nhin. Vic s dng dither chuyn hin tng mo ht ny thnh m tp ngu nhin c th d dng c chp nhn hn. video, tp m lng t c th c quan st trn cc vng ca nh c bng m t mu ny, hoc chi ny sang mu khc, hoc chi khc. Chng ta c th quan st c st cc dng trn nh, ti gi tr tn hiu truyn qua t mc lng t ny sang mc lng t khc. iu ny khng r rt nu s dng 8bit/pixel, nhng rt r rng 6 bit hoc t hn trn pixel. Khi c mi tng quan gia cc dng k nhau trong nh, cc bc chuyn lng t xut hin ging nh nhng ng sng cc vng b bng m, rt ging nh cc ng cao trn bn a hnh. T php so snh ny, hin tng mo nh vy c th c gi l mo ng vin. 2.2.2.5. Dither Mo ng vin khng n ni qu ti so vi bn cht ca n, bi v nh gc cng cha mt vi tp m. Hiu ng ca tp m lm gy phn nh bin, v rt kh nhn. Thc t, hu ht cc ADC u c a vo, mt cch c ch nh, mt s lng xc nh tp m ngu nhin trc khi lng t gi l qu trnh dithering v gy ra li lng t xut hin ging nh tp m ngu nhin thay bng cc hiu ng tn hiu c lin quan nh tp m ht v tp m ng vin. Hnh 2.12a trnh by mt b lng t khng c dither. Hnh 2.12b trnh by
46
cch dither iu ch cc mc gi tr lng t v hnh 2.12c trnh by cch tnh trung bnh dither lm cho cc c tnh truyn t tr nn tuyn tnh. Tn hiu dither phi c bin chnh xc, v t c kt qu tt nht n phi c mt pdf hnh tam gic hoc Gaux. Mt pdf ng nht cng c th c s dng nhng nh vy s gy ra tp m trong tn hiu iu ch khi mc tn hiu thay i, iu ny l ngoi mun. Cc pdf hnh tam gic hoc Gaux, khng gy ra hin tng iu ch tp m vi mc tn hiu. Hnh 2.12d chng minh iu ny.
Output P Q P
Output
Output
P
2Q
Q/2 (rms)
Bin pdf ng nht
Bin pdf tam gic
Bin pdf gausesian
Hnh 2.12. Lng t ha vi dither: a) lng t, b) lng t vi dither, c) trung bnh ca dither, d) cc hnh phn b xc sut dither.
Dither gy ra tn hao nh cho SNR, nhng ng thi lng t tp m c ci thin l xng ng. V d, dither ca pdf hnh tam gic yu cu mt bin p-p ca hai mc lng t, v SNR da trn p-p/p-p l: SNR(dB) = 6,02N 3 (2.4)
Tn hiu u vo audio hoc video c th c sn mc tp m cho cng mt kt qu nh dither. Tuy nhin, nhng tn hiu ny s khng to ra bin tp m v pdf ti u di mi iu kin, v vy thng thng ngi ta thm dither ti u ha ring cho b ADC. 2.2.2.6. Ti lng t i khi cn thit phi gim s lng bit/mu. iu ny thng xy ra khi x l tn hiu c lin quan n php nhn bi qu trnh ny lm cho s bit/mu tng ln. Cui qu trnh, cc mu phi c gim ti s bit/mu ban u. Nu iu c thc hin bng cch b bt cc bit c gi tr nh nht th hiu ng ca dither trong
47
lng t ha ban u b mt v mt li lng t mi s c a vo. C th sa li ny trc tin bng cch thc hin dither s, sau lm trn ti s lng t bit cn thit. Qu trnh dithering s n gin ch l qu trnh cng thm cc bit ngu nhin ph hp vi cc bit cn kh. Sau qu trnh lm trn din ra da vo bit c gi tr ln nht trong s cc bit cn kh. Nu bit ny bng 0, th cc bit ngoi c loi b nhng nu n bng 1 th vic lm trn c thc hin bng cch cng thm 1 vo cc bit cn li. 2.2.2.7. Lng t ho phi tuyn Nh cp trn, mo lng t tng mc tn hiu thp khng chim ht phm vi ca b lng t. c im ny c th c khai thc bng vic to ra b lng t phi tuyn, c ngha l s dng qu trnh lng t tinh hn cc mc thp v th hn gn mc ti a. iu ny cng c p dng rng ri trong h thng in thoi s. N ging nh qu trnh p gin tng t vi phm vi bin ca tn hiu c nn trc knh truyn v gin sau knh truyn. Do c s ng nht, lng t ha phi tuyn cng c gi l qu trnh p gin nhm gi cho mc tn hiu trung bnh knh cao hn v v vy kh nng chng nhiu knh truyn tt hn.
= 255
1.0
Output
0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Input
Hnh 2.13. Lng t phi tuyn hm lut
Lng t ho phi tuyn s dng cho li thoi trong audio vi si bit /mu nh, v d nh 8bit/mu, c thc hin trc tin bng cch lng t s bit/mu cao hn, chng hn nh 12bit/mu, sau s dng bng tra cu gim xung cn 8 bit phi tuyn. Hnh 2.13 trnh by kt qu ny. Tt nhin, phi xc nh dng ng cong phi tuyn mt cch cn thn bi v n s c to li trong c b ADC v DAC. Hm thng dng nht l hm theo lut : Y= log(1+x)/log(1+)
48
Trong : X l u ra ti thit b theo lut , Y l u ra, M l mt tham s thng c thit lp bng 255. Phng php ny lm gim t l SNR i vi cc tn hiu ln, nhng li tng ln vi cc tn hiu nh hn. C kin cho rng s xut hin ca tn hiu ln s ln p tp m cao, nhng mt SNR nhng tn hiu nh s tt hn. 2.2.3. Tin nhn Mt k thut khc thng s dng trong cc h thng audio c gi l tin nhn. K thut ny khai thc trit tnh cht: cc tn s tn hiu cao hn thng c bin thp hn. V vy, bin ca chng c th c tng ln m khng lm h thng qu ti. Mt b lc tng t c chn ti u vo ca h thng nhn cc tn s cao, v mt b lc b xung c s dng sau b ADC cui ca h thng.
+10
c tuyn (dB)
0 10
+2
+4
+6
+8
50
100
500
1k
5k
10k
20k
Tn s (Hz)
Hnh 2.14. ng cong tin nhn cho audio
Hnh 2.14 minh ha chc nng tin nhn tiu biu. V s tin nhn gim bin qu ti ca h thng, nn phi rt cn thn khi s dng. Tin nhn khng c s dng cho video s. 2.2.4. M ha. Qu trnh gn cc bit cho cc mc lng t c gi l m ho. y c th l mt qu trnh n gin, v d nh h nh phn hay phn b ca 2, mt qu trnh phi tuyn nh lut , hoc c th l mt qu trnh rt phc tp vi mc ch thc hin nn d liu. 2.3. CHN TN S LY MU Tn s ly mu quyt nh rng band tn ca h thng t c m khng gy ra chng ph, n cng quyt nh tc bit c bn ca h thng theo biu thc: Tc bit = (tn s ly mu) * (s bit/mu)
49
gim thiu tc dng bit v gi thnh, hu ht cc h thng u s dng k thut nn v s tha hip gia tc dng bit v gi thnh. Tn s ly mu ng mt vai tr quan trng trong tha hip ny. V d, nu chn tn s ly mu gn vi gii hn Nyquist nht nhm t c tc dng bit thp nht s hon ton tha mn, nhng phi cn n mt b lc trnh chng ph kh t do phi chi ph cho vic s dng tn s ly mu cao hn nhm t c cc tnh nng hp l cho b lc. cc h thng video, vn t ra l qu trnh ly mu phi c ng b vi tc qut dng theo mt cch no y t c nh ly mu mong mun (xem phn 2.2.1.1) v s mu cn thit trong chu k dng tch cc. Nh vy s gim kh nng la chn tn s ti nhng gi tr xc nh. Cn nu c mt tn s c th s dng cho c qu trnh ly mu ca h NTSC v PAL, kh nng la chn s nh hn 2.3.1. Ly mu tn s cao Mt s la chn tn s ly mu rt gn gii hn Nyquist nhng thc t li rt xa gii hn ny. y l phng php ly mu tn cao, rt hu hiu trong trng hp thit b phn cng cn thit cho qu trnh ly mu tn s cao hn c sn. Phng php ny c p dng rng ri cho audio c tn s tn hiu thp, i khi p dng cho c video. Cch thc hin l ly mu vi bi s ca t l yu cu, nh 2, 3, 8, hoc thm ch ln n 64 (ch dng cho tn hiu audio). B tin lc analog cn thit loi b s chng ph tr nn d lp t hn bi v tn s ly mu v di thng nm cch xa nhau hn. Sau qu trnh ly mu v lng t ho, tn hiu s c lc ti di thng cui cng bng mt b lc s v tc ly mu, sau gim xung ti gi tr cui cng nh qu trnh thp phn ha, l qu trnh loi b nhng mu khng mong mun. i khi hai bc ny c phi hp trong mt b lc thp phn ho. Mt b lc s, vi cc thao tc nhn, s lm tng s bit/mu. Hot ng ny ca b lc l s nh i di thng, tng phn di bin , v s bit tng ln c hiu lc, ng thi c th c gi li. Cc bit m rng cn li ny phi c qu trnh lng t ha li loi b.
Ng ra digital
B lc analog
Ly mu
Lng t ha
B lc digiatal
B i 1/10
Lng t ha
Ng vo analog
chia n nfs
fs
Hnh 2.15. ADC ly mu tn cao 50
Hnh 2.15 l s khi ca mt b ADC ly mu tn cao, vi cc u im: 1. B tin lc analog ch phi loi b thnh phn tn cao, hn mt na tn s ly mu tn cao. c tuyn phng trong di band tn yu cu s t c d dng hn v gim xung ti tn 1,5 tn s ly mu tn cao. 2. Do qu trnh lc s thc s l lm tng s bit /mu, cho nn b lng t ban u khng cn phi c s mc nhiu nh yu cu kt qu cui cng. 3. c tuyn tn s cui cng (v s kh chng ph) c xc nh bi mt b lc s lp t trong IC cho hu ht bt k c tnh no ca c tuyn. c tuyn ca b lc s c th c ti to mt cch chnh xc v n nh. 2.3.2. Cc tn s ly mu audio Bi v tn hiu audio khng c cu trc, cho nn cc im khc nhau trong h thng phi c s ng b. Cc tn s ly mu audio c la chn trn c s xem xt rng band tn. Vic ny to ra s a dng ca tc ly mu audio, s c gii quyt nh cc tiu chun. Tuy nhin cc hng khc nhau chp nhn nhng tiu chun khc nhau, v vy hin ang tn ti mt s lng tiu chun kh phong ph. Bng 2.1 a ra danh sch cc tiu chun audio cho a CD, cc my ghi trong sn xut chng trnh audio, my tnh c nhn v in thoi.
Tn s bit/mu (Hz) 48.000 16 44.100 16 22.100 16 10.500 8 8.000 Bit/mu Di thng audio 20.000 20.000 9.000 4.000 3.500 Tc d liu 192.000 176.000 88.400 10.500 8.000 ng dng
16 16 16 8 8
Sn xut audio(stereo) a compact(stereo) PC WAV stereo-music PC WAV stereo-speech in thoi
Bng 2.1. Cc tn s ly mu audio
2.3.3. Ly mu video thnh phn ITU-R rec.BT.601 xc nh tn s ly mu cho cc h thng s thnh phn s dng tiu chun qut 525/59.94 hoc 625/50. Mt tn s n c s dng y, n cng cung cp cho qu trnh ly mu con theo t l 2:1 hoc 4:1 i vi cc thnh phn hiu mu. Vic chn tn s 13,5 MHz rt thch hp v tn s ny c th s dng cho c hai h thng qut 525 v 625 dng. Do cc di band tn khc nhau,
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mt tn s thp hn c th ph hp cho h thng 525 dng hn l cho h thng 625 dng, tuy nhin u im ca tn s n kh quan trng vi vic la chn mt tn s. Yu cu ch yu l qu trnh ly mu phi trc giao trn c hai h thng (xem phn 2.2.1.1), bi v cc h thng s thnh phn c s dng rng ri cho vic x l nh v cc hiu ng c bit, vi iu kin cc mu ny c t ti cng im trn cc dng k, mt yu cu na l phi trc giao khi t l ly mu c chia theo t l 2:1 hoc 4:1. Ly mu trc giao yu cu tn s ly mu phi l bi s chnh xc ca tn s qut dng. Nu iu kin ny c duy tr trong khi qu trnh ly mu con 2 hoc 4, th bi s ca tn s dng cng l bi ca 4, hai tn s dng l 15,625 Hz cho h thng 625/50 v 15.734,26 Hz cho h thng 525/59,94, iu ny lm gim s la chn tn s, thc t l khng th la chn c, khng c mt tn s n no c th p ng c tt c nhng tiu ch ny. 525/59.94 n
842 844* 846 848* 850 852* 854 856* 858 860* 862 864* 866 868* 870
625/50 n
848* 850 852* 854 856* 858 860* 862 864* 866 868* 870 872* 874 876*
Tn s
13.248.250 13.279.719 13.311.187 13.342.656 13.374.124 13.405.593 13.437.061 13.468.530 13.499.999 13.531.467 13.562.936 13.594.404 13.625.873 13.657.341 13.688.810
Tn s
13.250.000 13.281.250 13.312.500 13.343.750 13.375.000 13.406.250 13.437.500 13.468.750 13.500.000 13.531.250 13.562.500 13.593.750 13.625.000 13.656.250 13.687.500
Khc nhau
1.750 1.531 1.313 1.094 876 657 439 220 1 217 436 654 873 1.091 1.310
Bng 2.2. cc tn s ly mu video
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Gi s h thng 625/50 yu cu di band tn 5 MHz, khi tn s ly mu phi cao hn 10MHz, c th t 12 ti 13 MHz, mi tha mn c mt vi bin lc. Bng 2.2 lit k cc tn s l bi s nguyn chn ca tn s qut dng xung quanh tn s 13MHz. Cc s c nh du hoa th (*) l cc s c th chia ht cho 4. Lu , cc gi tr tn s phi khp vi bi 858 i vi h 525 dng v 864 i vi h 625 dng, v tn s l tng l 13,5MHz. Nhng 858 li khng chia ht cho 4, iu ny tng ng vi vic ly mu con 4 s khng to ra mt m hnh ly mu trc giao i vi h thng 525 dng. Tuy nhin, khng c tn s no ph hp hn tn s ny. Do vy 13,5MHz c chn lm tn s ly mu n . Nh cp trn, Rec.BT.601 khng ch chun b cc thnh phn RGB cho qu trnh ly mu y , m cn c cc thnh phn tn hiu hiu mu ph hp cho qu trnh ly mu con 2:1 hoc 4:1, vi di band tn thp hn. S la chn tn s ly mu trong cc h thng khc nhau c miu t nh cch nh du: 4 ch ra tn s ly mu c bn, 2 ch ra b ly mu con 2:1 v 1 ch b ly mu con 4:1. V vy, ly mu RGB c gi l 4:4:4, ly mu con 2:1 cc thnh phn hiu mu l 4:2:2 v 4:1 l 4:1:1. Mt s la chn khc y cho ly mu con 2:1 cc thnh phn hiu mu c ngang v dc l 4:2:0. N khng c ch ra trong Rec.BT.601 nhng c s dng trong h thng nn video. 2.3.4. Ly mu video tng hp Mc d khng trnh c hin tng mo tn hiu tng hp analog, vic s ha cc tn hiu NTSC v PAL vn c s dng rng ri trong h thng video (ch yu l tng t). K thut s l cch tt nht thc hin cc nhim v nh sa li thi gian gc, lu tr khung hnh, x l nh trong h thng analog tng hp. Do vy, nhng thit b ny phi kt hp cht ch b ADC v DAC thch ng trong h thng. Nhiu ng dng x l nh yu cu tn hiu s phi nm trong mt nh dng thnh phn, iu ny cng ng nht vi vic cc tn hiu s thnh phn phi c gi ha ti nh dng thnh phn trc bt k qu trnh no. y l mt bc rt kh khn, c th gy ra hin tng mo tn hiu v l mt nhc im ln nht ca tt c cc h thng thnh phn. Tuy nhin, cc h thng s thnh phn s rt tuyt nu chc nng duy nht ca n ch l lu tr hoc ghi tn hiu. ng b ha ADC vi sng mang cc tn hiu thnh phn thng l hon ton tha mn. Bi v sng mang thnh phn no phi di gii hn Nyquist, nn s la chn hp l l 3 v 4 thng c la chn nhiu hn. V vy, i vi qu trnh chuyn i ca h NTSC tn s l 14,318MHz v i vi h PAL l 17,72MHz. Qu trnh ng b c thc hin nh vic ly cc bust t tn hiu tng hp v s dng mt vng ph khoa to ra khung ng h ly mu.
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2.4. CHUYN I DNG S SANG TNG T Tn hiu audio hay video s sau khi truyn dn hay lu tr s c ti to li tn hiu tng t nh nguyn mu. Vic bin i tn hiu s ra tng t c thc hin nh b DAC, mch ny n gin hn ADC, tuy nhin vn cn mt vi vn cn xem xt. Hnh 2.18 gii thiu s khi ca b DAC tiu biu, thit k ph hp cho video. Cu trc ny c coi nh kin trc R-2R s dng cho hai gi tr in tr. u vo s ni tip c chuyn i sang mt nh dng song song, v mt ng h d liu c thit lp kha cc d liu nhm loi b bt c mt thnh phn tp no c th xut hin u vo. Qu trnh x l u vo cng bao gm mt mch ly mu (xem phn 2.2.1.5) cho mi bit. Mi bit chuyn mt nt ca mng t gi tr bng zero ti mc in p chun. Khi chuyn mch ln pha trn (bit 1), mt dng in c chia theo t l 2:1 cho s ln xut hin khi chy qua cc nt gia chuyn mch v u vo ca b khuch i thut ton. V d dng in ca chuyn mch LSB truyn qua 7 nt n b khuch i thut ton, v vy n c chia theo 128 (27). Mt khc dng in ca chuyn mch MSB chy trc tip vo b khuch i thut ton, v vy n khng c chia. V tr khng u vo ca b khuch i rt thp do s hi tip chm nn cc dng in t cc chuyn mch bi chuyn ln pha trn s tng hp tuyn tnh, v vy dng in u ra s l:
i0 = V REF 2R bit 0 bit1 bit 2 bit 3 bit 4 bit 5 bit 6 + + + + + + + bit 7 32 16 8 4 2 128 64
in p u ra ca b khuch i thut ton l ioR. Cc gi tr in tr R v 2R phi rt chnh xc s chuyn i l tuyn tnh, mt mc gi tr lng t l 256 hay 0,4% v nu mc gi tr lng t yu cu chnh xc l 1/10, khi chnh xc ca cc in tr yu cu phi l 0,04%. iu ny r rng thc hin c, nhng cc b DAC cho s bit cao hn li i hi mt phng php khc nhm t c cc yu cu v chnh xc. Cc vic chuyn mch trong kiu DAC ny u c th gy ra li nu nh c s hot ng khng ng u ti sng u ra ca b khuch i thut ton do hot ng chuyn mch. Nhiu b DAC thc hin qu trnh ly mu li sau khi chuyn i loi b li ny. Qu trnh ly mu c tnh thi gian bt u mun hn trong b chuyn i, nhng kt thc trc giai on chuyn mch tip theo, v vy n xy ra trong khong thi gian khi u ra ca b chuyn i gi tr n nh. B lc u ra ca DAC chy fs cng phi p ng nhng yu cu tng t nh b lc u ca ADC. Nu rng band tn yu cu gn vi gii hn Nyquist, vic thit k b lc s tr nn rt kh khn v gi thnh cao.
54
B lc thp
u ra analog
u vo digital
X l u vo digital
Khi phc clock
Hnh 2.16. B chuyn i s-tng t R-2R
Mt cng ngh ng thi c th gip ADC v DAC c s bit cao l ly mu tn cao. Trong b DAC ly mu tn cao, qu trnh lc c p ng tt hn v d chnh xc v s bit cng t c d dng hn.
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Chng 3: Truyn dn audio v video
Chng 3 TRUYN DN AUDIO V VIDEO S

3.1. GII THIU Tn hiu audio-video sau khi c s ho s c a n knh truyn truyn i hoc c th lu tr trn cc thit b ghi pht s. Truyn dn audio video l chuyn d liu t ni ny n ni khc vi nhng phng thc truyn khc nhau. T mt camcorder nh nht cho n mt mng ln nh mng ton cu internet, tt c nhng h thng s u phi i mt vi rt nhiu kh khn trong vn truyn dn tc l chuyn d liu t ni ny n ni khc. Ghi v lu tr l hai loi ng dng truyn dn khc, chuyn d liu t thi im ny ti thi im khc. Chng ny s bn n mt s cng ngh cng nh mt s h thng truyn dn d liu s. 3.2 CNG NGH TRUYN DN S Ton b mi trng truyn dn (c gi l knh), i vi tn hiu analog u c nhng hn ch nht nh, thng thng v di thng, tp m, khng n nh v thi gian gc v c tuyn bin phi tuyn. S suy gim analog ny c th gy ra li trong truyn dn s v vy n ph v u im c bn ca k thut s, mt cng ngh kh hon ho. Phn ny bn n mt vi cng ngh dng x l cc vn gp phi ca mi trng analog trong truyn dn s. Hnh 3.1. l s khi mt h thng truyn dn s tiu biu bao gm tt c cc phn t c th c trong h thng, mc d khng phi tt c mi h thng u c. 3.2.1. M ha Trong hu ht cc trung hp d liu nh phn gc to bi ADC khng ph hp cho truyn dn, v vy n phi c nh dng trc khi truyn dn. Qu trnh ny c gi l m ha (encoding hay coding), y l qu trnh bin i hoc b sung vo d liu m khng lm tn hao bt c ni dung thng tin no ca d liu. M ha c th c thc hin v ph b (gii m) bng mt vi cch khc nhau tn hiu s truyn qua h thng. K thut m ha trnh by y ch s dng cho truyn dn, qu trnh m ha b sung c th c p dng. V d, thc hin nn d liu c th lm mt lng thng tin khng quan trng qu trnh nn t hiu qu tt hn. Trong ngnh cng nghip vin thng, ngi ta c th quan st cc bc ca qu trnh x l thng tin nh mt chui cc lp ca giao thc. Nm 1984 t chc
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tiu chun quc t ISO pht trin m hnh lin kt cc h thng m (OSI) thnh tiu chun IS7498. M hnh trn xc nh c by lp gia ngi dng v mch vt l. y l tiu chun c s dng rt rng ri Chu u kt ni my tnh trn cc knh thng tin M, m hnh OSI cng c s dng nhng tiu chun TCP/IP li thng dng hn (l c s cho mng Internet). Cc lp OSI c minh ha trong hnh 3.2. Cc lp c trnh by ngn gn di y:
Ng vo d liu A
M ha
M sa li
Ng vo d liu B
M ha
M sa li
ng gi
iu ch
Knh truyn
Ng vo d liu C
M ha
M sa li
Khi phc clock
EADC
Gii m
Ng ra d liu A
Gii iu ch
Phn tch gi
EADC
Gii m
Ng ra d liu B
EADC
Gii m
Ng ra d liu C
Hnh 3.1. S khi h thng truyn dn s
1. Lp vt l: lp ny bao gm phn cng vt l thc, phn mm lin lc v mi th cn thit thit lp mt kt ni vt l v truyn dng bit trn n. 2. Lp lin kt d liu: lp ny iu khin mi lin kt vt l thc v c th cung cp cc chc nng x l li. 3. Lp mng: lp ny x l phn tuyn lin lc thng qua mt mng. 4. Lp giao vn: lp ny l cu ni gia cc chc nng ng dng v thng tin. N cng thc hin vic sa li, iu khin lung v chc nng ghp knh. 5. Lp phin: lp ny thit lp, x l v gii phng s kt ni thng tin. 6. Lp trnh din: lp ny nh r cch thc thit lp v kt thc ca lp phin.
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7. Lp ng dng: lp cao nht ny l mt giao din vi ngi s dng gia dch v thng tin d liu v ngi dng. Cc h thng n gin khng dng tt c cc lp ny. M hnh OSI s c s dng trong phn di y.
Ngi s dng Lp ng dng
Lp trnh din
Lp phin Lp giao vn
Lp mng
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp vt l Phn cng
Hnh 3.2. Cc giao thc ca m hnh ISO tiu chun
u ra ca qu trnh m ha vn l dng bit nh phn. Mc d mt dng bit nh th ny i khi c th c truyn trc tip ti knh truyn analog, song vic thc hin thm qu trnh x l tng t hoc s nhm to ra tn hiu ph hp hn cho knh truyn l hon ton tha mn. u ra ca nhng qu trnh ny khng cn l tn hiu s nh phn na, n c th c cc c tnh analog. Trong chng ny, qu trnh x l c trng ca knh nh trn c gi l iu ch hoc m ha knh. Cn ch rng, mt vi bc m ha nh nh ngha y trong cng nghip thng c ngha nh iu ch. 3.2.2. Dng ni tip v song song D liu s cho audio v video thng c cu trc dng nhm bit, cc nhm ny trnh by mt on thng tin, v d nh pixel cho video hoc mt mu cho audio. Nhiu khi phn cng to thng tin cung cp d liu trn mt s mch song song, trn c s cu trc d liu mt mch trn mu. V vy, 1 b ADC 8 bit c th c 8 dy u ra. Cu trc song song nh vy rt ph hp cho vic truyn d liu nhng
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khong cch ngn, vi u th tc d liu trn dy thp hn tng tc d liu l s n tng ng vi s dy song song. Tuy nhin, vic x l cc dy tn hiu song s gp kh khn nu d liu truyn dn nm ngoi mt box n, v s hon ton khng thc hin c nu khong cch qu xa hay khi cn thit phi s dng truyn dn v tuyn. Trong trng hp ny d liu phi c kt thnh dng chui c th truyn c trn mt knh n. 3.2.3. ng b ha C hai phn cn phi ng b ha d liu: (1) trch mt ng h gip cho vic c cng nh cht dng d liu tr nn ng tin cy hn, (2) ng b ha nh dng d liu ni dung c th c nhn dng v gii m. 3.2.3.1. Trch ng h Trong mt h thng d liu song song, mt dy ring bit c dnh ring cho ng h to xung ng b, v vy khng c kh khn g khi trch ng h. Tuy nhin, cc h thng ni tip phi cha sn tn hiu ng h trong d liu thit b thu c th xc nh c s bit d liu mt cch ng tin cy. y c gi l t to xung ng b. Mt dng d liu ni tip c cc c tnh nh mt chui ngu nhin ca cc s 1 v 0. in hnh l s c cc thnh phn tn hiu c gi tr cao tn s d liu lp li, thnh phn ny c th c trch bi mt vng kha pha (PLL) hot ng ti tn s . Mc ch ca vic m ha v iu ch l m bo vic trch ng h c th c hon tt vi bt c m hnh bit d liu no.
Dng sng VCO dc thoi Xung ly mu Dng sng d liu
D liu
B lc thng thp
VCO tn s clock
Ng ra xung clock
Dng sng dc thoi
Hnh 3.3. S khi ca mt vng kha pha 59
Hnh 3.3 l s khi ca mt vng kha pha. Mt b to sng iu khin in p (VCO) hot ng vi tn s xp x bng tn s ng h. N c iu khin bi u ra ca b tch sng pha to bi qu trnh ly mu v lu tr dng sng thoi VCO vi cc xung nhn c t cc bin chnh ca tn hiu d liu. u ra ca b phn trch mu v lu tr c in p c th lm thay i tn s ca VCO theo hng ng h. Ti ng h, b phn tch s kt thc qu trnh ly mu tn hiu VCO gn trung tm ca mi bc chuyn tch cc. Do c th c s trt v thi gian ca tn hiu u vo v i vi mt vi nh dng c th s khng c bc chuyn tch cc mi chu k ng h cho nn b lc thng thp PLL s lm chm hot ng li, v vy ng h c trch vn n nh. u ra VCO ca PLL tr thnh ng h d liu. Tuy nhin, d liu c to ra khng ng tin cy bi v c nhng on c m rng ca tt c cc s 1 hoc tt c cc s 0, trong giai on ny khng c thnh phn tn s ng h, v PLL s trt khi ng h. qu trnh trch ng h hot ng mt cch ng tin cy, phi t ra nhng iu kin cho d liu trong qu trnh m ha m bo l cc on c cng gi tr khng qu di. c tnh ca dng d liu c gi l di thay i v k thut iu khin n l gii hn di thay i (RLL). RLL c lng t ha bng cch xc nh thi gian ti thiu (Tmin) v ti a (Tmax) gia cc bc chuyn ca trng thi d liu trong knh truyn. Gi tr Tmin tng ng vi thnh phn tn s ti a ca dng d liu (xp x bng 1,5 chu k ca tn s ti a) v gi tr Tmax tng ng vi thi gian di nht m mch khi phc ng h phi gi m khng c bt c u vo no. Mt thng s na l t l mt ca d liu (DR), l t l Tmin trn T, trong T l thi gian ti thiu gia cc bc chuyn ca dng d liu u vo trc khi m ha. DR cng ln, thng tin c truyn bi knh xc nh cng nhiu. 3.2.3.2. Thnh phn DC Mt c im quan trng khc ca dng d liu l thnh phn dc, l s trung bnh di hn ca cc gi tr bit trong dng bit. N quan trng bi v hu ht cc phng tin truyn dn khng th truyn c gi tr dc. Mt thnh phn dc ca dng d liu s gy ra li hoc t nht cng s lm gim bin ca h thng. Mt s m ha tt phi loi b hoc gim thiu thnh phn dc. Bng 3.1 a ra danh sch mt vi qu trnh m ha v cc c tnh ca n. u vo th nht trong bng, dng xung khng tr v 0 (NRZ) l khi cc s 1 v 0 ca tn hiu c truyn trc tip ln lt. y chnh l cch thc m chng ta thng gn cho dng bit. Trong NRZ, bc chuyn i ti cc dng c n nh l 1 v bc chuyn i ti m c n nh l 0. Cc chui ca cc s 1 v
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0 lp li s khng to ra cc bc chuyn tip. NRZ n gin nhng khng s dng c bi v Tmax khng xc nh v thnh phn dc ln lm cho qu trnh trch ng h khng th thc hin c.
Tn k hiu NRZI FM PE MFM EFM Tmin T T/2 T/2 T 1,41T Tmax T T 2T 5,18T DR 1 0,5 0,5 1 1,41 Thnh phn DC ln khng khng khng khng T ng b khng c c c c Dng sng
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Bng 3.1. Thng s ca mt vi qu trnh m ha
Mt bin th ca NRZ l NRZI (NRZ- inverted). xung NRZI c mt bc chuyn tip ( c hai hng) cho mi bit 1 nhng li khng c bc chuyn cho s 0. M ny v cc nhng li ging vi NRZ l Tmin = T v Tmax = . S m ha FM (cn c gi l m nh du lng pha) truyn hai bc chuyn knh cho 1 v mt bc chuyn cho 0. N loi b thnh phn dc nhng li gim Tmin i mt na, v vy DR ch cn 0,5. N t to xung ng h. M PE hoc Manchester c bc chuyn tip cho mi bit, t trung tm ca bit. Bit 0 c bc chuyn dng v 1 c bc chuyn m. Khi cc gi tr lin tip l nh nhau, cc bc chuyn ph c hng i lp c thm vo gia cc bit, n s cho ra cng mt kt qu nh m ha FM: khng c DC v DR = 0,5. m MFM, hay cn gi l iu ch tr hoc m Miller, 1 c m ha bi bc chuyn ca c hai hng tr trung tm ca khong bit, trong khi khng c bc chuyn no v tr ny cho s 0. Mt chui cc s 0 s c bc chuyn n cui mi khong bit. N cho DR=1 vi thnh phn DC nh. 3.2.3.3. M ha nhm C th thc hin c nhiu m trn cc nhm bit d liu, cch ny c s dng rt rng ri. N thng c dng cng thm mt s bit ph no vi d liu cho php kim sot c cc c tnh ca dng d liu c lp vi d liu vo b m ha. V d, mt phng php thng dng iu ch 8 thnh 14 (EFM) chia cc bit d liu thnh cc nhm 8 bit v cng thm 6 bit b sung cho mi nhm c ngha l s c 14 bit thc s c truyn cho 8 bit d liu.
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Vic chn cc bit ph trong EFM c thc hin bng cch s dng bng tra cu cung cp 14 bit cho mi gi tr 8 bit u vo (ni dung ca bng m ha nh th ny c gi l bng m) bng c 256 u vo 14 bit. Do mt t 14 bit c th biu th ti 16384 gi tr v ch c 256 l cn thit, cho nn gi tr 14 bit thc s cn s dng phi c chn lc cn thn kim sot Tmin, Tmax v thnh phn DC. Cc cch la chn khc nhau ny dn n cc h thng iu ch khc nhau. Tt nhin phng php phi c tiu chun ha, bi v b gii m phi bit ni dung chnh xc ca bng m c s dng. EFM chn cc gi tr 14 bit, s c kh nng hai hay nhiu bit c chn cp vi nhau. Khi hai bit u ra ng vi (2x8)/14 = 1,14 bit u vo, Tmin = 1,14 (Tmin c tnh theo s bit u vo). DR c cng gi tr, do vy bng cch cng 6 bit vo 8 bit chng ta c th truyn c hn 14% d liu. iu ny xy ra bi v s la chn cc gi tr EFM 14 bit trnh c tt c cch bc chuyn tip bit n bng cch gim mt na rng ca knh truyn nh yu cu. Qu trnh m ha EFM gii hn s bit u ra theo on ti a l 7, v vy tnh theo s bit u vo Tmax=(7x8)/14=4. Trn thc t, qu trnh EFM phc tp hn qu trnh c miu t trn y rt nhiu do khng cc gi tr 14 bit tng ng y mi iu kin khi xem xt mt chui m 14 bit k nhau. m bo cc m hnh bit c to ra ti qu trnh ghp cc on m 14 bit khng vi phm cc iu kin ca h thng c ra cho Tmin, Tmax v thnh phn DC, b m ha EFM cng phi kim tra tnh trng ny v chn 1 trong 4 gi tr 14 bit xen k ph hp. V vy, bng tra cu s thc phi lu tr c 1024 gi tr bit. Danh sch trong bng 3.1 cng a ra cc thng s cho m EFM c bit s dng cho my ghi hnh t tnh D-3. 3.2.3.4. M hnh dng mt Tn hiu s tiu biu trong mt knh truyn dn s b ln tp m nh m t trong hnh 3.4(a). Mt ng h c trch t tnh hiu ny cng c th c s dch chuyn thi gian tng i so vi tn hiu. kim tra h thng, hai trong nhng c tnh ny c th quan st thy trn my hin sng bng cch hin th tn hiu vi cc xung rng ca qut dng ng b vi xung ng h c trch. y gi l m hnh dng mt v c m t trn hnh 3.4(b). M hnh ny ch ra tn hiu dch chuyn xung quanh mt vng m (dng mt), trung tm ca n c th biu th im ly mu l tng ca tn hiu, tc l ti c th nhn c s phn tch d liu ng tin cy nht. Khi ch tiu truyn dn khng t ln hng u, mt s nh hn v vic xc nh im ly mu cng phi c gii hn duy tr t l li thp. Nh minh ha trn hnh, cao v rng ca mt theo th t biu th bin ca bin v bin ca pha.
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3.2.3.5. Nhn dng nh dng d liu Kh nng pht hin cc s 1 v 0 ca d liu c m ha ch l mt phn ca qu trnh ng b ha. Ngi ta cng phi xc nh v tr cc c im duy nht ca nh dng d liu thng tin thc c th c hi li. V d, gii m nh dng EFM c miu t trong phn 3.2.3.3 yu cu phi xc nh v tr ca bit chnh xc ti im mi m hnh 4 bit bt u. Vic ny thng c thc hin bng cch xc nh mt on bit duy nht (t ng b) c chn vo d liu m ha. Khi hi phc, tm t ng b c ngha l (v d EFM) bit d liu tip theo chnh l im xut pht ca mt t c m ha 14 bit. Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc bit tip sau t ng b c th l im xut pht ca mt u xc nh mc u tin ca nh dng d liu. Tt nhin, m ha phi c thit k t ng b l duy nht, tc l d liu ngu nhin khng th to ra t ng b. Mt vi s m ha tin b hn nh EFM t ng cung cp cc nh dng cc t ng b duy nht.
Clock ly mu
Bin pha
Mc ngng ti
Bin bin
V tr ly mu ti u
Hnh 3.4. M hnh mt: a) dng sng d liu, b) m hnh mt
Phn cng c chc nng tm t ng b rt n gin, ngi ta s dng cu hnh ca thanh ghi dch ni tip-song song. D liu m ha c cha cc t ng b ti cc v tr cha bit truyn lin tc ti u vo ni tip ca thanh ghi dch. Cc mc song song c cht trong mi chu k ng h ni tip v tt c cc bit ni tip ca u ra song song c so snh vi t ng b mong mun. Nu tt c cc bit so snh, t ng b c tm thy. Qu trnh ny c th c thc hin bng phn mm mc d i vi tn hiu video, nh vy s i hi tc x l nhanh v vn phi cn n s h tr ca phn cng. 3.2.4 iu ch
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Nh gii thch phn 3.2.1, qu trnh xy dng cu hnh mt dng d liu c m ha cho truyn dn ti u trn knh truyn analog xc nh gi l iu ch. 3.2.4.1. c tnh knh truyn Mt knh truyn c th c c t bi cc t tnh truyn t analog bao gm cc c tnh ca c tuyn s, SNR, n nh thi gian gc v tuyn tnh ca bin . V d cc knh truyn nh ng in thoi, cp si quang, cp ng trc, my ghi t tnh, cc knh qung b v tinh, v cc knh qung b mt t. Mi loi ny iu c c tnh ring, cn n cc phng tin iu ch khc nhau t c kh nng truyn dn s tt nht. 3.2.4.2 Biu trng (Symbol) Nh cp phn trc, tn hiu ca knh bao gm nhng dng cc bit c gi tr 1 hoc 0, hoc mt dng chuyn tip gia cc gi tr nh phn. h tr phn bn lun v cc phng php iu ch tin b hn, vic a ra nh ngha v khi nim Symbol l rt cn thit. Symbol l n v c bn ca d liu c mang i ti mt thi im bi tn hiu knh truyn. Mi symbol c th mang mt s bit c xc nh thng qua phng php iu ch m knh s dng. iu ch c th c coi nh mt qu trnh chuyn i cc bit d liu sang symbol. Gii iu ch l qu trnh chuyn i cc symbol ngc tr li dng bit. Phng php iu ch tt nht cho mt knh truyn chuyn bit s truyn s bit nhiu nht/symbol, cc gi tr thng dng ca bit/symbol trong khong t n 4. Nhng gi tr ln hn c th s dng nhng khng thng dng bi v khi phi cn n cc ch tiu v SNR v tuyn tnh ca knh qu cao. Cn phi c mt chu k thi gian nh cho tn hiu ca knh truyn mt symbol c lp vi cc symbol gn k. Chu k ny xc nh t l symbol khc nhau cho knh (vic xc nh ny ph thuc vo di thng ca knh). Tc truyn d liu c xc nh bng cc bit/symbol nhn vi t l symbol. Hu ht bn cht cc knh l analog v gn nh tuyn tnh. Chnh v vy, chng c kh nng x l nhiu hn hai gi tr. Ph thuc vo SNR v cc c tnh khc ca knh, vic truyn d liu s vi ch hai gi tr c th gy lng ph dung lng knh truyn. Khi cc symbol c gi tr ln hn hai, kh nng truyn s bit/mu ln hn l hon ton c th. 3.2.4.3 Symbol a mc Ti u thu cui ca knh truyn, tn hiu cha ln tp m tham nhp trong qu trnh truyn. Mt ng h symbol c khi phc, s dng ly mu tn hiu vi mc ch khi phc cc gi tr symbol. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny phi c lng
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t ha chuyn i chng sang cc gi tr s thc s. Trong trng hp mt h thng ch c hai mc symbol, mi symbol s lng t thnh mt bit. Tt nhin, nhiu mc symbol s lng t thnh nhiu bit hn. V d, nu h thng c thit k cho 4 mc, mi symbol sau s lng t thnh hai bit. S mc symbol nhiu hn s i hi SNR ca knh truyn cao hn lng t ha thnh cng. Tuy nhin, tc d liu ca h thng cho mt di thng xc nh s tng ln theo nng lng ca hai trong s cc mc. Hot ng a mc da trn bin tn hiu tt nhin s yu cu tuyn tnh bin ca knh rt cao. V d, cc my ghi t c knh c phi tuyn cao, khng th s dng cc symbol a mc. Cc symbol a mc to s nh i c hiu qu gia SNR v di thng. V d in hnh ca cc symbol a mc l h thng truyn dn HDTV Grand Alliance (xem phn 3.4.3) truyn tc d liu thc l 19,3 MB/s trn knh TV 6 MHz. 3.2.4.4. Cc phng php iu ch Cc gi tr symbol c th c truyn trn cc knh analog bng cch iu ch bin , iu ch pha, hay iu ch tn hiu knh hoc bng cch kt hp nhng thng s ny. Thng thng, mt tn s sng mang c iu ch vi d liu m ha, n cho kt qu l ph d liu b dch chuyn ti cc vng ln cn ca tn s sng mang. S dng cc phng php kt hp (nh iu ch bin v pha) l cch thc tng cc mc symbol. i vi cc h thng s dng sng mang, c th quan st r symbol tng ln bng cch nhn vo th vector ca n. Nhng th ny c tn l th trng thi tn hiu nhng do hnh dng bn ngoi nn i khi n c gi l th chm sao.
2-AM
4-PSK
8-PSK
16-PSK
Hnh 3.5. th thit lp ca cc phng php iu ch
Nh minh ha hnh 3.5 vi bn loi iu ch. AM c hiu l iu ch bin v 2-AM l iu ch bin bng tn hiu nh phn. PSK biu th kha dch pha hoc iu ch pha, 4-PSK biu th iu ch a mc 2 bit cn 8-PSK l iu ch a mc 3 bit. QASK chnh l kha dch bin cu phng hoc iu ch bin cu phng, l s kt hp ca iu ch pha v iu ch bin 4bit/mu.
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3.2.5. Pht hin v sa li Tt c cc knh truyn s thc thnh thong gy ra cc li bit. u ny c c t bng cch xc nh t l li bit cho knh (BER), c ngha l kh nng gy ra li bit n. BER thng c xc nh bng ly tha ca 10. V d, mt knh trung bnh to ra mt li bit trong s 1.000.000 bit c BER l 10-6. Ph thuc vo loi d liu tham gia, cc li bit c th c gi tr ln hoc nh. Nhng h thng thng dng c thit k b qua mt mc li no ca knh bng cch s dng k thut bo v chng li. Kh nng pht hin v sa li ny ca cc h thng s l mt u im ln so vi cc h thng analog. y chnh l l do ti sao li truyn dn khng gy ra li d liu nghim trng, v cc li ny khng tch t li khi h thng c m rng. Vn li c quan tm mi im trong h thng s, v vic pht hin v sa li l mt yu t quan trng trong mi qu trnh x l, khng ch ring qu trnh truyn dn. Trong h thng truyn dn, cc c im pht hin-sa li c thit lp mi khu ca qu trnh m ha v cng vi s k hp ca mt vi cng ngh, c th s c cc h thng mnh m thc s (BER thp) hot ng thnh cng trn knh truyn nhiu li (BER cao). 3.2.5.1. Thng k li Thng k li rt quan trng trong vic thit k cc h thng bo v chng li. Cc li c th xy ra nh l cc li bit n ring l hay cc li burst c di bt k. Vic pht hin-sa cc li n d hn x l cc li burst di rt nhiu. Khi cn sa cc li burst, cch hiu qu nht l chn d liu trc khi p dng cc phng php pht hin-sa li khc. Chn d liu m rng cc li burst mt cch c hiu qu thnh mt s lng cc li bit n ring r, sau s rt d sa. 3.2.5.2. Nguyn tc pht hin-sa li tng c bn ca qu trnh pht hin-sa li l to ra s d tha trong dng bit d liu. S d tha ny c hnh dng cc bit ph, c cu hnh c bit to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh pht hin v sa li u thu cui ca h thng truyn. Hnh 3.6 a ra mt s khi xy dng theo quan nim ny. u ra ca h thng truyn dn, cc bit tha c kim tra xc nh s li v cc hot ng ph hp. Trong mt vi trng hp, li c th pht hin nhng khng c sa, n c th vn c kh nng che li. iu ny s trnh by trong phn 3.2.5.8. Vic so snh cc ch tiu k thut ca knh truyn s v tng t kh th v. Trong hu ht cc knh analog, s suy gim ca knh s nh hng trc tip n tn hiu v khi knh b suy gim, ch tiu tn hiu cng suy gim tng t, nhng tn hiu khng bao gi b mt hon ton. Trong h thng s c kh nng pht hin-sa
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li, s suy gim ca knh khng nh hng n tn hiu cho n khi cc ch tiu ca knh tr nn qu km v h thng pht hin-sa li b qu ti. iu ny c ngha l mt h thng s s duy tr ch tiu ca n cho n tn im gii hn ca ch tiu, hoc s mt hon ton. y c gi l hiu ng vch (hiu ng ny xy ra ging nh trong iu ch FM h thng analog khi mc sng mang FM di mc gii hn).
Bo hiu li khng c sa D liu d tha c thm vo
Ng vo d liu
Knh truyn
Pht hin v sa li
Che li
Ng ra d liu
Hnh 3.6 S khi tng qut qu trnh pht hin v sa li
3.2.5.3. Tnh chn l Dng pht hin li n gin nht s dng mt bit n ph cng vo dng bit theo chu k. V d, mt bit ph c th c chn vo bit nh th 8 trong dng bit . Bit ny c mt gi tr khin cc s 1 trong s tm bit cng vi mt bit ph lun l gi tr chn. y c gi tnh chn v bit ph gi l bit chn l. kim tra li ca dng bit, ngi ta cng tt c cc gi tr ca bit 1 trong nhm bit 9, nu kt qu l mt s l s xut hin mt hoc nhiu li. V hnh thc, c v nh s ny ch pht hin s l ca cc li trong nhm, cc s chn ca li s khng b nh hng ti qu trnh kim tra chn l, s xut hin mt hoc nhiu li. Bi v tnh chn l ch tht s hot ng i vi cc li n trong nhm v ch pht hin ra s c mt ca li ch khng th ch ra chnh xc bit no b li, nn n ch c s dng trong nhng trng hp c bit nh cc b nh truy cp ngu nhin hoc cc h thng lin lc n gin nh RS-232. 3.2.5.4. Cc m sn phm Khi nim n tnh chn l c th c cng c bng cch p dng vo mt khi d liu. V d, 64 bit d liu c th c a vo mt mng hai chiu c kch thc 88 bit. Nu bit chn l c nh du cho mi hng v mi ct ca mng, khi c th xc nh li v v tr ca n trong mng. Sau , li c th sa bng cch i du bit n gin ti v tr c n nh. y l trng hp n gin nht ca m sn phm. Hnh 3.7 ch ra cch thc hot ng ca n. Tnh chn l c ch ra mi hng v mi ct, khi li c pht hin hng hoc ct, bit im giao nhau gia hng v ct l bit b li. S ny ch c th pht hin ra mt li trn
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khi, nhng khi nim c th c m rng thc hin sa li nhiu hn nh gii thch di y. Trong v d v m sn phm trn hnh 3.7, 16 bit chn l c to ra cho mi khi d liu 64 bit. Cch x l thng thng truyn dn l truyn khi d liu khng thay i v gn cc bit chn l vo dng bit. y c gi l ghi m c h thng. Hu ht ng dng pht hin v sa li u s dng cc m h thng.
Trc khi truyn 8 byte d liu 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Ct chn l Hng chn l 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Hai li chn l xc nh mt li bit 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Sau khi truyn
Hnh 3.7. Tnh chn l hai chiu cho sa li bit n
3.2.5.5. Cc m tin b hn Thuyt v cc m pht hin v sa li tr nn cc k phc tp v thin v ton hc nhiu hn, s khng c gii thiu y. Tuy nhin, mt vi khi nim then cht s c trnh by gip c gi c nhng hiu bit v mt s phng php khng thng dng khc. V d, khi 88 nu trn vi tnh chn l hai chiu c th c quan st nh l tm t d liu 8 bit cng vi hai t 8 bit d tha, ti y, cc t d tha c tnh ton nh chn l ca hng v ct. Nhng vn c nhng cch tnh ton d tha khc, v cc t b xung cng c th c cng thm. Phng php ny to ra rt nhiu c hi la chn ch tiu li ph hp vi cc ng dng khc nhau. 3.2.5.6. M Reed-Solomon Mt m pht hin v sa li c s dng rng ri l m Reed-Solomon. M ny c s dng trong cc my ghi video v audio, a chuyn i, h thng HDTV Grand Alliance, v nhiu h thng khc. y l h thng m khi c th sa rt nhiu li trn mt khi. V d, mt khi c cha 20 byte bin pht hin v sa
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li R-S c kh nng sa ti 10 byte li trn mt khi. S la chn kh nng sa li c thc hin trong qu trnh thit k h thng. Qu trnh x l ht sc phc tp, tuy nhin vi cc mch tch hp c sn, vic lp t tr nn d dng. Cc m R-S c xc nh bng cch a ra s byte trong khi tng v s byte trong phm vi d liu. V d, m c s dng trong h thng truyn dn Grand Alliance, c gi l m (207, 187) bi v kch c ca khi tng l 207 byte v c 20 byte ca m chn l R-S, cn li 187 byte cho d liu.
M ho
Ghi hng
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
c ct
1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 2 10 18 26 34 42 50 58
Gii m
Ghi hng
1 9 17 X X X 49 57 2 10 18 26 34 42 50 58
1 9 17 X X X 49 57 2 10 18 26 34 42 50 58 3 11 19 27 35 43 51 59 4 12 20 28 36 44 52 60 5 13 21 29 37 45 53 61 6 14 22 30 38 46 54 62 7 15 23 31 39 47 55 63 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
c ct
Burst li c chuyn thnh cc bit n
23 24 X 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 X 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 X 42 43
Hnh 3.8. Chn cc bit li khi phc thnh cc bit li c lp
Mt khi d liu c c cho cc hng ca b nh cu trc theo mng hai chiu. D liu sau s c c ra t b nh theo ct. Qu trnh ngc li c thc hin khi khi phc. Nu burst li (ch trong hnh) xy ra khi tn hiu trong nh dng c chn n s c chuyn thnh cc li bit n khi d liu khng c chn cho n khi hi phc. K thut ny c s dng rng ri cho cc h thng nh cc my ghi t nhy cm vi burst li. 3.2.5.7. M chn cho
69
Hin ti, ngi ta vn tip tc ci tin bng cch a qu trnh qut lp vo gia hai khong ca m pht hin v sa li Reed-solomon. y c gi l chn cho v minh ha nh hnh 3.9.
Ng vo d liu
M R-S ngoi
Chn d liu
M R-S trong
iu ch
Knh truyn
Gii iu ch
Sa li R-S trong
Rt trch
Sa li R-S trong
Ng ra d liu
Hnh 3.9. Chn cho
D liu u vo c chia thnh cc khi R-S vi m tha (m ngoi), sau c cho b nh chn. B nh cc mt hng trn mt khi R-S. u ra c chn t b nh sau s a ti mt m R-S khc (m trong). Khi khi phc, qu trnh ny s c o ngc li. M trong c th sa cc li bit n xy ra knh, tuy nhin n khng th sa c cc bit li, cc burst li ny phi c sa bi cc m ngoi. Chn cho c s dng gn nh trong tt c cc h thng ghi t v quang. 3.2.5.8. Che li Trong mt vi trng hp, h thng pht hin sa li c th pht hin nhng khng sa c li. Nu s tn ti ca li nhng khi d liu l r rt c th c cc k thut khin n tr nn kh nhn bit hn hoc kh nghe c trong qu trnh ti to. iu ny ph thuc vo s xut hin ca li cng nh cc yu t tm vt l nh hng n cch m con ngi c th nhn bit c s bt bnh thng. Ti im pht hin li, b x l pht hin li hin sa li c th to ra mt c. B x l ny cng cng s ch ra khi d liu c bit c cha li cha c sa. ngha ca li i vi vic ti to s ph thuc vo qu trnh m ha s audio hoc video im xy ra li. V d, nu chng ta x l vi audio PCM tuyn tnh, mt li bit n s l mt li gi tr mu n. Mu ny c th c nghe thy nh mt click trong qu trnh to. cao ca ting click s ph thuc vo ngha t mu ca bit b li. Tuy nhin, nu tnh hiu audio c m ha trong nh dng nn, mt li bit n s gy thit hi nhiu hn v c th phi cn n mt k thut che khc.
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Tip tc vi trng hp tn hiu audio c m ha PCM, c mt s kh nng che mu n c pht hin c li. Hnh 3.10 minh ha mt dng sng u vo c ly mu v ba trng hp dng sng u ra vi mt li mu n l. Trng hp th nht (b) l vi li cha c sa. Tip theo (c) l thay th mu b li vi gi tr ca mu trc, v cui cng (d) c t xen vo gia cc mu trc v mu tip theo to ra mt gi tr che. Tt c u hot ng da trn c s l tn hiu audio c ly mu thng khng thay i t mu ny sang t mu khc.
Hnh 3.10. Che li a) dng sng ban u c ly mu, b) mt mu li, c) mu lp li, d) ni suy.
Burst li ly ra mt s mu audio lin tip l mt trng hp khc, kh hn. Nh vy s c s thay i nh trong tn hiu khi li khng cn hiu lc. Trong trng hp ny phi c mt k thut che du tt hn thay th cho cc mu b ph hy bi cc burst c cc gi tr bng khng. N c th a ra mt t on ngn cho m thanh nhng vn tt hn mt burst ca tp m ngu nhin (nu khng s dng k thut che) v thm ch c th n cn tt hn c k thut bit n. K thut che video to ra nhiu c hi la chn bi v s d tha l c hu trong tn hiu video c qut. Mt ln na, coi nh qu trnh m ha PCM tnh hiu video l tuyn tnh. Mt li mu n l s xut hin nh l mt chm sng hoc mu sai trn nh. Cc k thut c s dng cho audio s hot ng rt tt che li ny ca video, tuy nhin cc k thut ny khng p ng c cho cc bit li. Cc burst li c th c che bng cch thay th cc vng li bng thng tin t dng trc hoc khung hnh trc ca nh. Cc k thut ny da trn quan im c s l nh video thng khng thay i nhiu t dng n sang dng kia hoc t
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khung hnh ny ti khung hnh kia. Tuy nhin, vi mc ch che li, tt c nhng phng php ny u yu cu h thng phi c b nh lu tr cc dng hoc khung hnh trc. V nhng l do khc, hu ht cc h thng u c cc b nh ny, v vy vic thm kh nng che li c th c thc hin m khng qu tn km. Phn trn ch dnh cho qu trnh m ha PCM. Khi cc qu trnh m ha khc c s dng, c bit l khi c s tham gia ca qu trnh nn, che li tr thnh qu trnh m ha c th v phi c quan tm n trong qu trnh thit k phn m ha. 3.2.6. ng gi Phn bn lun trc v qu trnh pht hin v sa li gii thiu rt nhiu k thut hot ng da vo qu trnh phn chia mt dng bit thnh cc khi. Cn c nhng u im khc ca cc khi d liu trn knh thng tin c gi l gi. Cc gi ny c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng vin thng, mng my tnh. tng ca gi l dng d liu c chia thnh mt chui cc khi, ti mi khi cha mt header nhn dng gi v d liu xc nh. Cc gi c th c kch thc ging nhau hoc khc nhau vi cc header xc nh kch thc ca mi gi. u thu cui, cc gi c gii m ngc tr li nh dng video c nn sau s c gii m thnh tn hiu video hin th. 3.2.6.1. u im ca qu trnh ng gi 1. Truyn dn gi to ra mt ng linh hot xc nh v tr ca knh truyn ng cho nhiu dng bit. 2. Nhiu dng bit ca cc loi d liu khc nhau c th c truyn cng nhau trn cng mt knh. Vic xc nh v tr trc cho mt dng bit l cn thit, cc gi ca dng bit c th n gin l trt vo dng gi mi khi chng xy ra. iu ny s dng li khi vt qu dung lng tng cng ca knh. 3. Cng vi kh nng pht hin sa li c th c u vo ca cc dng bit, cc gi c th cha m pht hin v sa li ring ca mnh. 4. Cng vi nhn dng, cc header ca gi cha cc thng tin ch n, do vy h thng c th c thit k vi kh nng phn tuyn cc gi c lp ti cc ch khc nhau. y l c s ca cc mng in thoi chuyn mch gi ang dng hin nay v cho c Internet. Qu trnh ng gi c s tham gia ca cc overhead b sung di dng cu trc ca cc header gi ch ph hp trong cc trng hp cc u im c lit k trn y l quan trng.
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Ngi gi
Cc khung video
Ngi nhn
Cc khung video
D liu gi
D liu nhn
B m ha
B gii m
Cc gi Mng chuyn mch gi
Hnh 3.11. ng gi video
3.3.6.2. Mode truyn d bi (ATM) Kch c gi l mt c tnh quan trng ca cc h thng ng gi v phi c xc nh ngay ti thi im thit k h thng. Kch c c th thay i c hoc c nh. Do c mt s overhead cn n trong header ca gi khng quan tm n kch c ca n, nn nu overhead gim, gi s c thit k ln hn. Tuy nhin, cc gi nh hn s to ra linh hot tt hn cho ch tiu h thng. Chnh v linh hot v cng do n ly cng s lng x l tin hnh ng gi m khng quan tm n kch c ca gi nn hu ht cc thit k h thng c cc kch c gi nh, trong phm vi t 50 n vi trm byte.
Header thch ng 5 byte header 48 byte d liu
Ch ng dn o (VPI) iu khin lung
Ch knh truyn o (VCI) Kiu d liu D tr
iu khin li header
Hnh 3.12. Cu trc gi ch truyn d bi
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Cc gi ca n gi l cc t bo c kch thc 53 byte nh hnh 3.12. Mi t bo c sc cha d liu l 48 byte v mt header 5 byte. Header ca t bo ATM c nm phn cng vi 8 bit ca m pht hin sa li vo header. 1. iu khin dng 4 bit c th c s dng iu khin dng thng tin t phn cng giao din mng ca ngi s dng. 2. B nhn dng ng dn o (VPI) -12 bit dng nhn dng im n cho t bo. Nhiu dng t bo khc nhau c th c cng VPI. 3. B nhn dng knh o (VCI) -12 bit dng nhn dng knh cho mt dng ring. 4. Kiu trng ti (PT)-3 bit c th s dng nhn dng kiu thng tin, phn cng v phn mm trong mng khng nhn bit c nhng bit ny. 5. Mt bit d phng. 3.3. PHNG TIN TRUYN DN Qu trnh truyn dn phi cn n mt vi loi hnh kt ni gia ngun d liu v ngun s dng. y va l s kt ni vt l va l sng radio nh trong truyn hnh qung b mt t hoc truyn dn qua v tinh. 3.3.1. Cp ng trc Truyn bng cp ng trc bao gm t cc cp video mm, loi nh s dng trong truyn hnh qung b hoc h thng video gia nh n cp na cng na mm dng cho cc ng trung k ca TV cp. Tt c nhng loi cp ny u c c tnh l tn hiu b gim i theo khong cch v cng gim nhanh hn nhng tn s cao. i vi cc dch v analog, thng cn n b cn bng cp trn di thng c s dng nh cc mch lc t ti mt hoc c hai u ca cp. Khi s dng thm qu trnh cn bng, SNR ca cp suy gim v tr thnh gii hn di ca mch cp c s dng. iu ny c th c khc phc nh b lp, y l b khuch i tn hiu theo chu k c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng TV cp. Tt c cc thng s trn rt hu hiu trong cc h thng s, tuy nhin vn cn nhiu c hi la chn iu ch v m ha k thut ph hp vi cc c tnh ca cp. Truyn dn s c th thc hin trn mi loi cp vi bt c kiu m ha no nhng di hot ng thc t s b gii hn. Gii hn ny c th c m rng nh vic la chn qu trnh m ha thch hp v s dng cc k thut analog cho qu trnh cn bng.
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Loi cp Cp xon i Cp ng trc (nh) Cp ng trc (TV cap) Si a mode Si n mode
Tc d liu (Mb/s) 1 10 2000 600 2000
Khong cch (km) 2 1 1 2 100
Tc khong cch (Gb-km/s) 0,002 0,01 2 1,2 200
Bng 3.2. Ch tiu ca cc loi cp khc nhau
Cc h thng cp TV Di tn analog cn bng ca cc h thng cp TV nm trong khong t 300 n 500MHz, c chia thnh cc knh TV khong t 50 n 80 knh 6MKz. Truyn hnh qung b mt t c th thc hin tng hp cc dch v analog v digital trn cng mt cp bng cch nh r cc knh ph hp cho chng trnh analog v s. S dng iu ch dng HDTV Grand Alliance, mi knh cp 6MKz c kh nng cha tc bit l 38Mb/s. Nu 50 knh cp l s th tc trung bnh ca n s l 1.9GB/s. Tuy kh nng ln nhng vn l ch l cch s dng nh th no. Khng phi mi h thng u truyn c 1000 chng trnh khc nhau mi lc, tuy nhin cc ng dng nh video hai chiu vn c th s dng kh nng ny. 3.3.2. Cp si quang Cp si quang c di thng v cc c tnh di ln hn nhiu so vi cp ng. N cn n b chuyn i in t-quang mi on ni trn ng truyn, iu ny c ngha l s kt ni phn nhnh s tr nn kh hn. Tuy nhin, cp si quang to ra tnh khng th gn nh hon ton vi nhiu t hoc in. 3.3.3. ng in thoi Mng in thoi ton cu khi u c xy dng cho truyn thoi analog di thng khong 3,5KHz. N to ra ng lin lc 2 chiu thng qua mt mng quay s chuyn mch. Cc kt ni c thc hin thng qua vic quay s v khi thc hin xong, kt ni s dnh ring cho hai ngi i thoi v kt ni b ph v khi mt trong hai ngi cp my. 3.3.3.1. Modem in thoi Trong thc t ngi s dng phi tng thch cc kt ni analog hin ang s dng vi truyn dn s nh s dng cc modem. Modem c s dng rng ri
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my tnh v l c s ng dng internet trn ton cu. Cc modem in thoi hin nay s dng iu ch a mc ti tn 4bit/symbol. Vi thit b ny di thng hp, ch tiu SNR ca kt ni tn hiu thoi analog hn ch, tt c iu ny hn ch tc d liu ca cc modem in thoi, ch khong 33.000 bit/s. Tc nh vy ph hp vi vic truyn vn bn, tuy nhin khng th p ng cho tn hiu video, audio hoc nh vi cht lng cao c. Ti thi im ny c cc modem 56.000bit/s c kh nng thc hin y bng cch kt ni s trc tip vi mng in thoi ca my ch. 3.3.3.2. Cp in thoi Cp s dng cho thng tin loi analog l cp si ng, xon i, c kh nng truyn dn s tt, mt s phn ca mng din thoi s cng s dng loi ny. 3.3.4. Truyn dn bng tn s v tuyn Thng tin s v tuyn c th l im-im, hoc mt im ti nhiu im (qung b). ng truyn dnh cho im-im rt t v s lng cc ng truyn nh vy b gii hn bi khong cch ph tn s cho php. 3.3.4.1. Thng tin t bo Hu ht thng tin im-im ngy nay u thc hin trn cc mng tn s v tuyn v d nh cc mng DT t bo. Cc h thng ny c gi thnh tng i cao v s dng chung khong cch ph cho nhiu ngi s dng. Mng t bo, ban u l analog dng cho in thoi, nhng hin nay n c s ha. Mc d cc mng in thoi t bo c th c s dng modem nhng s chuyn mch t bo khin n khng ng tin cy, t khi mng t bo tr thnh s v qu trnh m ha ph hp x l cc c tnh ca n c p ng, vic s dng truyn dn d liu trn mng t bo s tng ln. 3.3.4.2. Qung b Truyn qung b audio v video l mt phng php ph bin trn ton th gii, v bn cht ton b cc dch v ny l analog, tuy nhin cc dch v k thut s ang c pht trin v s c trin khai trong tng lai gn. Mt trong nhng pht trin mi quan trng l h thng Grand Alliance, h thng ny c pht trin M . 3.3.4.3. Qung b qua v tinh V tinh c s dng c trong thng tin qung b v thng tin im-im. Mt b thu pht c gi l transponder trong v tinh dng thu ngun tn hiu t mt t (tuyn ln) v pht li n mt tn s khc v thng qua anten khc (tuyn xung) ti mt hoc nhiu trm thu trn mt t. Do nng lng v tinh ly t mt
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tri nn nng lng truyn dn ca n b hn ch v cc tn s sng vi ba cng nh cc bp hp ca anten a phi c s dng nhm t c ch tiu mong mun. Cc transponder v tinh trc y s dng iu ch FM analog nhng cc thit k mi hn s dng iu ch s. 3.4 CC H THNG TRUYN DN Vic nh ngha mt h thng truyn dn phi bao hm c qu trnh m ha v iu ch ca n. Trong mt mi trng c th, nh ngha phi xc nh r mi trng vt l, kt ni Mt vi h thng c trin khai rng ri s c trnh by trong phn ny. 1.4.1 Thnh phn 4:2:2 bit song song Nhm SMPTE a ra mt vi tiu chun giao din s cho cc tn hiu ca h NTSC, PAL v HDTV trong c hai nh dng song song v ni tip. SMPTE 125M l mt giao din song song 10 bit cho h thng 525/60 hot ng theo tiu chun ITU-R Rec.BT.601 s ha, trong nh dng 4:2:2. Mt cp c bit c s dng, gm 12 mch xon i vi cc b ni DB-25, 10 cp s dng cho d liu, cp 11 dng truyn xung clock, cp cn li dng tip t. di ca cp c th l 50m khng c s cn bng, di cng c th ln ti 300m nhng phi c s cn bng. Lu l nhng giao din song song ny phi khp vi cc mch c nhn trong cp nhiu dy mt cch chnh xc vic o thi gian ca mi ng dn bit nm trong khong dung sai ca ng h. N gii hn ch tiu cc giao din song song. Qu trnh m ha tn hiu trn mi ng d liu l NRZ v 10 ng d liu s truyn song song cc mu PCM. Khng c phn d tr pht hin v sa li ca d liu video, tiu chun ny ch thch hp cho kt ni bng cp dy cng. nh dng ca tiu chun Rec.601 khng yu cu phi ly mu khong xa dng v xa mnh, tuy nhin thi gian ny vn dnh cho truyn cc tn hiu ID v thng tin khc. VD c tng 858 mu trong mt chu k ca dng, tuy nhin ch c 720 mu tch cc c xc nh. Hnh 3.13 minh ho cch thc xc nh phn cn li ca khong xa dng. Hai khi ng b 4 t c t im xut pht video tch cc (SAV) v im cui ca video tch cc (EAV). Khi ng b ny gm mt t l tt c cc s 1, hai t l tt c cc s 0 v t th t nhn dng xa dng v s th t ca mnh. Vi tn s ng b giao din 27MHz s c 276 chu k ng h trong khong xa dng s v tm chu k dng cho ng b, cn li 268 chu k clock c s dng truyn dn d liu ph.
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Khong xa s 16T Khong ly mu tn hiu chi 122T
Dng tch cc video 720T
720T
736T
Y 720
Y 719
Y 721
Y 855
Y 856
Y 857
Y 0
Tn hiu chun thi gian EAV
Tn hiu chun thi gian SAV
Hnh 3.13. Gn cc mu trong khong xa dng SMPTE 125 (NTSC)
Nu tt c cc khong xa dng ca tiu chun s tng hp c s dng cho dng d liu ph n l, s c th c ti a 262 t 10 bit mi HBI, vi tc d d liu a ra l 41,2 Mb/s. Nh vy s c y dung lng cho mt vi knh audio vi rt nhiu kh nng d phng. Thit k c bn ca mt giao din song song ny cng c th c m rng thnh mt dnh dng cho phin bn s ca nh dng SMPTE 240M sn xut HDTV analog. Giao din s ny c cp trong tiu chun 260M SMPTE. Vi nh dng yu cu tn s ly mu cao hn l 74,25MHz, vic ghp cc thnh phn mu vi chi nh c thc hin 125M l khng th. V vy, cc cp d liu b sung c thm vo gii quyt vn ny. i vi vic truyn dn cc thnh phn R,G,B cn ti 31 cp. Tuy nhin tn s clock cao s gii hn ca cp cn ti a l 20m m khng c s cn bng. 3.4.2. H thng 10 bit ni tip Mc d phn cng cho cc giao din song song kh n gin nhng cc cp nhiu dy li c gi thnh cao, khng linh hot v cn b gii hn v di. Hn na chng li qu mi m i vi cc trang thit b hu ht l analog ang tn ti c ngha l khng c mt loi cp hin hnh no c th s dng vi giao din s song song. iu ny c th thc hin c nu c mt giao din s s dng tiu chun ng trc RG-59 sn c trong cc h thng video analog. SMPTE 259M l giao din
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Y 1
CR
CR
CR
CB
CB
CB
ni tip cho truyn dn 10 bit cc tn hiu s tng hp hoc thnh phn chun 625/50 hoc 525/60. Tiu chun ny l cho giao din s ni tip (SDI). Cp ng trc c s dng vi cc b kt ni BNC (ICE 169-8). Cc bit ca mi mu c xp theo dng chui vi LSB c truyn trc tin v qu trnh m ha b xo trn NRZL. Trong trng hp m ha tng hp vic ng b nh dng s c cung cp nh vic s dng tn hiu nhn dng v chun thi gian (TRS-ID) t trong khong xa dng ngay sau v tr thng thng ca bin dng. Tn hiu ny bao gm mt t l tt c cc s 1, ba t l tt c cc s 0, t th 5 c cha cc bit c nhn dng mnh v 5 bit nhn dng s dng. 3.4.3 ATV Grand Alliance S pht trin ca tiu chun truyn hnh s u tin trn TG c bt u M bi mt lin hip cc t chc thng mi v nghin cu c tn l Grand Alliance (GA) c hnh thnh vo nm 1993. Hot ng c bn ca n l pht trin mng tiu chun truyn hnh s trn ton TG t hn chc nm trc y, khi u vi ci tn HDTV. Tuy nhin tiu chun GA khng ch dng li , n cn c s dng qung b cc tn hiu TV vi phn gii tiu chun (525 hoc 625 dng). V vy ngy nay tiu chun ny cn c gi l tiu chun TV cao cp (ATV). 3.4.3.1. Mc ch ra ca ATV Rt nhiu nghin cu trc y ca HDTV ch yu da vo cng ngh analog. Nhng vo thi im thnh lp GA, tt c u nht tr rng cc tiu chun u phi l s. Mc ch ca h thng s l: m thanh v hnh nh HDTV s c cht lng cao. Mt h thng c th cng tn ti vi truyn hnh qung b analog m khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Thit b lp c gi c hp l vi ngi tiu dng v cc nh sn xut, v tt c ngi s dng vo thi im p dng tiu chun. C kh nng hot ng phi hp cc phng tin truyn dn v cc ng dng khc. Tim nng ng dng ton cu ca tiu chun. Mc tiu cui cng c thc hin di con mt ca cc nh thit k nhng chng ta phi xem xt tc ng ca n ln cc tiu chun quc t, cc mc tiu khc u c p ng.
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3.4.3.2. Kin trc theo lp Kin trc ca h thng GA c minh ha trong hnh 3.14 ch r mi tng quan vi cc lp ca m hnh OSI c m t trong phn 3.2.1. Cc cng ngh v tiu chun khc p dng trong mi lp c trnh by di y. GA xc nh bn lp: 1. Lp nh - h thng GA cung cp nhiu nh dng v nhiu tc khung hnh tt c u c th c gii m v trnh by bng thit b thu ATV ca GA. Phng php ny cho php cc dch v khc nhau c cc tiu chun qut khc nhau ph hp vi mc ch ca mnh. 2. L p nn - vic nn video ca h thng GA da trn tiu chun ISO-MPEG-2, v h thng audio s dng nn Dolby AC-3 cung cp 5.1 knh m vm vi tc d liu 384kb/s. Tc d liu video c cc nh dng nh ca HDTV xp x bng 18,9 Mb/s v cho cc nh dng nh c phn gii tiu chun l t 3 n 5 Mb/s. 3. Lp truyn ti - h thng GA s dng gi truyn ti da trn cu trc gi MPEG-2. Bt c s lng dng audio, video hoc d liu no cng c th c ghp thnh dng bit truyn dn. 4. Lp truyn dn - lp ny thc hin qu trnh x l pht hin v sa li trc v iu ch bng cch s dng cc symbol a mc.
Lp GA Cng ngh c s dng nh dng nh thay i 6. Trnh din Lp nn MPEG-2 5. Phin 4. Truyn ti Lp truyn ti MPEG-2 3. Mng 2. Lin kt d liu Cc lp OSI
Lp nh
Lp truyn dn
iu ch VSB
1. Vt l
Hnh 3.14. So snh gia kin trc phn lp GA v cc lp OSI 80
3.4.3.3. Lp truyn ti GA . Lp truyn ti nhn cc dng bit audio v video ring r sau ghp chng li thng qua vic ng gi. Bt c s lng dng bit no cng c th c x l, rt nhiu dng audio, video hay cc kiu d liu khc c th c truyn trn cng mt knh, ch b gii hn bi kh nng tc d liu tng ca h thng. Gi GA l mt khi c di c nh 188 byte nh minh ho trn hnh 3.15. Mi mt gi c th cha mt header 4 byte vi mt trng d lu 184 byte, trng ny cng c th cha mt header thch ng ty chn c di thay i. Thit k ca gi nh vy to ra kh nng hot ng phi hp cng cu trc gi ca ATM. Cng vi trng ng b mt byte, header ca mt gi cung cp: 1. Mt trng 13 bit cho nhn dng gi s dng tch dng bit gi. Vi mc ch ny gi tr bng 0 ca gi ID (PID) c dnh cho mt gi c bit c cha 1 ch s cho cu trc ghp knh. Ch s ny c dng mt bng thng k chng trnh xc nh r mt hoc nhiu chng trnh hon chnh v s PID ca bng chng trnh cho mi chng trnh. Bng bn chng trnh ch r PID v dng ca n cho mi dng d liu trong chng trnh. Bng cch c nhng bng ny, mt my thu c th chn c cc gi c cha d liu m n cn. 2. Mt trng b m th t 4 bit m cc chu k t 0 ti 15 cho mi gi vi cng mt PID. N cho php my thu nhn bit c khi no th cc gi hon chnh b mt trong qu trnh truyn.
Gi 188 byte Header gi 4 byte Header thch ng (ty chn) Ti d liu
Chi tit header Header ng b (47H) PID 13bit m th t 4 bit
iu khin mnh thch ng 2 bit u tin truyn ti 1 bit B ch bt u ti 1 bit B ch li gi truyn ti 1 bit iu khin xo trn truyn ti 2 bit
Hnh 3.15. Cu trc gi truyn ti GA
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3. Phn cn li ca cc bit trong header ca gi l cc c bit vi cc mc ch ring cung cp cc chc nng qun l gi, n nh vic s dng ca qu trnh xo trn khng bt buc iu khin s truy cp ca ngi s dng, v n nh xem header thch ng c mt ti trng ca d liu hay khng. iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 3.15. 3.4.3.4. Lp truyn dn GA u ra ca lp truyn ti l mt dng bit n bao gm cc gi c ghp cho tt c cc loi d liu truyn trn knh. Lp truyn dn thc hin iu ch, cho php dng bit ny c truyn trn knh analog 6MHz tuyn tnh hon ton y s dng php iu ch di band ct (VSB) cc symbol a mc v gi l iu ch 8-VSB hoc 16-VSB, ti cc s 8 hoc 16 n nh s mc symbol c truyn. H thng pht qung b s dng nh dng 8-VSB c kh nng pht hin v sa li tt hn, trong khi cc h thng truyn hnh cp c th s dng nh dng 16VSB cho tc d liu cao hn nhng cn n SNR vt qu mc m cp c th cung cp, qu trnh x l truyn dn c minh ho trn hnh 3.16. Qu trnh x l lp truyn dn s o mi gi thnh mt on (segment), m sa li Reed-Solomon c s dng cho mi on ny. Mt segment bao gm ni dung ca mt gi tr i byte ng b (s c thay th sau ny trong qu trnh x l). u tin, d iu c ly ngu nhin bng cch x l theo mch XOR vi chui gi ngu nhin (trong my thu, d liu c x l li bng mch XOR vi chui gi ngu nhin tng t khi phc d liu). Sau , qu trnh x l R-S c b xung vo mi gi, v vy gi 188 byte s tr thnh mt segment 207 byte 9 khng c byte ng b).
To on Ngu nhin ha d liu M ho R-S Chn d liu
Gi
D liu a mc M ha trellis
+
ng b mnh ng b on
Chn pilot
Lc tin cn bng
iu ch VSB
Ti b pht
Hnh 3.16. Qu trnh x l trong lp truyn dn GA
Cc segment sau c nhm li thnh cc trng d liu c 313 on. on th nht ca mi trng d liu l m hnh ng b trng d liu c s
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dng my thu vi mc ch cn bng t ng, gip my thu la chn s dng qu trnh lc ph hp cho chun on h thng, v my thu xy dng cu hnh vng t hiu chnh ca n. V vy, my thu c th iu chnh li theo nh k c cu ca n b li cho nhng thay i ng trn ng truyn. Bc tip theo ca qu trnh x l truyn dn l chn d liu bng b chn xon, qu trnh ny m rng d liu trn vng 52 on, cho php m pht hin v sa li sa cc li burst ti tn 193s. Chu k thi gian ny c cha xp x 360 li bit d liu v chng iu c th c sa. Vic chn ch c thc hin trn cc byte d liu ca segment, cc tn hiu ng b segment v ng b mnh khng c chn bi v chng s c thm vo sau ny trong qu trnh x l, nh minh ho trn hnh . Bc tip theo bt u t qu trnh m ho nh phn v to ra cc symbol a mc v vy y l bc khi u ca qu trnh iu ch. Truyn hnh qung b s dng cc symbol 3 bit v truyn hnh cp s dng symbol 4 bit. Trong trng hp truyn hnh qung b, mi trong s 2 bit ca d liu m ho c chuyn thnh mt symbol 3 bit (8 mc) bng cch s dng m trellis, y l mt k thut pht hin v sa li c th ci tin ch tiu ca h thng m khng lm tng rng band tn.
B m ha trellis
X2 X1
D
Z3 Z2
Lc symbol u ra analog
Z1
Z3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Z2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Z1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
u ra -7 -5 -3 -1 +1 +3 +5 +7
Z3,Z2,Z1 -7 -5 -3 -1 +1 +3 +5 +7
100 001 010 000 110
Hnh 3.17. M ha trellis 83
tng ca m trellis l to ra mt mi trng bao quanh h tr cho n gi tr symbol nhng ch n/2 gi tr c hiu qu (v 1 bit km), cc li symbol s tng chui c cc gi tr khng hiu qu. Tuy nhin, mt b d tm thch hp c th sa mt dng sai bng cch tm kim mt chui c kh nng sa li cao nht cho chui b li. y c gi l b d tm viterbi. Phng php trn hiu qu nht khi h thng iu ch c thit k thit lp khong cch ln nht (trong s iu ch chm sao ngi ta thng gi l khong cch Euclidean) gia cc trng thi ca symbol c gi tr. S cho thy nhng khong cch ny xut hin tng t nh dng trellis v chnh iu l tng t tn cho phng php ny. Do phi quan tm n cc b lc c a vo trong h thng loi b s can thip ca cc tn hiu NTSC c th xy ra cng knh hoc cc knh cn k, knh thc s ch c b m 12 trellis c chn vo chui 12 symbol. N ngn cn b lc khi s can thip vo m trellis. Sau khi m ho trellis, tn hiu by gi l mt nh dng analog 8 mc. Tuy nhin, tn hiu ng b segment v cc m hnh ng b trng d liu khng c ghi m trellis nhng li c chn nh cc tnh hiu hai mc gia cc mc iu ch +5 v -5. Tn hiu y thu c chn nh cc tn hiu ng b c iu ch bin trn sng mang ca knh bng cch s dng iu ch di bin ct trit sng mang. Trit sng mang c ngha l i vi u vo mc 0, sng mang u ra cng bng 0 v pha sng mang s dch chuyn 180 gia mc vo dng v m. Di bin ct c ngha l di bin (thp hn) ca ph iu ch bin b hu b mt phn nh minh ho trn hnh 3.18.
Min di band cao Sng mang VSB Min di band thp 0.31Mhz Knh 6 Mhz
Hinh 3.18. Ph tn s ca tn hiu truyn dn GA trong di thng 6Mhz
Nh cp trn, hot ng trong mi trng TV cp t nhiu SNR tt hn, iu ch phi l 16-VSB v khng s dng m trellis. Nh vy s cho php truyn i tc d liu gp 2 ln mi knh cp 6 MHz. Cc thng s ch tiu ca mt vi s la chn trong cc h thng truyn ATV c trnh by trong bng 3.3.
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Thng s Pixel tch c Tng mu
HDTV-1 19201080 22001125 60Hz qut cch dng
HDTV-2 1280720 1600750 60Hz qut cch dng 30Hz qut lin dng 24Hz qut lin dng 4:2:2 16:9 MPEG-2 19,3Mb/s 5,1 20Hz-20Khz 48KHz 384kb/s 720480 858525
SDTV
59,94Hz qut cch dng 29,97Hz qut lin dng 23,97Hz qut lin dng 4:1:1 4:3 MPEG-2 6,0Mb/s 2 20Hz-20Khz 48KHz 128kb/s
Tc hnh
30Hz qut lin dng 24Hz qut lin dng
Ly mu tn hiu 4:2:2 s c T l khung hnh Nn video Tc d liu Knh audio Di thng audio 16:9 MPEG-2 19,3Mb/s 5,1 20Hz-20Khz
Tn s ly mu 48KHz audio Tc d liu 384kb/s
Bng 3.3 Cc thng s ch tiu k thut ca h thng truyn ATV ATSC mt s mc phn gii
3.4.4. Giao din audio AES3 Rt nhiu nh dng video nh MPEG hoc Grand Alliance a ra kh nng truyn d liu audio km theo video. Tuy nhin, trong thit b ch dng cho sn xut v sn xut hu k audio, cn phi truyn audio ring. nh dng AES3 c s dng rng ri trong audio chuyn nghip v mt s t chc khc cng chp nhn nhng nh dng tng t nh vy. AES3 l giao din s dng chui h tr cho knh audio v mt vi loi d liu khc khng phi mch audio. AES3 s dng mt cp i xon n c th tri di ti 100m m khng cn cn bng. N cng c th s dng vi cp ng trc vi di cho php ti 1km. nh dng ny t to xung ng b, t ng b v c th c s dng vi bt c tn s ly mu no, 64 bit c truyn cho mi chu k ly mu, trong mt khung
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hnh ph v nh dng khi nh minh ha trn hnh 3.19. V d vi tn s ly mu audio l 44,1KHz tc d liu ca AES3 l 2,822Mb/s. Tc d liu c th ln ti 24 bit trn mu v c lng t ha tuyn tnh v m ha trong nh dng b hai. Vic iu ch knh l m nh du lng cc (3.2.3.2). Mt kung hnh tng ng chnh xc vi mt chu k ly mu t l ngun n cha 64 bit v mt mu audio cho mi knh, cng thm cc header. Mt khi l 192 khung hnh v mt mu audio cho mi knh ca khung hnh trong khi c tch t li tr thnh trng d liu 192 bit (24 byte) cung cp cho c tnh ca knh, m thi gian v nhiu c im khc.
X Knh A Y Knh B Z Knh A Y Knh B X Knh A Y Knh B Y Knh A X Khung 32 bit
M u 4 bit
D liu ph 4 bit
LSB
d liu audio 20 bit
MSB
Gi tr D liu ngi dng D liu trng thi knh Chn l
Hnh 3.19. Cu trc khung 64 bit AES3
Tiu chun AES3 hai knh c m rng thnh nhiu knh tiu chun AES10 ti tn 56 knh audio. Tiu chun ny n nh tc d liu l 125 Mb/s. 3.4.5. Dy chu nhit chun IEE 1394 Tiu chun IEEE 1390 p ng cho mt mng c tc cao, thi gian thc, gi thnh r s dng trong qu trnh kt ni cc thit b audio v video cng nh my tnh. C th c nhiu s la chn, tuy nhin trong phn ny ch gii thiu mt vi loi. Vic s dng mt cp cp xon i (4 dy tn hiu vi 2 dy ph tr 1394 c th t tc d liu ln n 200Mb/s trn khong cch cc thit b l 4,5m. Cc h thng 1390 trong tng lai s cn t c tc d liu cao hn na. Giao thc c da vo cc gi, v hai cp dy xon c s dng nh l hai knh, c th ng thi d bi hoc ng thi c hai ti cng thi im. Ch ng thi c quan tm nhiu nht trong cc ng dng ca audio bi v n cho php thc hin kt ni vi tc d liu rt tt, do cc bus hot ng chu k n nh v mt lng gi c truyn i trong mi chu k. Mi mt kt ni tch cc d tr mt
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gi trong mi chu k. Cc lin kt c th c 2 loi im ti im, n khng b thay i bi ngi s dng khc hoc qung b c th c xc nh bi ngi s dng. Ch truyn d bi hot ng ging mng my tnh hn. ch ny tt c nhng ngi s dng u tranh chp kh nng ca bus trong thi gian thc v vic d tr l khng th. Tuy nhin, hot ng d bi mt khc cng c th din ra trn mt bus ng thi bng cch chim dng khng gian ca cc gi khng c s dng n trong mi chu k bus. Bus 1390 do ngi s dng qun l truyn i cc gi iu khin d bi thit lp cc thanh ghi mi thit b kt ni vi bus. Vic ny phi c thc hin thit lp bt c mt loi kt ni no. Tiu chun 1390 tng i mi song c yu cu s dng ni gia cc camera video s, VCR s, cc b x l hiu ng video v my tnh c chc nng video. y c th l mt c im quan trng trong nhiu h thng video tng lai.
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Chng 4: Ghi pht tn hiu audio v video
Chng 4 GHI PHT TN HIU AUDIO & VIDEO S

4.1. GII THIU Truyn dn v lu tr (ghi pht) tn hiu l hai yu cu quan trng trong x l tn hiu audio v video s, n ng mt vai tr tt yu trong cng ngh thng tin vin thng hin nay. Tn hiu audio v video sau khi s ha th s c lu tr v truyn dn ging nh nhng loi d liu s khc. Tuy nhin, do c th ca tn hiu audio v video m c nhng phng php x l theo nhng nt c trng ca n. 4.2. THIT B LU TR AUDIO-VIDEO S 4.2.1. a compact a compact (CD) l thit b dng lu tr tn hiu c iu bin dng s. Cc thng tin ny c to ra t cc tn hiu tng t v c lu tr trn CD bi cc cu trc vt l l cc pit (li) v cc flat (lm). ghi pht cc thng tin trn CD ngi ta dng u c pht chm tia laser to ra t diode laser i qua h thng thu knh hay cn gi l khi u quang. Khi ghi, tn hiu c iu bin dng s c a vo khi u quang bin i thnh tn hiu quang, chm tia c cng bin i ty theo tn hiu iu bin s nh dng trn CD thnh cc vt li, lm c trng cho tn hiu c iu bin dng s. Khi pht li chm tia laser chiu ln b mt CD khi gp cc pit, flat s phn x nh sng tr v, sau tn hiu quang ny s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in v gii iu ch thnh tn hiu tng t.
15mm
Lp nha bo v
Lp phn quang
Lp nha trong sut
120mm
Hnh 4. 1. Cu to a Compact
a compact l mt tm nha phng trn c ng knh ngoi 120mm, ng knh l tm 15mm v b dy 1,2mm. Cu to gm 3 lp nh hnh 4.1, lp plastic trong sut cha thng tin di dng cc vt li v lm, lp phn quang l c th l
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bc hoc nhm c ph ln trn lp nha plastic, lp nha acrylic c ph ln trn lm lp bo v a. Nhn a ghi cc thng tin v a c dn trn lp nha bo v ny. 4.2.2. nh dng cc vng d liu trn CD Vng c ng knh t 26 33mm gi l vng kp a (clamping area) dng gi c nh a trn bn xoay nh vo b phn kp a. Vng c ng knh t 46 50mm gi l vng dn nhp (lead in) hay vng TOC (Table of content) y l vng ghi cc thng tin m u nh s bi ht, a ch bi ht, thi gian mi bi ht Vng c ng knh t 50 116mm gi l vng chng trnh (program area) l vng lu tr cc thng tin iu bin dng s ca tn hiu m thanh, hnh nhv thi gian pht. Vng c ng knh t 116 117mm gi l vng dn xut (lead out) dng ghi cc thng tin kt thc chng trnh.
4.2.3. a CD audio a CD audio l thit b dng lu tr tn hiu audio dng s, c thi gian lu tr d liu cho pht ti 74 pht, audio c s ho 44,1kHz vi 16 bit trn mu, m ha PCM tuyn tnh loi b nn v c hai knh cho m stereo. Vic ny s cn bng tc d liu 1,41Mb/s hoc 172kB/s. V vy, i vi 74 pht audio, dung lng d liu l 750 Mb. M ha cho CD audio s dng cu trc khung hnh 588 bt bao gm m pht hin v sa li Reed-solomon, chn v d phng cho ng b v cc m con. Tt c cc qu trnh ny c ghi trn a vi iu ch EFM cho kt qu tc d liu trn knh truyn l 4,32Mbit/s. Trong cu trc ban u, CD audio ch l a sao li bng cch nn t a m trong mt qu trnh rt tn km. y chnh l nh dng CD cho audio s (CD-DA) v tiu chun ca n c gi l Red book.Tiu chun ny s dng hot ng CLV vi vn tc vt ghi khng i bng 51,2 inch/s. Kt qu l tc quay a thay i trong khong t 500 ti 200 vng/m khi u c di chuyn t trong ra ngoi vng ghi a (qu trnh ghi lun bi u t bn trong a). 4.2.4. CD-ROM Tim nng ca cng ngh a CD phn phi d liu my tnh r rng, mt tiu chun c pht trin cho dch v ny. Bi v d liu my tnh yu cu phn pht hin sa li tt hn so vi audio (di 10-13) cho nn phi cn n mt overhead b xung, nh vy sc cha d liu s t hn 680Mb, nhng vn l kh ln i vi gi nh. Tiu chun ny c gi l yellow book v sn phm thng l
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CD-ROM (b nh ch c CD). nh dng khi 588 bit ca CD-DA c sa i to ra hai ch hot ng cho CD-ROM, ch mt cung cp phn pht hin sa li m rng nh nu trn cn ch hai cung cp phn pht hin sa li cng nh sc cha d liu ging nh CD-AD, hu ht cc ng dng cho my tnh c nhn u s dng ch th nht. Hnh 4.2 trnh by cu trc ca khi CD-ROM cho ch 1 v 2. Mi khi CD-ROM c cha 2352 byte, s lng ny ph hp vi dung lng cha l 98 ca khi CD-DA (mi khi 588 bit) mang 6 mu audio stereo 32 bit hoc l 24 byte, 2498 =2352 byte). V vy, cu trc ca khi CD-ROM nm nh ca khi CDDA v phn pht hin sa li ca c hai mc u l tch cc, c hai ch u a ra m ng b 12 byte cng vi mt header 4 byte, header ny c cha mt ch ring v m ghi a ch khi 3 byte. Ch mt dnh cho 288 byte ca khng gian cn li cho phn ghi m pht hin sa li li 2048 byte d liu trn khi. Do mt CD-ROM c th lu tr ti 33000 khi, ch mt c dung lng d liu l 675.840.000 byte. Ch 2 loi b phn ghi m sa li thm, a ra 22.336 byte trn khi hoc 770.880.000 byte trn a. Bi v s rt c li nu s dng chung thit k d liu a vi thit b CD-DA dn dng, tiu chun CD-ROM chp nhn hot ng ca CLV, cng vt t xin v cng tc vt t nh h thng audio. CLV khng phi l thch hp nht i vi my tnh yu cu tc truy cp d liu ngu nhin nhanh. Do vic s dng CLV, thi gian truy cp ca CD-ROM phi tnh n thi gian thit lp tc cho a v cc hn ch ca c cu tr ng cho vt t. Thi gian truy cp ca CD-ROM di hn thi gian truy cp ca cng my tnh t 10 n 20 ln.
Ch 1 2048 byte d liu s dng ng b (12) Header (4) 288 byte d liu ph
Ch 2 2336 byte d liu s dng 2352 byte
Hnh 4.2. cu trc khi d liu ca chuyn i-ROM ch 1 v 2
Yellow book ch xc nh mi trng v nh dng ca vt t trn a, n khng m t ni dung c ca cc vt t ny. hu ch cho my tnh, phi c mt tiu chun na xc nh giao din d liu v mt h thng file v vy my tnh
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c th truy cp d liu mt cch ngu nhin tiu chun cho cc h thng file ca CD-ROM l ISO-9660, tiu chun ny a ra cu trc th mc v th mc cn t chc v gi ra cc file t mt mi trng lu tr. ISO-9660 c th s dng c cho hu ht cc my tnh c nhn c phn mn ph hp. Khi th trng CD-ROM ngy cng pht trin, cc nh sn xut lun khng ngng ci tin cho ra nhng sn phm c tnh nng cao hn. S thay i quan trng nht l tng tc quay ca a do vy tng thi gian truy cp v tc d liu iu ny nhn chung c thc hin bng cch ly bi s ca tc CD c bn (150 kB/s) nh 2 x (300 kB/s), 4x (600 kB/s), 6x (900kB/s) 4.2.5. CD ghi Mc d CD-ROM cc k thnh cng i vi my tnh, song i vi ngi s dng hin nhin vn tt hn nu ngi ta c th ghi trn CD-ROM ngay ti my tnh ca mnh. Nhng a CD c kh nng ghi bt u xut hin trn th trng. H thng ny c go l CD-R s dng a trng cha mt lp nhum hu c, phn x ca cht ny thay i khi n b pht ho bi ngun nh sng laser trong my ghi. khp vt t v c cu tr ng hi t trong khi ghi, a trng CD-R c cu trc vt t di dng vt t vt l c nn vo b mt ghi. Nhng vt t ny c sn phn iu ch c s dng vi c cu tr ng ghi. Mt a CD-R ghi c th chy trn hu ht cc CD-ROM hoc CD ca thit b pht audio. a trng c gi tng i thp so vi kh nng d tr ti 680Mb. a CD-R ch c kh nng ghi mt ln.Tuy nhin, y l mt thit b ghi ph bin do kh ph hp cho s dng v lu tr. Ghi trn CD-R cn mt my tnh c nhn vi cng lu tr nhanh c phn mm c bit chy trn CD-R. Phn mm cho php ngi s dng xc nh r s dng file no cng cho CD v c th chy mt a kim tra ghi trc quyt nh thc hin phn ghi c th. iu ny cn thit bi v qu trnh ghi phi hot ng lin tc mt khi bt u nu mt vi d liu khng truy cp nhanh khi cn, phn ghi s b ph hu. Thit b ghi CD-R c tc in hnh l 2x hoc 4x, v vy thi gian yu cu cho qu trnh ghi rt ngha. Nu cn nhiu bn s mt rt nhiu thi gian. Tuy nhin, s ph hp v gi c hp l ca CD-R rt thng dng sao chp cc loi CD vi s lng nh. 4.2.6. Cc phin bn khc ca CD C th kt hp audio caa CD-DA v d liu ca CD-ROM trn cng mt a, y c gi l a c ch hn hp. Vt t u tin bao gi cng phi l vt t ca CD-ROM, cn cc vt t khc trn a c th nh dng CD-DA. Loi a nh
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th ny khng th chy trn mt thit b pht audio CD bi v n lun lun bt u vt t u tin v tm d liu m thit b khng th hiu c. Nhng mt CDROM trong my tnh s c kh nng c c t u tin v hiu c s c mt ca audio s cng vi d liu my tnh trn a. a CD ca my tnh c th chy audio cht lng cao khng lin quan n cc hot ng khc ca my tnh c ngha l khi audio ang chy, my tnh c th lm bt c iu g n mun tr vic truy cp vo CD. Cc phin bn khc ca CD-ROM l CD-I,CD-V v CD-ROM XA. Cc phin bn ny tng cng kh nng trong nh dng d liu h tr video hoc audio cng vi cc cu trc khc ca d liu my tnh.Tuy nhin, khng c phin bn no trong s ny c s dng rng ri nh CD-ROM, hu ht cc ng dng CD-ROM cho video v audio u s dng nh dng chung. Hin nay, CD-ROM c rt nhiu chun khc nhau ty thuc vo tng nh sn xut, tc truyn d liu cng t kh cao n 8400kB/s v thm ch cn cao hn rt nhiu. 4.2.7. DVD Tc d liu ban u ca CD-ROM 154 kB/s tr thnh mc tiu cho cc nh nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh nn audio nhm to ra video c cht lng tt, c th hot ng t CD-ROM tiu chun. y c th l phng tin phn phi video nh mt phn ca cc game trn my tnh hoc cc ng dng khc v n c th thay th bng video lm phng tin phn phi nh ng. H thng video ban u l cng ngh DVI ca intel, cng ngh ny a ra phn cng v phn mm gip vic thc hin playback c chuyn ng v mn hnh video my tnh tr nn kh thi. Nm 1988 sn phm ny bt u xut hin v s dng rng ri trong cc bung in thoi v ng dng ging dy qua my tnh. Tuy nhin, n vn cha c s dng trn th trng i chng. Tip cn th trng video ca CD, phn mm video ch s dng cho playback. Phn mm ny c th chy trn bt c my tnh c nhn no vi b x l nhanh v pht video vi cht lng thp thng trong mt ca s c kch c bng mt phn t mn hnh hoc nh hn. Cc h thng ny l Indeo ca intel, Cinepark ca SuperMac, Quick time ca Apple v mt s ng dng khc, thng hot ng vi 1x CD-ROM nhng c th chy tt hn vi 2x hoc 4x. Chng c s dng rng ri trong tr chi CD-ROM v bch khoa ton th nhng khng ph hp vi in nh bi v thi gian chy ngn (74 pht 1x v t hn nhng tc cao hn, v cht lng nh ti. My tnh kiu mi nht u c b tng tc x l ca phn mm ch vi video v cho php hin th y mn hnh.
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C hi m ra cho mt h thng a quang vi ch tiu k thut tt hn. Nhiu qu trnh nghin cu v pht trin c thc hin, v ngnh cng nghip hin nay t c mt tiu chun mi l a video s DVD. H thng DVD s dng ng knh nn 12cm nhng vi bc sng ngn hn v phng php khp vt ghi tin b, mt c tng t 680Mb/mt ti 4,7Gb/mt, tng gp 7 ln. Tuy nhin, y cha phi l tt c, bi v DVD cung cp hai lp trn mt mt nn v c hai mt u c th c s dng. Cc lp ny c truy cp bng hi t ca tia laser cn cc mt c truy cp bng hai u c trong a. iu ny to ra 8,5Gb/mt hai lp (mt trn lp c gim nh to ra kh nng giao thoa gia cc lp) hoc tng l 17Gb khi c hai mt a c s dng. DVD cung cp cc c im k thut cho DVD-ROM a mc ch, mt phin bn ca video. DVD-A, DVD-R, v DVD-E. Video DVD s dng video MPEG-2 vi tc d liu trong phm vi 5Mbit/s, n to ra cht lng video cao hn truyn hnh qung b. H thng audio l audio knh 5.1 ca AC-3 tng t nh c xc nh cho tiu chun ATV ca ATSC. 4.3. KHI U QUANG L thit b pht tia laser dng ghi pht tn hiu trn CD, u quang l s kt hp ca tia laser v h thng thu knh chnh xc. Ty theo cu trc tng loi my m khi u quang c th l loi mt tia hoc loi ba tia. 4.3.1. Khi u quang 3 tia u quang loi ba tia thmg dng trong cc my CD bn thng dng, loi u quang ny c mt tia chnh v hai tia ph, tia chnh cp tn hiu cho mch focus servo v mch x l tn hiu khi pht li cn tia ph th cp tn hiu cho mch tracking servo. V cu to khi u quang ba tia gm c cc b phn c bn nh hnh 4.3. i vi u quang dng c cu trt th khi ghi pht tn hiu khi u quang di chuyn trn thanh trt t pha vng tm a ra bn ngoi t pha vng tm a ra bn ngoi vi vn tc khng i nh mt motor iu khin gi l sled motor hay slide motor. Nhiu my s dng khi u quang c cn a ra (swing-out- arm) nh my CD Magnavog FD1040 v Sylvania FDD104. 4.3.1.1. Khi laser diode Gm c hai diode bn trong diode LD v MD, hai diode ny thng t nm chung trong mt khi gm c ba chn trong c mt chn dng chung, mt chn dnh cho diode LD, mt chn dnh cho diode MD.
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LD (laser diode): l diode pht tia laser c bc sng = 780nm cp cho cm quang hc to chm tia hi t c tn hiu trn CD v cp cho MD. MD (monitor diode): l diode gim st l diode nhn nh sng laser t LD pht ra cp cho mch APC t ng iu chnh cng sut pht tia laser ca LD.
4.3.1.2. Li nhiu x nh sng laser t LD pht ra khi i qua knh nhiu x (diffraction grating lens) s c phn thnh mt tia chnh v hai tia ph da trn hin tng nhiu x ca nh sng.
Compact Dics
Object lens /4 wave plate lens Collimation lens
Half prism Beam spliter
Photo diode Diffraction grating lens
Cylinder lens Concave lens
Laser diode
Hnh 4. 3. Cu to khi u quang 3 tia
4.3.1.3. Bn lng knh v b phn tia Bn lng knh (half prism): dng phn cc thng nh sng laser khi truyn i. Bn lng knh cho php truyn nh sng theo t l 50% theo hng truyn thng v 50% theo hng vung gc. B phn tia (beam splitter) dng phn cc vng nh sng laser khi truyn i. Thu knh phn tia c nhim v truyn ton b 100% nh sng ph thuc vo gc phn cc ca nh sng. 4.3.1.4. Thu knh chun trc
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Thu knh chun trc (collimator lens) c tc dng to chm sng song song khi truyn i ngha l khi nh sng laser qua bn lng knh hoc b phn tia s c sa dng thnh mt chm sng song song bi thu knh chun trc. 4.3.1.5. Phm i hng Phm i hng /4 (/4 wave len plate) cu to bng tinh th c tnh d hng, chit sut ca chng thay i theo hng nh sng. nh sng khi qua phm ny s lch pha i 900, do nh sng ca phn cc thng c i thnh phn cc vng v phn cc vng c i thnh phn cc thng. 4.3.1.6. Vt knh Vt knh (object lens), thu knh ny c tc dng lm hi t chm tia laser trn CD, thu knh ny s thay i v tr ca n cho ph hp nh vo s iu khin ca hai cun dy. Cun focus: iu khin v tr ca vt knh theo phng thng ng gi khong cch gia vt knh lun ng vi b mt CD chm tia hi t ng trn b mt CD. Cun tracking: iu khin v tr ca vt knh theo phng ngang chm tia laser lun c ng cc track tn hiu pht li l trung thc nht. 4.3.1.7. Thu knh lm Thu knh lm (concave lens), thu knh ny nhm lm gim i nh hng ca s bin i theo chiu di ca ng dn nh sng trn cc diode cm quang do s thay i khong cch gia vt knh v CD, ng thi n cng c tc dng rt ngn khong cch nh sng khi phn x tr li. 4.3.1.8. Thu knh hnh tr
qu gn
ng
qu xa
Hnh 4.4. Cu to knh hnh tr
Thu knh hnh tr (cylinder lens), thu knh ny c s dng trong khi nhn din focus. Tia sng xuyn qua thu knh ny s to ra hnh dng chm sng khc
95
nhau ri ln cc diode cm quang ty thuc vo khng cch gia vt knh v CD m chm sng to ra trn cc diode cm quang c th l hnh trn, elip ng hoc elip nm ngang. Khi vt knh ng vi CD th chm sng phn x ln cc diode cm quang c dng hnh trn. Khi vt knh qu gn vi CD th chm sng phn x ln cc diode cm quang c dng hnh elip ng. Khi vt knh qu xa vi CD th chm sng phn x ln cc diode cm quang c dng hnh elip ngang nh hnh 4.5.
A D
B C
+ _
A D
B C
+ _
V+
A D
B C
+ _
V-
Hnh 4.5. Hnh dng cc chm sng phn x khi v tr vt knh thay i
4.3.1.9. Ma trn diode cm quang Trong khi u quang loi ba tia, ma trn diode cm quang (photo diode array) c 6 diode cm quang gm ABCDEF, cc diode cm quang ny lm nhim iu chnh focus servo, tracking servo v cp tn hiu pht li t khi u quang cho mch x l tn hiu.
E A D F B C
Tracking servo Focus servo v Khuch i RF
Hnh 4.6. Cu trc ca ma trn diode cm quang
Bn diode cm quang ABCD nhn nh sng phn x t chm tia chnh cp tn hiu cho mch RF ti ti tn hiu audio v cp cho mch focus servo iu chnh hi t ca chm tia trn CD. Hai diode cm quang EF nhn nh sng phn x t hai tia ph cp tn hiu cho mch tracking servo. 4.3.2. Khi u quang mt tia V cu to cm quang hc loi mt tia cng tng t nh cm quang hc loi ba tia. Tuy nhin, do yu cu trong s dng i hi tnh nng n gin, gn nh s
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dng trong cc my CD xch tay, cc my CD phone, cc CD ROM ngi ta ch to cm quang hc loi mt tia. Cm quang hc loi mt tia th khng c s dng li nhiu x. Do khi nh sng laser i qua khng b tch thnh ba tia m ch to thnh mt tia hi t trn CD, tia sng phn x c i vo lng knh hnh tr v tp trung trn ma trn diode. Trn ma trn diode cm quang ngi ta khng s dng hai diode EF nhn dng sai lch track m ch s dng bn diode ABCD nhn chm tia sng trung tm. 4.4. GHI PHT TN HIU TRN CD 4.4.1. Ghi tn hiu trn CD
Trong sut
Lp cm quang Pit Tia laser Vt knh
Diode laser
Hnh 4.7. Ghi tn hiu trn CD
Khi ghi, chm tia laser do tn hiu c iu bin dng s c a vo khi u quang bin i thnh tn hiu quang (chm tia laser). Chm tia laser ny c cng thay i khc nhau chiu ln lp cm quang ca CD to thnh cc vt li (pit) v cc vt lm (flat). Khi ghi chm tia laser di chuyn t pha vng tm a ra ngoi nn cc pit v cc flat c sp xp trn nhng ng track l nhng ng xon c t trong ra ngoi. 4.4.2. Pht li tn hiu trn CD Khi pht li, chm tia laser t u c chiu ln b mt CD khi gp cc pit v flat th phn x tr v qua h thng thu knh trong khi u quang n bn lng knh chm tia i phng 900 v chiu ln bn diode cm quang ABCD sau cp tn hiu cho mch x l tn hiu bin i tn hiu quang tr thnh tn hiu in, gii iu ch, bin i tn hiu t dng s tr v tn hiu dng tng t phc hi li tn hiu nh nguyn mu.
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Trong sut
Lp cm quang Pit Tia laser Vt knh
Diode laser
Diode cm quang
Hnh 4.8. Pht tn hiu trn CD
4.4.3. Cu trc ca tn hiu ghi trn CD Tn hiu lu tr trn CD bi cc pit v flat, cc cu trc vt l ny c trng cho tn hiu c iu bin dng s l cc bit 0 v bit 1, chng c sp xp ln nhng ng track l ng trn hnh xon c theo chiu kim ng h khong cch gia cc track l 1,6m. Cc pit v flat c kch thc rt nh b rng 0,5m, su cc pit c xc nh trong qu trnh to a gc l 0,1m tc xp x bng 1/4 di bc sng laser, di cc pit thay i t 0,8333,054m (tc t 3T n 11T) di cc pit cng l mt i lng phn nh thng tin trong tn hiu audio tng t. bin thin t nht t di ca pit ny n pit k tip khng nh hn 0,278m. Cht lng ca tn hiu c t a quang ph thuc vo cu trc hnh hc ca cc pit trn CD.
1,6m
0,5m
Tia laser 2m
0,8333,054m
Hnh dng cc track trn CD
Hnh 4.9. Cu trc d liu trn cc track CD 98
Cc thng s tiu chun ca a CD-DA v my CD: H thng ghi m dng k thut s ng knh ngoi ca a l 120mm, ng knh trong l 15mm Thi gian pht t 60 pht n 75 pht u c dng tia laser khng tip xc c bc sng 780nm Vn tc quay a theo h thng CLV tc vn tc di khng i 1,2 n 1,4 m/s v vn tc gc thay i t 500 vng/pht gim dn xung 200 vng/pht khi u c di chuyn t vng tm ra ngoi bin a. p ng tn s 5Hz 20 Hz Tn s ly mu l 44,1KHz, s bit lng t:16 bit, tc truyn 4,3218 MHz, h thng iu ch: EFM
4.5. X L TN HIU AUDIO KHI GHI V PHT

4.5.1. X l tn hiu audio khi ghi
Tn hiu audio tng t Lch Rch
Ly mu Lng t ha M ha To khung
Ly mu Lng t ha M ha
Bin i D/A
M ha qui tc Reed solomon Sp xp li trt t d liu
an xen d liu
M ha qui tc iu khin v hin th iu bin EFM v m ho cc pit ghp M ho cc qui tc ng b Tn hiu ghi Bin i EFM
Hnh 4.10. S khi x l tn hiu khi ghi
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4.5.1.1. Mch bin i A/D Mch ny lm nhim v bin i tn hiu audio nguyn mu dng tng t thnh tn hiu dng s thc hin gm cc cng on nh sau: Ly mu tn hiu L cng on quan trng u tin trong vic chuyn i tn hiu audio t dng tng t sang tn hiu dng s. Ly mu tn hiu l ri rc cc mc tn hiu theo tng mc thi gian nh t1, t2, t3, t4tc l chia nh cc mc tn hiu theo trc thi gian (trc honh), cc mu tn hiu c to ra l c s biu din thnh tn hiu s. Vic la chn tn s ly mu phi ph hp vi tn hiu cn chuyn i sau cho t cc mu ta c th d dng ti to li tn hiu tng t. Do , khi ly mu tn hiu ta cn da theo nh l ly mu.
Mc tn hiu
t1
t2
t3
t4 . . . .
Hnh 4.11. Biu din mu tn hiu
nh l ly mu (sampling theorem): gi nh rng i lng x ca mt tn hiu l mt hm lin tc x(t) theo thi gian t v tn hiu ny khng cha cc thnh phn tn s ln hn W(Hz). Phng trnh sau y c xc lp theo nh l ly mu ca Someya-Shannon: x(t) =
n =
x( n / 2 W )
sin (2 Wt n) (2 Wt n)
(4.1)
Trong , x(n/2W) l ln ca i lng x v c chn trc, sau thi im t = 0, theo chu k 1/2W (s) v c gi l mu chn 1/2W. y chnh l biu th cng vic ly mu ca hm lin tc x (t). V th hai ca phng trnh trn c gi l hm ly mu. Theo , phng trnh ny m ch rng, mt hm lin tc x(t) c xem l tng cc gi tr mu c chn theo chu k 1/2W v theo hm ly mu. Tuy nhin, s khai trin x(t) theo cch ny c mt gii hn l cc thnh phn tn s ln hn W(Hz) khng hin din. Khi tn s cao nht W(Hz) cha trong x(t) c tm thy theo nh l ny, ngi ta thy rng khong ly mu 1/2W (s) l thch hp, vic chn khong ly mu nh hn (chn tn s ly mu cao hn) l khng cn thit. Ph tn ly mu, tn s
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ly mu l yu t quan trng trong phng php ly mu. Ph tn hiu khi ly mu c biu din nh hnh 4.12.
fS
>
2fC
fS
<
2fC
fC
MHz
fC
fS
MHz
fC
fS
MHz
Hnh 4.12. Biu din ph tn hiu khi ly mu
Biu biu din ph tn hiu cho thy hai trng hp xy ra. Khi fs > 2fc, khng c s xuyn ln no gia hai ph. Trong trng hp ny, dng mt mch lc thp qua (LPF) l c th ti to c tn hiu gc. Khi fs > 2fc, s c hin tng xuyn ln gia ph ca tn hiu gc v ph ca tn s ly mu. Nh vy, khi dng mch lc thp qua, mt loi nhiu sinh ra c tn gi l aliasing noise s can thip vo vic ti to tn hiu gc m h qu l khng th chp nhn c. Nh c cp trc y, lin quan n mi quan h fs > 2fc, th s khc bit gia fs v fc, d ln bao nhiu u c php. Tuy nhin, khi khi lng thng tin gia tng th c tnh mt ghi li b nh hng theo chiu ngc li. Hn na, cn phi cn nhc vic chn tn s fc. Tn hiu audio tng t c tn s fc cao nht l 20KHz nn khi x l tn s ly mu c chn l 44,1KHz, tn s ny m bo ln hn hai ln tn s cao nht ca tn hiu tng t. Lng t ho Khi cng vic ly mu hon tt bc k tip l lng t ho. Ly mu c thc hin theo trc thi gian v sau mt gi tr c ly mu t tn hiu gc analog c i thnh mt s c gi tr gin on theo trc tung (chiu biu din bin ) l cng vic ca lng t ho. Sau khi lng t ha th mi mc tn hiu s ti cc mc thi gian t1, t2, t3 s c lng t bng mt mc tn hiu c gi tr xc nh. Bin cng c chia mn bao nhiu, chnh xc ca qu trnh lng t ho cng cao by nhiu. V mt gi tr mu c lm trn bng mt con s hu dng gm nhiu s m nn xy ra sai s lm trn. Trong trng hp tn hiu m thanh c s ho, sai s lm trn to mo dng tng ng hay gi l nhiu. Nhiu ny c c tnh hon ton khc vi nhiu tn hiu analog v c gi l mo lng t ho. Nhiu lng t ho l iu khng th trnh c trong cng vic lng t ho. Ch c th lm gim i bng cch tng s bit lng t ln n mc m khng gy h qu nghch ln thc t s dng. M ho
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y l qui tc bin tr ly mu qua giai on lng t ho thnh s nh phn bao gm cc chui 0 v 1. Cc chui s nh phn ny c gi l mt t. Trnh by sau y cho thy cch sp xp ca mi bit kin to thnh mt t.
1
MSB
1
2SB
1
3SB
1
4SB
1
5SB
1
6SB
0
7SB
1
LSB
h thng x l tn hiu khi ghi ln CD, ngi ta lng t ha mi t gm 16 bit, nh vy biu din tn hiu bin thin t thp n cao ca tn hiu tng t th c tt c 216 t c to ra. Vi s lng 216 t phn nh s bin thin nh nht ca tn hiu tng t. Theo trt t quan trng, bit MSB (most significant bit) l bit c ngha ln nht, ng v tr u tin, bit 2SB (second significant bit) l bit c ngha th nh, chim v tr th haiv cui cng l bit LSB (least significant bit) l bit c ngha nh nht xp cui. 4.5.1.2. nh dng khung d liu Cc tn hiu knh tri (Lch) v knh phi (Rch) u l tn hiu c bin i t analog sang digital tr thnh tn hiu s 16 bit. Cc tn hiu ny cha c ghi trc tip ln a ngay. Chng c sp xp li thnh cc n v gi l khung. Mi khung cha 12 t mu (sample) gm 6 t mu knh tri v 6 t mu knh phi, sau chng c x l bin iu cng vi m sa sai trc khi c ghi ln a. Cc khung d liu sp xp nm ni tip nhau trn cc track hnh xon c. Vic nh dng khung c biu din hnh 4.12.
1 sample data word = 16bit 1 symbol word = 8bit L0 Rch Mc tn hiu 1 Frame
0 1 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
R0
Lch
L0
t0
t5
Hnh 4.13. nh dng khung d liu trn CD
Mt mc tn hiu c m ho vi t 16 bit c gi l t d liu mu (sample data word). T d liu mu ny c phn lm hai thnh phn gm 8 bit trn v thnh phn 8 bit di, c hai u c gi l k t biu tng (symbol
102
word). Mt khung bao gm 6 t d liu mu cho knh tri v 6 t d liu mu cho knh phi, ngha l gm tng cng 24 k t biu tng. V tn s ly mu h thng CD l 44,1 KHz, nn thi gian cho mt khung l 1/44,1006(s) =136,05 (s). 4.5.1.3. an xen d liu theo qui tc Reed-solomon Sau cng on to khung, d liu ghi s c thc hin an xen vi nhau theo mt trt t nht nh gi l an xen d liu theo qui tc Reed-solomon. Vic an xen d liu nh vy l nhm phn tn cc li kp thnh cc li n tin hnh sa sai tn hiu khi pht li. Bi v bnh thng khi c mt li xut hin trn CD v d nh mt ng try xt trn a th cng lm cho v s cc t d liu b sai i, lc cc li kp s xut hin, m cc li kp s khng sa c. sa cc li nh vy th cn phi phn tn chng thnh cc li n, v tin hnh sa li theo nguyn tc tng quan d liu. chnh l quy tc an xen Reed-solomon. Trong h thng x l tn hiu CD, khi ghi c thc hin an xen cho (cross interleve), v khi pht li d liu c sp li theo ng trnh t ban u trong h thng pht li c gi l gii an xen (de-interleave) tc l qu trnh ngc li an xen ti to li d liu. V d sau y trnh by nguyn l an d liu gm cc bc nh sau: Chui d liu c chia thnh tng khi ni tip nhau v mt loi m sa li phn t c mt k t cn bng P v Q c a vo.
... ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ012345678
**
**
**
**
**
9abcdefghIklmnopqrst uvwxyz...
**
**
**
**
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b b c d f g h
**
h k l m n o o p q r s t u v w x y z
D liu mi khi c sp li thnh 6 hng trn cng mt ct thng ng.

B C D E F G H I K L M N
D liu hng th hai c dch sang phi mt ct d liu hng th ba dch i hai ct,, v hng th su dch i l 5 ct.
.....B H O U 0 6 b h o u C I P V 1 7 c k p D K Q W 2 8 d l E L R X 3 9 f F M S Y 4 a G N T Z 5 v q m g b
w r x n s y h o t z
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Sau , cc hng d liu theo chiu ng trn cng mt ct c sp li thnh cc khi mi theo chiu ngang ca chui d liu mi.
....6 1 W R M G b 7 2 X S N h c 8 3 Y t o k d 9 4 Z u p l f a5...
D liu c sp tr li ng trnh t ban u bi mch gii an xen. Vo giai on ny, li kp xy ra lin tc trn nhiu bit tr thnh nhng li n phn tn trn cc khi khc nhau.
....6 1 W R M G b 7 2 X S N h c 8 3 Y t o k d 9 4 Z u p l f a 5...
Nguyn l an xen d liu trn phn tn cc li kp xut hin trn cc k t thnh cc li n, cc li n ny s c tin hnh sa sai theo nguyn tc tng quan d liu. Tuy nhin, y ch l v d p dng i vi li kp c di gii hn, sa nhng li di hn, cn phi thm cc kiu sa li khc. Nh vy khi a m cn bng P v Q vo trong khung d liu, th trong mi khung d liu c 4 k t P v 4 k t Q nh vy tng s k t trong khung l 32 k t, mi k t vn l 8 bit . 4.5.1.4. M ha tn hiu iu khin v hin th Tn hiu iu khin v hin th C&D c t u mi khung d liu hin th cc thng tin v d liu khi pht li. Tn hiu C&D l mt k t 8 bit, t tn cho cc bit ny l P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W. Nh vy khi a tn hiu iu khin v hin th C&D vo trong khung th s k t trong khung tng thm 1 k t tc l 33, v mt k t vn l 8 bit. 4.5.1.5. Bin iu EFM Mt khung c thnh lp bi 33 k t (symbol), mi k t ny gm 8 bit, gm 24 k t ca data, 8 k t sa sai P v Q, 1 k t dnh cho tn hiu C&D (control anh display). Khi nh dng khung cc k t ny c ghp ni li vi nhau th lc c th xut hin mt chui cc bit 0 hoc mt chui cc bit 1 lm cho thnh phn DC c th xut hin trong qu trnh x l tn hiu v lm gim thnh phn xung nhp lm nh hng n cht lng tn hiu. khc phc cc hin tng ny d liu trong khung s c thc hin iu ch EFM (Eight to Fourteen bit Modulation) tc mi k t 8 bit s c iu ch thnh k t 14 bit v k t 14 bit ny phi tha qui lut EFM (qui lut 2-10). Qui lut FEM s lng t 2 n 10 bit 0 c chn gia cc knh bit 1. Ti sao phi iu bin EFM k t 8 bit thnh k t 14 bit. Ta thy rng trong k t 8 bit th c tt c l 28 =256 k t c to ra, cn k t 14 bit th ta c tt c 214 =16.384 k t, trong s k t 14 bit ny th c 267 k t tha qui lut EFM cn
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cc k t cn li th khng tha. Nn 267 k t ny biu din cho 256 k t 8bit, cn nu ta chn k t 13 bit th s k t tha qui lut EFM s nh hn 256 k t 8 bit th khng biu din, cn nu ta chn k t 15 bit th s k t tha qui lut EFM s to ra rt ln s gy tn km b nh khi x l. V d: 1100010100001000: khng tha qui lut EFM 1010001010000000: khng tha qui lut EFM 1001000010010000: tha qui lut EFM Khi chuyn i k t t 8 bit sang 14 bit khng c mt qui lut bin i no m thc hin c iu ny mch lc s s chn lc ra cc t tha mn tng ng chuyn i. V d: K t 8 bit 11111011 11111100 11111101 11111110 11111111 K t 14 bit 10001000010010 01000000010010 00001000010010 00010000010010 00100000010010
Mc ch ca iu bin EFM l tng nhy thng tin bng cch thu hp di thng b chim ch, tng thnh phn xung nhp khi x l do mi k t khi x l i hi phi c mt phn t xung nhp, gim thnh phn DC xut hin khi x l nu c cc bit 0 lin tc th vt tn hiu s tr nn mt cc bit, thm vo thng tin xung nhp b mt i cc vng c bit v khng c bit trn a c c khong nh hn 3T v ln 11T ngn cn thnh phn tn s cao hn v s mt cc phn t xung nhp. khc phc iu ny th cc bit phi khng c xut hin lin tip hai bit 1 cng nh khng xut hin nhiu hn mi bit 0 lin tip. Xung NRZI (Non Return to Zero Invertted) s c to ra t d liu ca EFM, xung ny s c sn xung xut hin ti cc bit 1 ca d liu EFM, ti cc v tr ny xung NRZI s b o mc xung tn hiu. V d ng vi d liu EFM ta c c xung NRZI: EFM data Xung NRZI 0010000010001000000100000100
Nh vy sau cng on iu ch EFM th s k t trong khung vn l 33 k t, mi k t c 8 bit c chuyn i thnh 14 bit .
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4.5.1.6. Cc bit ghp trong khung Khi iu bin EFM mi k t 14 bit tha qui lut 2-10, nhng khi ta ghp ni cc k t ny li vi nhau trong khung th c th khng tha qui lut EFM. V d khi bit cui cng ca mng d liu ng trc v bit u tin ca mng d liu theo sau u l 1 th lc ghp ni hai mng d liu ny khng cn tha qui lut EFM na. V vy sau khi iu ch EFM mi k t 14 bit c cng thm vo 3 bit ghp (merging bit), m bo khi ghp ni cc k t li th lun tha quy lut EFM. Cc bit ghp ny c th l: 010, 100, 001, 000 V d: 10 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
K t u
***
Bit ghp
K t sau
10 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
K t u
***
Bit ghp
K t sau
Cc bit ghp c chn a vo cc k t sau cho gi tr DSV cng gn ti gi tr zero cng tt. Gi tr DSV l gi tr tng s t c khi chui bit h thng din tin di gi nh rng mc cao ca dng sng l +1 v mc thp l 1. Nh vy sau khi a ba bit ghp vo k t trong khung th s k t trong khung vn l 33 k t, mi k t s c 17 bit. V d 010010000000100*** 10010010010000100001 010010000000100100 10010010010000100001
+2 -7 +2 -2 +2 -2 +2 -4 +4 Bit ghep
t0
DVS = +2 - 7 + 2 -2 + 2 2 +2 4 +4 = -1 ti t 1
t1
4.5.1.7. Tn hiu ng b khung Sau khi hon tt vic iu ch EFM, mi khung d liu c s c a thm vo mt m ng b hay cn gi l tn hiu ng b khung. Tn hiu ng b khung c t u mi khung dng xc nh thi gian bt u ca mt khung mi v kt thc ca mt khung c. Tn hiu ng b khung ny gm c 24 bit mu v 3 bit ghp nh vy c tt c l 27 bit, do s lng bit chun nh vy nn n khng c gi l mt k t.
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Tn hiu ng b khung khung ny cng dng lm thnh phn bo vn tc quay ca a khi pht li. Khi pht li cn c vo tn s ca ng b khung fFCK m bit c vn tc quay hin ti ca a, n l c s dng iu chnh vn tc quay a ca mch Spindle servo. Sync = 24 bit c dng : 100000000001000000000010
Tn s ng b khung l s khung c c trong 1 giy: f = 1/ 136.05 = 7,35Khz Nh vy sau khi a tn hiu ng b vo trong khung th s k t trong khung vn l 33 k t, mi k t s c 17 bit. 4.5.1.8. Hon tt tn hiu ghi Tn hiu audio nguyn mu dng tng t sau khi qua cc cng on iu ch nh trn cui cng bin thnh tn hiu dng s, cc chui d liu ny c sp xp thnh tng khung nm ni tip nhau trn cc track ca a khi ghi. Mi khung nh vy c tt c l 588 bit h thng v c ghi trn a di dng cc cu trc vt l l cc vt li v lm.
1 Frame = 588 bit
Sync M
C&D
M Data1
M CIRC-Q
M Data2
M CIRC-P
Hnh 4.14. Dng khung d liu y
Thi gian x l khung: 136,05 s ng vi h vn tc CLV = 1,25 m/s Tn s ng b khung l s khung c c trong 1 giy: f = 1/ 136,05 = 7,35Khz Tng s bit trong mi khung d liu l 588 bit bao gm cc thnh phn sau: Sync word Control word Data 1 Parity P Data 2 Parity Q = 24 + 3 (bit ghp) = 27 bit = 14 +3 =17 bit = (14 +3 ) x 12 =204 bit = (14 +3) x 4 = 68 bit = (14 +3 ) x 12 =204 bit = (14 +3) x 4 = 68 bit
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Nh vy thi gian c mt khung d liu l: 135,05 s Suy ra thi gian c 1 bit d liu
t= 135,05 = 0,23s 588
Tn s xung ng b khung chnh bng s khung c c trong mt giy

f = 1 = 7350 Hz 135,05
Tn s xung im bit:
f = 588 = 4,3218MHz 135,05
Tn hiu ny cn gi l xung BCK hay fBCK = 4,3218MHz T tn hiu audio iu bin dng s s a n khi u quang iu bin thnh tn hiu quang sau ghi ln CD bi cc cu trc vt l l cc bit v flat. di cc pit s thay i t 3T n 11T ty theo d liu EFM iu bin
Audio data
01001000000001000000000010 0
Xung NRZI di pit
3T
11T
4.5.2. Mch x l tn hiu khi pht li Mch x l tn hiu khi pht li thc hin ngc vi khi ghi, khi ghi tn hiu audio nguyn mu dng tng t c bin i thnh dng s, sau c iu ch v nh dng thnh tng khung d liu, khi pht li mch x l tn hiu thc hin ngc li vi khi ghi tc l gii iu ch tn hiu s phc ch li tn hiu audio tng t. Nh biu din s mch x l nh biu din hnh 4.15, khi pht li chm tia laser t u c chiu ln b mt CD khi gp cc pit v flat th phn x tr v qua h thng thu knh trong u quang n bn lng knh chm tia i phng 900 v cp tn hiu cho bn diode cm quang ABCD. Tn hiu quang nhn c t cc diode cm quang ny sau c bin i thnh tn hiu in v cp cho mch x l tn hiu khi pht li gm cc mch gii iu ch tn hiu, gii an xen, tch m ph v cui cng l mch bin i tn hiu audio t dng s tr v tn hiu dng tng t phc hi li tn hiu nh nguyn mu.
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I/V converter A D B C I/V converter
Focus servo Wave sharp Focus servo Asymetry EFM Data strobe
Data BCK RLCK
RAM DSP
EFM demod Error correct Timing control Digital filter Data mute
add
Giao tip vi vi x l
Data BCK RLCK L out Muting LPF S/H D/A convert R out Digital out Muting LPF S/H
Digital I/O
Hnh 4.15. S khi my CD
4.5.2.1. Mch RF Mch RF lm nhim v bin i tn hiu audio nhn c t cc diode cm quang tn hiu ng ra c dng xung EFM, xung ny l c s phc ch li tn hiu audio.
I/V converter Focus servo Wave add I/V converter sharper Focus servo Asymetry EFM out
A D
B C
Hnh 4.16. S khi RF my CD
Khi I/V converter: bin i dng in ra in p. Khi photo detector c nhim v nhn tn hiu quang i thnh tn hiu dng in. Tn hiu dng in ny c bin i thnh tn hiu in p. Thc cht ca mch ny l khi Op-amp c
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tnh cht tr khng vo ln c th bin i mt s dao ng nh ca dng in thnh mt dao ng ln ca in p ng ra. Khi Addition amp: l mch khuch i cng, mch ny sp xp cc tn hiu A+C v B+D t mt b photo detector c to ra nh mch bin i I-V thnh mt tn hiu n. Tn hiu ny l mt chui cc dng sng t 3T n 11T v c gi l biu hnh mt (eye pattern). Khi Asymetry and Wave sharp: l mch sa dng sng v sa dng hnh hc c nhim v i tn hiu RF ng ra thnh cc chui s nh phn cung cp cho mch x l tn hiu s, chu k l tng ca RF l 50%. Do mch sa dng hnh hc phi hiu chnh sao cho chu k khng i.
Wave sharp RF in
+ _
EFM out
in p sai
+ _
LPF in p trung bnh
Asymetry
Hnh 4.17. S mch sa dng tn hiu
4.5.2.2. Khi Data Strobe Mch ny lm nhim v tch cc bit clock c ng b ha vi d liu ca EFM. Tn hiu EFM c thit kt sau cho n khng lm mt thnh phn xung nhp. u tin vng quay ca a c kim sot gi cho chu k khng i ca tn hiu EFM nh vo mch Spindle servo.
EFM EFM data Data strobe Gii m NRZI Bit clock n mch DSP Sync detector Frame sync
Hnh 4.18. S mch Data strobe
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Nu mch Spindle servo kim sot chu k sai lch ca tn hiu EFM c ti to khong 5% th mch Data strobe s b kha cho php to ra xung nhp clock. ti to cc bit clock mch tch d cnh lm vic tch cc cnh. Tip theo mch so pha thc hin so snh gia tn hiu cnh v ng ra VCO = 4,3218Mhz, cc tn hiu sai bit nh th c to ra c th ti to cc bit clock nh vo vic kim sot tn s dao ng ca VCO.
EFM in EFM
Phase comparision Delay LPF Tch d cnh VCO 4,3218M
Clock out
Hnh 4.19. S mch iu chnh phase tn hiu
4.5.2.3. Mch hon iu NRZI T tn hiu EFM data, mch hon iu NRZI s phc ch li xung NRZI, xung ny c cnh xut hin ti cc bit 1 v ti cc thi im ny s i mc tn hiu. T EFM data cng phc ch li xung clock BCK bng cch mi bit d liu EFM data s tch thnh mt chu k xung clock.
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
EFM data Xung NRZI 3T 5T 3T Bit clock
Tch tn hiu ng b khung v mch bo v: tn hiu t mch data strobe a n l mt chui cc bit 0 v 1 ni tip. N khng th cho bit im bt u v kt thc ca khung d liu. Khi ghi d liu c nh dng thnh t khung mi khung 588 bit, u mi khung li c tn hiu ng b khung. Tn hiu ng b khung c b rng xung l 11T-11T tn hiu ny khng c c trong d liu ca m thanh, bng cch d tn hiu ng b ny, phn trc ca d liu c th c nhn din.
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Tuy nhin dng tn hiu tng t nh tn hiu ng b c th xut hin do s c cc li nh try xt a... mch bo v tn hiu ng b hot ng ly ra cc tn hiu tng t nh th b sung vo phn tn hiu ng b b mt . Khi tn hiu ng b khng c pht hin, mch b tn hiu ny s tnh ton thi gian sao cho v b p tn hiu ng b ny.
Supplementary Signal generator EFM Sync signal Pattern det
+
Time gate generator
Sync signal
Hnh 4.20. S mch tch ng b khung
Mch ny nhn din tn hiu ng b theo mu 11T-11T, qu trnh ny to ra tn hiu ng b. Tn hiu c ly ra theo tng khung. T tn hiu ny, tn hiu cng thi gian c to ra quan st tn hiu ng b v b vo phn tn hiu ng b mt hoc b sai. 4.5.2.4. Mch x l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processor)
ROM
RAM Error correction Subcode separation Data BCK LRCK
EFM signal Sync signal Bitclock
EFM Demodulatior
RAM write control
RAM read control To system control
RAM
Digital output
Hnh 4.21. S khi mch DSP
Mch x l tn hiu s nhn vo ba tn hiu: Data, BCK, Sync x l cho ra ba tn hiu c bn l Data, BCK, LRCK cp cho mch D/A converter. 4.5.2.5. Hon iu tn hiu EFM Cc tn hiu nhc c lng t mi 16 bit c chia thnh 8 bit cao v 8 bit thp. Chng c i thnh d liu 14 bit gi l tn hiu EFM. Tn hiu 8 bit s
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phn bit c 28=256 trng hp, chng cha cc d liu 0 v 1 lin tip nhau.Tn hiu EFM 14 bit c thit lp theo lut 2 n 10 bit 0 c kp gia 2 bit 1. Khi c s xut hin lin tip cc mc 0, iu c ngha l c s hin din ca thnh phn DC ca tn hiu, m c th gy ra kh khn ln trong qu trnh ti to d liu. gii quyt vn ny, mt chui d liu khng c cc s 1 xut hin lin tip hoc vi s lng t 2 ti 10 s 0 c chn t 214 = 16.384 thnh phn phn bit ca 14 bit d liu. D liu c chn ny c to ra tng ng vi 8 bit d liu thc hin bin iu NRZI. Trong qu trnh pht li, cc tn hiu EFM 14 bit c a vo mch hon iu EFM. Mch ny c ci vo trong IC x l tn hiu s (DSP). Mch hon iu EFM i chiu vi bng chuyn i 14-8 bit c np vo ROM i d liu 14 bit ra 8 bit. 4.5.2.6. RAM Trong mch DSP b nh RAM thc hin chc nng lu tr tm thi cc d liu nhm tng tc cho b x l s, ng thi cng lm cc nhim v nh Loi b bt n (Jitter): data c t a b thay i do s quay khng ng u ca a. S thay i ny gi l s bt n (Jitter). S bt n c th c loi tr bng cch ghi data cha bt n ln RAM. Vic c data nh th nh mt xung ng h chnh xc ly ra t dao ng thch anh. Gii an xen (de-interleave): th t data b thay i ngn nga cc tn hiu analog ng ra b gin on, hoc gy ra bi sai s data lin tip hoc s xo trn d liu do s try xc aS hon i d liu c thc hin trn mi 4 khung (frame). Qu trnh ny c gi l an xen. Trong qu trnh ti to d liu, cn phi lu tr d liu trong 108 khung ln RAM a ra theo th t nguyn thu ca n. Chc nng ny gi l gii an xen (De interleave). Lu tr m ph: vi lu l 8 bit m ph data trong mt khung c phn phi 98 khung cng hnh thnh nn mt m ph n. Nh vy, RAM lu tr 98 khung data m ph. Nhn din sai s v sa sai: d liu c ti to c th cha nhiu sai s hoc mt d liu do s try xc ca a, bi khi 1 tr thnh 0 v ngc li, s gy ra s khim khuyt nh trn, iu ny c gi l s sai m (Code Error). 4.5.2.7. Mch bin i D/A Mch bin i D/A (D/A converter) i tn hiu audio dng s thnh tn hiu audio dng analog c di ng rng hn, nhm phc ch li tn hiu audio nguyn mu. Mch D/A Converter i hi c nhng kh nng nh sau: bin i
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D/A: 16 bit; tc thay i: 20s/2channel; mo hi (harmonic dictortion): 0,003%; di rng 96dB. 4.6. MY PHT CD My CD (Compact Disc Player) l thit b dng pht li tn hiu trn a compact, trong cc my CD dn dng thng ch c mch pht li tn hiu m khng c mch ghi. Da vo yu cu v mc ch s dng, my CD c nhiu loi khc nhau nh: my ht CD gia nh, my CD dng trn xe hi, my CD xch tay, my CD kt hp. . .
a compact
RF Amp Servo amp
Bitclock separate EFM demodulation Sync det
Data strobe LPF L- out
Focus Servo
RAM
Data Signal Processing
D/A
Head phone
Tracking Servo
Deinterleave Error correction Sub code
LPF
Spindle motor
Sled Servo
R- out
Spindle Servo
System control Loading motor
Key matrix
Sled motor
Servo
Display
Sensor
Power
Hnh 4.22. S khi my CD
Khi RF: nhim v bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in v khuch i tn hiu ny cp cho khi servo v x l tn hiu m thanh Khi Data strobe: khi ny nhn tn hiu t khi RF tch bit clock gii iu ch EFM tr li m nh phn 8 bit ca tn hiu nguyn thy. Ngoi ra khi ny cn c nhin v tch tn hiu ng b khung cp cho mch Spindle servo. Khi DSP: khi ny c gi l khi x l tn hiu s nhn tn hiu t data strobe cp cho mch gii an xen, sa sai, v tch m ph.
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Khi x l audio: khi ny nhn tn hiu m thanh t DSP cp cho mch bin i D/A. Tn hiu knh tri v knh phi ng ra c ly ra nh mch tch knh gm hai mch LPF. Khi servo gm c 4 mch servo c bn nh sau: Focus servo: khi ny nhn tn hiu t RF iu chnh cun dy hi t, lm dch chuyn vt knh theo phng thng ng chm tia hi t ng trn b mt CD. Tracking servo: khi ny nhn tn hiu t mch RF cp in p thay i cun tracking lm dch chuyn vt knh theo phng nng ngang chm tia laser lun c ng cc track. Sled servo: khi ny nhn tn hiu iu khin t mch tracking servo a ra in p iu chnh Sled motor, to tc ng iu chnh cm quang hc theo tng bc trn cc track t pha vng tm a ra ngoi. Ngoi ra trn my CD cn trang cc h thng np a hoc a a ra ngoi. Ton b vn hnh ca my c iu khin bi khi vi x l. Spindle servo: khi ny c nhim v nhn tn hiu phn hi t mch x l tn hiu s cung cp in p iu khin vn tc quay ca Spindle motor. Khi ny phi m bo vn tc quay a theo h thng CLV tc vn tc di khng i nhng vn tc gc thay i t 500 vng/pht khi cm quang hc trong cng v gim dn cn 200 vng/pht khi cm quang hc di chuyn ra ngoi bin. Khi hin th: khi ny c nhim v hin th cc ch lm vic ca my: thi gian pht bn nhc, s bn nhc, m s track ang pht ... Khi x l: khi ny c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc khi a v xut ra cc lnh iu khin cc hot ng ca my theo cc ch lm vic tng ng. Ngoi ra khi x l cn c nhim v to ra cc tn hiu data, clock giao tip vi cc mch DSP, mch servo ... 4.7. MY PHT VCD My VCD (Video Compact Disc Player) l thit b dng pht li tn hiu trn a hnh VCD. V cu to, my c a CD nhc v VCD c cc b phn ginh nhau nh: cm quang hc, khi RF amp, khi DSP v khi servo. Trn thc t, my c VCD lun km theo chc nng c a nhc CD mt cch t ng. Trn my VCD ngi ta thit k mch gii nn tn hiu hnh MPEG, i tn hiu hnh t s ra tng t (video DA) v khi gii m R,G,B cp cho ng ra video. Bn cnh , ngi ta cn thc hin cc chc nng gii m m thanh hai knh tri phi, x l karaoke, ngt li, tng gim tone cp cho ng audio out. Tt c cc
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tiu chun ca my CD u ng i vi my VCD. Tuy nhin, i vi my VCD cn c nhng tiu chun khc nh: Tn hiu NTSC 3,58/PAL (c th thay i c trn mch gii nn). Mc tn hiu video ng ra: 1VPP. Tr khng: 75, khng cn bng. Thi gian pht ti a: 74 pht
a compact RF Amp Servo

DSP Data signal processing
Data BCK RLCK
DRAM ROM Video out
Focus Servo Tracking Servo Sled Servo Spindle Servo Sled motor
MPEG Decoder
Video
D/A
RGB encod
OSD
L- out
LPF Audio process D/A
Head phone
Spindle motor
Video and audio processor
LPF
R- out
System control Servo Loading motor Display

Sensor
Key matrix
Power
Hnh 4.23. S khi my VCD
Do tn hiu video c di tn rng v dung lng d liu ln nn trc khi ghi tn hiu ln a ngi ta phi tin hnh nn ph tn li cho thch hp, trong qu trnh pht li ngi ta phi tin hnh gii nn tn hiu. S khi mch gii nn tn hiu khi pht li c biu din hnh 4.24. Hin nay, ngi ta thng nht tiu chun nn hnh trong VCD l MPEG-1 vi hnh nh c phn gii l 252288 v tn s qut dc l 25Hz i vi h PAL, phn gii 352240 v tn s qut dc l 30Hz i vi h NTSC.
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My VCD c kh nng a ra hnh nh c h mu PAL v NTSC nh s can thip vo phm n i h trn remote control hoc phm trc mt my. V vy, khi s dng my VCD ta khng cn quan tm n h mu v tiu chun dng qut, tn s qut, bn thn a VCD cng khng phn bit cc chun ny. Vic i cc chun s c thc hin bi cc m thng tin trn cc ng d liu m khi gii m MPEG nhn c.
MPEG Video Decoder RGB Encoder R,G,B Video out
Video DAC
Laser Pickup
RF Amp
DSP
OSD Data clock
RF converter
Video out
Mch x l audio
(p)
Hnh 4.24. S mch x l tn hiu video trong my VCD
4.7.1. Khi gii nn MPEG video Khi gii nn MPEG lm nhim v gii nn tn hiu video v audio khi pht li, do trong lc ghi c hai tn hiu ny cng c nn v ghi ln VCD. Khi gii nn cng l b phn khc nhau cn bn gia my CD v VCD. Tn hiu t khi DSP cp cho khi giao tip ch (host interface) theo ba ng tn hiu, sau cp cho khi DRAM controller, ti khi ny c nhiu ng data (d liu), address (a ch), iu khin (control) lin lc vi b nh RAM bn ngoi. Cui cng, khi video display l khi giao tip vi mch D/A ca b phn hnh nh.
Data FIFO Data BCK LRCK Internal processor MPEG decording
Host interface
DRAM controller
Video display unit
Data control
DRAM BUS
Colour space converter
Hnh 4.25. S khi mch MPEG
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4.7.2. RAM v ROM s dng trong my VCD DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): b nh truy xut trc tip loi ng, gi tt l RAM ng. Cc b nh RAM ng s dng trong VCD thng c dung lng t 1M n 16Mbyte, trong khi b nh ROM thng c s dng vi dung lng khong 1Mbyte. Chng thng s dng km vi mch gii nn MPEG lu tr d liu v tng tc x l trn IC gii nn.
MD, MA MPEG DECODER MD
A0 An D0 Dn ROM
OE
Hnh 4.26. S giao tip IC ROM v MPEG
ROM (Read Only Memory) l b nh ch c, ROM s dng trong VCD thng c dung lng nh hn DRAM, chng cng c lin lc trc tip ln khi gii nn video. Cc chn a ch A (address) c th l cc tuyn a ch nh MA (memory address) hoc d liu nh MD (memory tata) lin lc vi mch gii nn. 4.7.3. Khi RGB-DAC Khi RGB-DAC c nhim v chuyn i cc bit d liu cha hnh nh bao gm cc thng tin v chi, mu, ng bthnh tn hiu dng tng t c th cung cp cho ng vo ca my thu hnh (mn hnh th). S khi ca mch RGBDAC c th hin nh hnh 4.26.
Digital input Input buffer RGB output
encoder
Latch
Buffer
D/A C
Hnh 4.27. S khi RGB-DAC
Thng thng ngi ta a d liu theo ba tuyn khc nhau, mi tuyn cha 816 bit i thnh cc tn hiu R,G, B dng tng t. 4.7.4. Khi gii m RGB Khi gii m RGB c nhim v ly cc tn hiu R,G,B dng tng t ti ng ra ti to cc tn hiu truyn hnh, cc tn hiu ng b ngang (H.sync), ng b dc (V.sync)..
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4.7.5. Khi gii nm m tn Trong my c a hnh, ngoi khi gii nn tn hiu hnh, ngi ta thit k khi chc nng gii nn tn hiu m thanh nhm ti to tn hiu m thanh c nn cng vi tn hiu hnh. S khi ca khi gii nn m tn nh hnh 4.27.
LPF MPEG VIDEO MPEG AUDIO D/A LPF RAM Audio SW
L out R out
Hnh 4.28. S khi mch gii nn m tn
Ng ra tn hiu m thanh ny c ly t d liu ca khi gii nn hnh nh MPEG, sau c x l gii nn, chuyn i D/A, tch hai knh tri phi ring bit sau khuch i cp cho hai ng audio out L-R. Ngoi ra, trn khi gii nn m tn ngi ta cn thc hin cc chc nng dnh cho karaoke bao gm cc tng mix gia cc ng vo micro v m nhc nn, tng m tone cho phn mic 4.7.6. Khi vi x l ch Khi vi x l ch (host com) trn my c VCD c nhim v giao tip vi khi gii nn hnh thng qua cc ng lin lc HA (host address), HD (host data). Giao tip vi khi gii nn m thanh, giao tip vi cc b nh ROM/RAM v giao tip vi khi vi x l chnh ca my. 4.8. KHI SERVO MY CD Khi servo trong my CD gm c bn mch servo chnh: focus servo, tracking servo, sled servo, spindle servo, lm nhim v iu chnh vn tc quay v pha quay ca cc motor, ng thi iu chnh chm tia laser ca u c, m bo cho vic ghi pht tn hiu trn CD lun c trung thc. 4.8.1. Focus servo S mch focus servo nh biu din hnh 4.28. Khi ny nhn tn hiu t RF, iu chnh cun dy hi t, lm dch chuyn vt knh theo phng thng ng chm tia hi t ng trn b mt CD tn hiu pht li l trung thc nht. Ty thuc vo v tr ca vt knh so vi CD m chm sng c cc hnh dng khc nhau. Cng sng nhn c t cc diode A+C v B+D c a n mch khuch i so snh to ra tn hiu sai lch hi t (FE), sau n mch so
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pha, mch khuch i thc cp in p sai lch cho cun dy hi t s to ra t trng di chuyn vt knh theo phng thng ng sao cho khong cch ca vt knh ng vi b mt CD chm tia hi t ln CD thnh mt im cc nh khi tn hiu pht li l trung thc nht.
Bn lng knh Laser diode
Pit Tia ph E Tia chnh a compact Phng ng

B+D
Focus coil
I/V converter
A D B C
_
I/V converter
A+C
Phase correc Focus Error
Drive
Hnh 4.29. S khi mch Focus servo my VCD.
Khi khong cch vt knh ng vi CD th chm sng hi t ln cc diode cm quang l vt sng hnh trn, khi cng sng nhn c ca A+C=B+D lm cho p sai lch hi t to ra t mch khuch i so snh bng 0, tc l vt knh ng khng cn iu chnh.
A D
B C
+
_
Vt knh ng vi CD
Khi khong cch vt knh qu gn vi CD th chm sng hi t ln cc diode cm quang l vt sng hnh elip ng, khi cng sng nhn c ca diode A+C > B+D lm cho p sai lch hi t to ra t mch khuch i so snh c gi tr dng (+), in p ny cp cho cun dy to t trng di chuyn vt knh xa CD.
A D B C
+
_
V+
Vt knh qu gn CD
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Khi khong cch vt knh qu xa vi CD th chm sng hi t ln cc diode cm quang l vt sng hnh elip ngang, khi cng sng nhn c ca diode A+C < B+D lm cho p sai lch hi t to ra t mch khuch i so snh c gi tr m (-), p ny cp cho cun dy to t trng di chuyn vt knh gn li CD.
A D
B C
+ _
V-
Vat knh qua xa CD
4.8.2. Tracking servo Khi ny nhn tn hiu t mch RF cp in p thay i cun tracking lm dch chuyn vt knh theo phng nng ngang chm tia laser lun c ng cc track. Khi pht li, hai chm tia laser ph E v F chiu ln b mt CD gp cc pit phn x tr li, khi n bn lng knh chm tia i phng 900 sau ri ln 4 diode cm quang ABCD. Ty thuc vo v tr ca chm tia chnh so vi cc ng track, m chm sng phn x li ca E v F c cng khc nhau.
Bn lng knh Laser diode Pit Tia ph F Tia chnh Tia ph E a compact Phng ngang E + E F I/V converter Tracking coil
I/V converter
_
F
Phase correct Tracking Error
Drive
Hnh 4.30. S khi mch Tracking servo my VCD
Cng sng ca diode E v F c a n mch khuch i so snh s to ra tn hiu sai lch tracking (TE), sau n mch so pha, mch khuch i thc cp in p sai lch cho cun dy hi t to ra t trng di chuyn vt knh theo
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phng nm ngang sao cho chm tia chnh lun c ng cc track tn hiu pht li l trung thc nht.
+ 0
+ -
+ -
Hnh 4.31. Biu din v tr lch ca cc tia ph
Khi chm tia chnh ng c ng track, khi nh sng phn x ca hai tia ph ln hai diode E v F c cng bng nhau, khi p sai lch tracking t mch so snh bng 0 tc l v tr ca vt knh ng khng cn iu chnh Khi chm tia chnh lch sang bn tri, khi nh sng phn x ca hai tia ph ln hai diode E v F c cng khc nhau, cng sng nhn c ca diode E>F khi p sai lch tracking t mch so snh c gi tr m (-), p sai lch ny cp cho cun dy to t trng di chuyn vt knh sang bn phi gip cho tia chnh c ng track tn hiu pht li l trung thc nht. Khi chm tia chnh lch sang bn phi, khi nh sng phn x ca hai tia ph ln hai diode E v F c cng khc nhau, cng sng nhn c ca diode E<F khi p sai lch tracking t mch so snh c gi tr dng (+), p sai lch ny cp cho cun dy to t trng di chuyn vt knh sang bn tri gip cho tia chnh c ng track tn hiu pht li l trung thc nht. 4.8.3. Mch Spindle servo Mch ny c nhim v nhn tn hiu phn hi t mch x l tn hiu s DSP cung cp in p iu khin vn tc quay v pha quay ca Spindle motor. Khi ny phi m bo vn tc quay a theo h thng CLV tc vn tc di khng i t 1,2 n 1,4 m/s nhng vn tc gc thay i t 500 vng/pht khi cm quang hc trong cng v gim dn cn 200 vng/pht khi cm quang hc di chuyn ra ngoi bin. Mch t ng iu chnh vn tc quay motor nh hnh 4.32.
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LPF RF DSP D/A LPF fFCK tch c M MDA Frequency comparison
L- out
R- out
XTAL 7350Hz
Hnh 4.32. S khi mch iu chnh vn tc quay Spindle motor
thc hin c iu ny mch iu chnh vn tc ly tn hiu ng b khung (fFCK) tch c khi c li so snh vi vn tc chun to ra t dao ng thch anh, kt qu to ra p sai lch vn tc cp cho mch MDA iu chnh li vn tc quay motor. Mch iu chnh phase quay: mch ny phi m bo pha quay ca motor quay lun c n nh, tc lm m bo sau cho pha ca xung clock tng ng vi data khi pht li (BCK) phi cng pha vi xung clock chun a vo tri xut d liu.
LPF RF DSP D/A LPF
FBCK = 4,3218MHz
L- out
R- out
MDA
Frequency comparison
XTAL 4,3218MHz
Hnh 4.33. S khi mch iu chnh phase quay Spindle motor
thc hin c iu ny mch iu chnh pha quay motor ly tn hiu so snh l pha ca xung clock tng ng vi d liu khi pht li (fBCK) c tn s n nh bi mch iu chnh vn tc, so snh vi pha ca xung clock chun f0SC=4,3218MHz to ra t dao ng thch anh chun, kt qu to ra p sai lch v pha cp cho mch MDA iu chnh li pha quay ca motor. 4.8.4. Mch Sled servo
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Khi ny nhn tn hiu iu khin t mch tracking servo a ra in p iu chnh sled motor, to tc ng iu chnh cm quang hc theo tng bc trn cc track t pha vng tm a ra ngoi, sau cho chm tia lun c ng cc track. Mch sled servo cn gi l mch chnh th, ngoi ra trn my CD cn trang b cc h thng np a hoc a a ra ngoi. Ton b vn hnh ca my c iu khin bi khi vi x l.
TEO Tracking servo Driver Mch tch phn Tng so snh Tng li M
Hnh 4.34. S khi mch Sled servo my VCD
in p trung bnh ca tn hiu tracking error (TE) t mch tracking servo a ti, c gi tr rng theo thi gian, tn hiu ny c a ti mch tch phn sa dng tnh hiu sau a ti tng so snh so snh vi thnh phn chun kt qu p sai lch sled motor to ra li sled motor sau cho vt knh c gi trong tm iu chnh so vi in p chun ngay ti tm ca h c. 4.9. KHI VI X L Khi vi x l l b phn trung tm, lm nhim v iu hnh tt c cc hot ng trong my, bng cch tc ng iu khin trc tip n tt c cc khi gip cho vic ghi pht tn hiu din ra mt cch ng b. Tc ng n khi c: iu khin s hot ng ca cc phn t trong khi c thc hin vic np a vo, ly a ra, quay a Tc ng n khi ngun, iu khin vic cp ngun PC (power control) cho cc mch in trong my. Tc ng n khi tn hiu, iu khin vic x l tn hiu khi ghi v pht tng ng vi tng ch lm vic ca my. Tc ng n khi chnh c, thc hin vic iu khin vng quay ca cc motor gip cho vic ghi pht tn hiu din ra bnh thng. tin li cho vic kho st khi vi x l trong my ngi ta phn chia ra thnh tng khu vc khc nhau. Da vo chc nng hot ng ca khi, ngi ta phn chia khi vi x l ra lm 3 khu vc kho st chnh nh sau: Khu vc phc v chnh cho vi x l: l cc iu kin cn thit cho vi x l lm vic nh: ngun AT (5V), xung clock chun, mch Reset... Khu vc cc lnh ng vo: c th phn ra lm 3 loi
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Cc lnh ng vo t cc phm iu khin, cc phm nm pha trc mt my, thng qua cc phm nhn ny th lnh c a v vi x l. Cc lnh ng vo t cc cm bin (sensor), thng thng cc lnh ny c thit k lm cc mch bo v trong my hoc thc hin cc chuyn ng ni tip trong my. Lnh vo t mch tn hiu, l cc lnh c a v vi x l iu khin tng ch lm vic ca my. Khu vc cc lnh ng ra: c th chia lm 4 loi. Lnh ra iu khin hot ng ca cc motor trong cc ch lm vic nh: play, close/open, stop...Lnh ra u khin ng m cc mch in tn hiu trong cc ch lm vic nh iu khin mch data strobe, mch DSP mch cng tc EE, mch x l audio...Lnh ra iu khin cc mch n ch th nh iu khin cc n hin th cc ch lm vic ca myLnh ra iu khin cc ngun PC (ngun iu khin) cung cp cc mc ngun cho mch in hot ng. 4.9.1. Khu vc phc v chnh vi x l Cp ngun cho vi x l: trc ht l ngun p AT(5V) cung cp cho vi x l, ngun ny s xut hin ngay khi mi cp in vo vi x l sn sng lm vic khi tip nhn cc lnh mi. Ngun xung clock chun: v hot ng bng xung nn vi x l phi c cung cp mt xung chun tht n nh gi l xung clock. Thng thng xung clock chun ny c to ra t mch dao ng thch anh. Thc ra, bn trong vi x l l tp hp ca cc mch in dng s nh cc b m, cc thanh ghi dch... cho nn xung clock l c s to ra cc s nh phn v truy xut cc d liu trong khi x l. Thch anh to xung dao ng cp cho vi x l c th nm trong hoc ngoi vi x l nh hnh 4.33.
OSC
OSC Vi x l Vi x l Clock in
Hnh 4.35. Cu trc ca mch dao ng thch anh
i vi loi mch s dng dao ng thch anh ngay bn trong vi x l, ta c th nhn dng c nh chn lnh clock ni ra bn ngoi. i vi mch s dng dao ng t bn ngoi, ta c th nhn dng nh chn clock in. Lnh reset (chn ALC): chn lnh ny nhm tr d liu ca vi x l tr v trng thi ban u khi mi cp in vo vi x l sn sng tip nhn cc lnh mi.
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V d my ang hot ng ch play, lc d liu trong vi x l tng ng vi trng thi play, bng nhin b cp in. Khi c in tr li th chn lnh reset s tc ng tr d liu trong vi x l v trng thi ban u. 4.9.2. Khu vc cc lnh vo vi x l 4.9.2.1. Lnh vo t cc phm iu khin Lnh vo t cc phm iu khin (key input) l nhng lnh vo tc ng thng qua cc phm iu khin nm pha trc mt my nh: play, close/open, FF... hoc cc phm iu khin t remote cotrol a v vi x l. thc hin c cc lnh iu khin loi ny ngi ta thng dng phng php ma trn phm nh hnh 4.34.
Xung a ch AD1 AD2 AD3 KE1 KE2 KE3 Xung a ch
Vi x l
AD1 AD2 AD3 KE1 KE2 KE3
Data Clock Ready
IC gii m
Hnh 4.36. S mch gii m phm lnh
phng php ny, ngi ta thit lp cc ng xung a ch AD1, AD2, AD3...v cc ng nhn xung lnh ng vo KE1, KE2, KE3...Cc xung a ch c rng khc nhau t vi x l i ra ri li i vo vi x l thng qua cc phm iu khin nh: play, close/open, stop...t vi x l s hiu c phm lnh no c tc ng. V d khi ng vo KE1 nhn c xung c rng nh nht th l phm Eject c nhn, cng ng vo KE2 nhng nu nhn c xung AD3 c rng ln nht th l lnh stop c tc ng. 4.9.2.2. Lnh vo t cc cm bin
Cm bin v tr khay a (tray sensor): c nhim v nhn dng v tr khay a
ang ngoi hay trong my nh mt kho in hoc mt cm bin quay. Khay a dch chuyn theo rnh trt thng qua chuyn ng quay ca loading motor. V tr ca khay a trong hay ngoi h c c nhn din bi tray SW, c khi cn c gi l open hay close SW da vo cc mc cao hay thp do cc kho in tc ng to ra.
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Cht nh v khay a
SW 2 SW 1
Rnh trt khay a
Hnh 4.37. S cm bin v tr khay a
S dng kha in: bnh thng SW h, vi x l nhn mc cao H. Khi a vo trong my, SW ng vi x l nhn mc thp, ra lnh ngt motor loading.
5V R1 SW R1 Open Close Vi x l
MDA
Motor
Hnh 4.38. S mch cm bin v tr khay a dng kha in
S dng photo transistor: ngi ta da vo khong che ca h c nhn bit trng thi ca khay a. Chng hn, khi a v tr ngoi cng, nh sng t led hng ngoi khng n c photo transistor, transistor ngng hot ng, chn tray sensor mc cao. Khi a v tr trong cng, nh sng i n photo transistor lm transistor dn, vi x l nhn mc thp, lnh iu khin MDA lm ngt ng c.
5V R1 R2 R3 Open Close MDA Vi x l Motor
Hnh 4.39. S mch cm bin v tr khay a dng b cm quang
Cm bin nhn din v tr cm quang hc: trong my cm quang hc c b tr trn h c chuyn ng tnh tin t trong ra ngoi hoc t ngoi vo trong
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theo phng vung gc vi cc ng trn ng tm ca a. dch chuyn cm quang hc, ngi ta s dng sled motor. Kho in nhn dng v tr cm quang hc c s dng khng ch chuyn ng ca khi ny khi v tr trong cng hoc ngoi cng so vi a. V d trong cc my Sony, kho in up/down c trang b nhn dng trng thi ca cm quang hc vi mch in c minh ho nh hnh 4.40.
5V a compact R1 UP SW 1 C m quang hc Thanh trt R1 SW 2 Sled motor R2 DOW R1
5V
Vi x l
Hnh 4.40. S cm bin nhn din v tr cm quang hc
Mch cm bin iu khin t xa: thng thng khi gii m tn hiu hng ngoi c b tr ngay bn trong vi x l. nhn tn hiu t b iu khin t xa ti, ngi ta s dng b thu tn hiu hng ngoi IR (infrared receiver). M hnh mch c th c biu din nh hnh 4.41.
5V R/C in Vi x l
Hnh 4.41. S mch iu khin t xa
4.9.3. Khu v c cc lnh ra 4.9.3.1. Lnh ra iu khin m ngun PC Tng t nh my VCR, trn my CD, VCD ngi ta thit k mch iu khin ng m ngun cung cp bng cch tc ng lnh power on/ off. in p ng ra c th c s dng cung cp cho cc khi servo, DSPv cn c th c dng cung cp cho khi hin th. 4.9.3.2. Cc lnh iu khin motor
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Cc lnh iu khin motor thng tn ti di dng mt ng lnh hay t hp nhiu ng lnh iu khin th hin di dng mc logic (L/H). Thng tng iu khin cc motor thc hin nhiu ch lm vic ngi ta thit k cc m lnh iu khin bng cch t hp tuyn tnh cc chn lnh iu khin t vi x l. 4.9.3.3. Lnh m ngun Diode laser tng tui th ca diode laser cng nh bo v mt khi cha c a vo my, ngi ta khng cp ngun cho diode laser khi khay v tr bn ngoi, bng cch thit k ng lnh m ngun cho diode laser. Khi chn LD on = L, transistor Q dn, ngun cp cho diode laser, y l m hnh chung nht, thng gp nht trong cc my CD. Mch t ng iu chnh cng sut pht ta laser (APC) c bn thng c dng trong cc my CD c cu trc nh hnh 4.43.
+5V Q Mch APC LD MD
LD ON CPU
Hnh 4.42. S mch iu khin ng m diode laser
Lnh iu khin ng m ngun cp tia laser xut pht t vi x l gi l LD on tc ng mc thp, thng c s dng mch c cu trc nh hnh 4.43.
C151 R152
LD
MD
R102
R106
LD on
R104 R153 C105 VR151 R101 R103 R105 C106 R107
Hnh 4.43. S mch iu iu chnh cng sut pht tia laser
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4.9.3.4. Lnh cm m thanh Lnh mute (audio mute) xut pht t khi vi x l thng c dng lm cm tn hiu m thanh ng ra bng cch ngt m thanh ng ra, ni mass ng ra hoc khng ch khi DSP. Cc dng lm cm m thanh ng ra. Lm cm bng mc logic: y ngi ta s dng mc logic H hoc L ngt m thanh. Khi chn mute = H, Q1 ngng, Q2 v Q3 dn, ni mass m thanh ng ra.
+5V Q1
+ Q2
L- out
Mute CPU
+
Q3
R- out
Hnh 4.44. S mch lm cm tn hiu audio.
Lm cm bng chng trnh: phng php ny c thc hin trn cc my hin i. Khi sn xut, ngi ta np chng trnh ngt vo b nh. Trong trng hp ngt, mt chui xung ni tip c cp vo IC DSP, bng cch tch d xung lm ngt (bng s lng xung, cn c vo s t bin v cnh hoc mc logic) m khi DSP s hot ng hay b kho. M hnh hot ng ca phng thc ny c minh ho nh hnh 4.45.
CPU
DSP
Hnh 4.45. S mch lm cm tn hiu audio.
4.9.3.5. Lnh ra iu khin khi gii m hin th Khi gii m hin th (display) hin nay c thit k theo hai dng: b tr ngay bn bn ngoi ngoi hoc trong vi x l.
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-Vcc
3VAC
CPU + DISPLAY G0 - Gm S0 - Sm
DISPLAY
3VAC
Hnh 4.46. S mch giao tip iu khin v hin th .
Khi gii m hin th b tr chung vi vi x l: khi bn ngoi ngi ta b tr cc chn giao tip vi n hin th, l cc chn G (grid), S (segment). S giao tip c minh ho nh hnh 4.46. Khi hin th bn ngoi: trong trng hp ny ngi ta thit k cc chn d liu (aata), xung nhp (clock), bo sn sng (ready) giao tip gia vi x l v mch gii m hin th (display decoder). M hnh hot ng c biu din nh hnh 4.47.
5V -Vcc VAC
Data Clock CPU
DECODER G0 - G m S0 - Sm DISPLAY
VAC
Hnh 4.47. S mch giao tip iu khin v hin th .
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Chng 5: Nn d liu audio v video
Chng 5 NN D LIU AUDIO V VIDEO

5.1. GII THIU Tn hiu audio v video khi bin i thnh tn hiu s th dung lng d liu l rt ln, lm nh hng n vic lu tr cng nh truyn dn tn hiu. S lng d liu c to ra bi ADC ca tn hiu audio v video nhiu n mc audio v video s s khng s dng c nu d liu ny khng gim xung. Thc t, kh nng nn d liu audio v video l mt trong nhng phng php cho php h thng s s dng t di band tn hoc kh nng lu tr nhng ng thi li to ra ch tiu cao hn v gi thp hn h thng analog. 5.2. CC THUC TNH NN Nhng minh ha trn hnh 5.1, nn d liu lun c thc hin hai qu trnh b sung nn v gii nn. Nn thng ch c thc hin trong nhng phn ca h thng c sn kh nng cha d liu hay gii hn tc d liu nh cc knh thng tin hay thit b lu tr. B phn nn hot ng u ra ca b phn h thng b nn, v b phn gii nn hot ng ti im m d liu phi ngc tr li nh dng ban u. B phn nn v gii nn c th c t trn cng mt box hoc khong cch xa nhau, v d nh khi d liu c nn pht qung b ti nhiu ngi s dng nhng a im khc nhau. Mi ngi s dng phi gii nn trc khi s dng d liu.
D liu u vo
Nn
Knh truyn
Gii nn
D liu u ra
Hnh 5.1. Qu trnh nn d liu
5.2.1. Cc thut ton Vic m t chi tit v mt k thut ca k thut nn c gi l thut ton. Mt thut ton thng c miu t theo phng din ton hng, tuy nhin cc phng tin khc nh s khi, biu xc nh thi gian cng c th c s dng. Mc d s lng cc phng php nn chung b gii hn, do vy dn dn hin tng tn ti mt s lng ln cc thut ton. Do cc b nn v gii nn u phi thc hin qu trnh x l tng ng i vi h thng, vn chun ha cc thut ton tr nn rt quan trng.
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5.2.2. Nn tn hao v nn khng tn hao Mt u th ln ca h thng s l cc nh thit k h thng c php chn kh nng ti to d liu (v thng tin m n biu th ) mt cch hon ha. Cc phng php m ha v pht hin sa li gip cc h thng ln lu tr, x l, v truyn d liu m khng gy li cho d n phi thc hin bao nhiu ln i na. y l c s cho h thng my tnh ti chnh trn ton th gii, x l hng t la m khng nhm ln mt ng xu no. Thm ch trong h thng ny, c th s dng nn d liu nhng phi l nn khng tn hao tc l phng php nn s khng gy ra bt c mt tn hao no cho d liu. y l kh nng hon ton c th bi v hu ht d liu tht u c cha cc m hnh lp li ca mt vi dng m nn m b x l c th tm ra v sau sp xp truyn mt cch c hiu qu hn. Nhn chung, thut ton nn khng tn hao khng ph thuc vo vic nhn bit bt c thng tin g v d liu s c truyn-n s hot ng vi bt c loi d liu no, nhng ch tiu (cp nn) c th ph thuc vo mt vi con s thng k d liu. Nn khng tn hao c s dng cho audio v video nhng kh nng ca n rt hn ch. Hu ht k thut nn audio v video u l nn tn hao, tng ng vi vic mt s d liu c th b tn hao hoc thay i. Tuy nhin, tn ca tr chi l tm nhng d liu c th b loi b bi b x l nn nhng s khng nh hng n hnh dng ca nh hay m thanh n tay ngi nghe khi tn hiu c ti to li hin th. Nu tn hao hot ng bi v cc tn hiu audio v video s c th cha thng tin ng gp vo qu trnh ti to m thanh nh khi c nhn hoc nghe s tht bi mt ngi no . S nn tn hao ph thuc vo hiu bit v kiu d liu, nh dng v s dng ca n. Tiu ch trn y cho nn tn hao khng ch l mi quan tm duy nht ; cp tn hao c th chp nhn c ph thuc vo qu trnh no s c s dng nn trong mt h thng. V d, trong qu trnh sn xut v sn xut hu k, rt t tn hao c th c chp nhn trc khi n bt u nh hng khng tt ti qu trnh xy dng chng trnh. Do vy m nh sn xut s khng chp nhn nn tn hao, ti u cui ca h thng sau cho hnh nh c r rng n ngi xem. 5.2.3. Nn i xng - khng i xng Cc k thut nn c s tham gia ca mt lng x l no nn d liu v sau , lng x l cn nhiu hn gii nn d liu u cui ca h thng. Cc qu trnh ny thng cn ti s lng v s ln tham gia rt ng k ca phn cng cng nh phn mm thc hin mi qu trnh. Nn i xng c ngha l qu trnh nn v gii nn gn bng nhau v lng tham gia ca phn cng, phn mm v thi gian x l. V d, nu tha mn vic nn video trong thi gian thc trn mt my
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tnh c nhn v sau pht li trn cng h thng th khi thut ton i xng l hon ton thch hp. Tuy nhin, thut ton i xng hot ng trn mt h thng nh phi t gii hn cho phc tp ca h thng c s dng. Nh s thy sau ny, hiu qu ca nn c th c ci thin bng cch s dng nhng thut ton phc tp hn, thm ch ngay khi gii nn c thc hin trn mt h thng nh. iu ny dn n kh nng xy ra cc thut ton khng i xng, tc l qu trnh nn yu cu mt h thng ln, chuyn dng v c th khng hot ng trong thi gian thc, nhng qu trnh gii nn li c thc hin trong thi gian thc, trn mt h thng nh, c gi thnh thp. Nn khng i xng rt quan trng c bit trong cc h thng pht li chng nh truyn hnh qung b hay CD-ROM. Nhiu khi, nn c th c thc hin trc trn h thng ln, c lu tr, v sao chp sau ny phn phi cho cc phng tin truyn ti ngi s dng. 5.2.4. Cp nn S tha mn nu nh vic xc nh s lng cp nn thc hin bi mt h thng c bit v sau so snh vi cc h thng khc theo cch ny. Ngi ta thng hay cp n t l nn, l t l gia d liu vo v d liu ra ca qu trnh nn. Vi k thut nn khng tn hao, y l phng php rt hiu qu khi ni dung thng tin ca d liu khng i. Tuy nhin, t l nn l mt thut ng khng tha mn vi nn khng tn hao, tr khi n c thng tin b xung v s lng tn hao tn hiu do nn gy ra. Mt cch tt hn so snh cc s nn tn hao l trch ch tiu tn hiu ca h thng tc d liu cho hoc tc d liu cho mc xc nh ca ch tiu k thut. Tuy nhin, iu ny tr nn kh khn bi v nn c th a vo cc thng s rt kh xc nh s lng. Cui cng, c nhiu cch nh gi ch quan yu cu so snh gia cc h thng nn tn hao, nhng phi trnh vic trch dn t s nn. Nhiu trng hp i hi h thng video s hot ng vi tc d liu n nh. V d, mt h thng truyn dn c th c tc d liu khng i, mi trng tc khng i nh CD-ROM hoc cc phng tin phn phi khc. Thut ton nn c tn hao c th c thit k cho tc d liu c nh bng cch cho php bin thin mt lng ca gim cht lng nh. iu ngc li cng c th xy ra, cht lng nh n nh vi tc d liu thay i. Trong c hai trng hp, cc quyt nh iu phi thc hin mt cch chnh xc trong qu trnh nn. 5.3. CC PHNG PHP CHUNG Mt s phng php nn chung cng tn ti, song cc thut ton ch s dng mt trong s . Phn ny s cp n mt trong nhng phng php chung ny
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5.3.1. Cc phng php khng tn hao Mc d nn khng tn hao khng thng c s dng cho audio hay video song nhng phng php nh th vn c s dng nh mt phn ca thut ton tn hao. Mi phng php khng tn hao u ph thuc vo nhng con s thng k d liu no mc d chng khng cn bit r s biu th d liu no. Ph thuc vo cc ng dng, do vy nhiu phng php khng tn hao i khi gay ra tn hao cch ly xp x trong cc tnh ton ca mnh. 5.3.1.1 M di thay i D liu ni chung c th c cha cc gi tr lp li mt s ln, v d nh trong mt hnh c ghi biu mu c mt vng ng mu. Cc pixel k nhau trong vng ny s c cng gi tr. D liu ny c th c nn bng cch nhn bit khi no th mt chui cc gi tr lp li xy ra v truyn gi tr mt ln cng vi m th hai biu th vic tnh ton s ln gi tr lp li. y c gi l m c di thay i (RLE). RLE phi c phng tin nh b gii nn c kh nng nhn bit khi no gi tr RLE xy ra. iu ny thng c thc hin bng cch to ra mt gi tr d tr, gi tr ny khng bao gi hoc him khi xut hin trong cc gi tr ca d liu. V d, gi tr 25510 trong mt h thng 8 bit c th c d tr vi mc ch ny. Gi tr d tr c gi l m thot. Khi bt gp m thot, b gii nn s bin hai gi tr tip theo biu th mt gi tr pixel v s ln lp li ca n. iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 5.2.
6 gi tr lp
010 022 079 000 010 063 063 063 063 063 063 241 254 198 087 010 022 079 000 010 255 063 006 241 254 198 087 m lp Gi tr M thot
Hnh 5.2. V d v m di thay i
Do vy, mt i tng n lp li s ly ba t d liu truyn, v vy s khng c tng ch khi s dng phng php ny cho n khi c hn ba t lp li. Lu l khng cn thit phi ngn d liu u vo c cha gi tr m gii thot d tr. Nu iu ny xy ra, hai m thot c th c truyn cng nhau n nh l t d liu c gi tr thot. 5.3.1.2. M thng k
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Nn d liu cng c th thc hin bng cch quan tm n vic thng k ca d liu u vo. Nu bit chc chn cc gi tr t c s dng nhiu hn gi tr t khc, ngi ta c th thit lp mt h thng m chuyn cc gi tr s kin xut hin nhiu vi mt m ngn (t bit), ngc li cc gi tr xut hin t hn c th s dng cc m bit di hn. Mt h thng m s dng nguyn l ny l m Morse trong in bo. Trong cc h thng s, phng php ph bin nht l nguyn l ny l dng m Huffman, n c s dng rng ri trong cc thut ton nn video. M Huffman hot ng mc bit, mt v d trn hnh 5.3. Hiu qu ca m ph thuc vo kh nng nhn bit trc xc sut xut hin ca s kin PS ca mi gi tr d liu. Mt cy nh phn c to t cc gi tr sp xp theo bc gim dn ca xc sut. Cc m c to bng cch c t u ra ca cy nh phn (t im A) ngc tr li u vo ca cy nh phn, v ly cc gi tr bit t mi nhnh. Ging nh phng php thch ng m hnh, b nn phi thit lp mt bng cc thng s hay bng tra cu v gi km theo d liu ti b gii nn. M thng k cng c gi l m entropy.
Gi tr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ps 0,04 0,15 0,10 0,10 0,08 0,07 0,05 0,05 Gi tr 3 4 0 0 0 1 0 21bit M 0 100 101 1100 1101 1110 11110 11111
M 5.3. 1100110 10001000 15bit Hnh V d m ha Huffman gi tr 3 bit
Hnh 5.3. V d m Huffman gi tr 3 bit 5.3.2 Cc phng php tn hao Cc phng php nn tn hao vn cn phi quan tm ti nh dng d liu cng nh ngha ng dng ca tt c cc bit hoc t trong d liu. Vic quan tm n ngi s dng d liu v kh nng nhn hoc nghe ca h iu kin nhn xc
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nh cng rt cn thit. V d, nu video ch c xem t l nhn rng, mt s thng tin chi tit c th b kh mt cch cn thn m ngi xem khng th nhn bit c. Mc khc, nu cc iu kin nghe v nhn c yu cu nhiu hn, rt t thng tin b mt m khng c bo. Trong trng hp phi cn n cc phng php nn tinh xo hn. 5.3.2.1 Ct b Trong cc phng php kh d liu khng cn thit gm c hai phng php l ct b v ly mu con. Ct b l xa i mt vi trong s nhng bit km hiu qu nht t cc mu. y chnh l ti lng t c cp trong chng trc v n phi c thc hin ring duy tr cng nhiu thng tin cng tt. Vi nhng iu kin l tng, cc mu thnh phn video phi c ti thiu l 8 bit/pixel, nhng di nhng iu kin xem km l tng hn, phi gim ti 6 bit/pixel m khng gy ra s suy gim ng k no. Bi v SNR lng t s gim 6dB trong mi bit c kh, cho nn vic ct b khng phi l mt gii php tt, hn na gim d liu s ko theo ch tiu gim. Qu trnh ly mu audio cht lng cao cn n t nht l 16 bit/mu. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu h thng audio c th hot ng hiu qu vi mc thp nh 8 bit/mu, c bit i vi li ni, ti di thng c th b hn ch v tiu chun chnh ra l d hiu. 5.3.2.2. Ly mu con Cc mu c s dng rng ri cho thnh phn chi nhiu hn l cho cc thnh phn video hiu mu. K thut ny da trn c s thc t l mt ngi c phn gii vi mu sc km hn vi chi, v vy di tn tn hiu mu (t l ly mu) c th c gim m ngi xem khng nhn thy c s suy gim. y c gi l ly mu con hoc l gim t l ly mu v nh trong truyn hnh analog, l mt phn ca hu ht cc h thng nn video s. Ly mu con gim gii hn Nyquist ti gi tr c biu th bi t l ly mu con v cng phi cn n qu trnh lc ring trnh chng ph. 5.3.2.3 Cc bng mu i vi mt vi mc ch ca video, c th gim s lng bit/pixel bng cch bin bn thn gi tr pixel thnh mt ch s trong bng cc gi tr mu c chn lc t mt s lng bit/pixel rt ln. V d, tiu chun PC VGA cung cp mt ch 8 bit/pixel c kh nng la chn 256 mu sc t mt bng mu 18 bit. Cc h thng khc s dng cc s bit khc nhau, 256 mu s lm cho vic ti to nh t nhin km hn nhng, di nhng iu kin thch hp, vic ti to c th c kt qu tt ng ngc nhin. iu ny c bit ng nu cc mu sc ca bng c chn lc
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cho tng nh mt. C th ci thin c nh tt hn bng cch s dng k thut dithering to c cc mu khng c trong bng bng cch thay i mu sc cc pixel k nhau. Nu ngi xem khong cch xa va , h s khng nhn thy cc pixel c lp, mt s tng hp cc pixel k nhau thnh nhng mu sc phi hp. Tuy nhin cc bng mu c nhng hn ch rt nghim trng nu p dng cho nh ng, bi v chuyn ng ca cc nh t nhin s to ra cc hiu ng gi m ngi xem c th nhn thy r (v d nh hiu ng ng vin). i vi nh ng, tt hn ht l s dng mu trc tip vi nhiu s bit/pixel hn (v d 16) v s dng cc phng php nn khc. 5.3.2.4. M vi sai i vi c audio v video, lng thay i bin t mu ny ti mu khc khin s phn b xc sut gim theo bin . Nu tnh n iu ny th ngi ta c th nn bng cch ghi m vi sai gia cc mu hn l bn thn chng. Nu cc vi sai bin ln t xy ra, cc gi tr vi sai c th c truyn vi s bit nh hn s bit cha trong mu ban u. Qu trnh ghi mu ny c gi l PCM vi sai (DPCM) v l thnh vin ca mt m ln hn l m d on. Trong DPCM n gin, vic d bo mt mu c da trn mu trc cng vi mt s gia.
50
47 53 58 60 57 50 40 30 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 28 29 30 32 47 80 96 90 61
Khc bit Lm trn 4 bit
6 5 2 -3 -7 -10 -10 -4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 15 23 16 -6 -29 6 5 2 -3 -7 -7 -7 -7 -2 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 8 8 8 8 8
Qu ti 50 Ban u 0
47 53 58 60 57 50 42 35 28 26 26 26 26 27 27 28 29 30 32 40 48 56 64 72
Hnh 5.4 PCM vi sai: a)m ho DPCM;b)gii m DPCM

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Trong DPCM, khi mt gi tr vi sai ln xut hin, h thng DPCM s b qu ti (slope overload), c th gy ra hin tng mo nht thi kh nghim trng, xem hnh 5.4(b). Lu l mt vi gi tr vi sai c sa gip h thng khi phc li t hin tng qu ti. iu ny c thc hin bng kin trc d on c miu t di y. Mt dng tin b hn ca DPCM c pht trin nhm ci thin ch tiu k thut vi cc gi tr vi sai thay i, mi quan h gia cc bit ca gi tr vi sai v vi sai thc m chng biu din c iu chnh da vo mc cc gi tr vi sai ln tn hiu. V d, mt h thng tiu biu c th c 4 bit cho cc gi tr vi sai, n c kh nng cho php 16 bc ti to khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nu cc vi sai tn hiu hot ng cc mc thp 16 bc ti to vi sai ny c th c lm nh i. Nu cc vi sai trong tn hiu tng, mt c cu thch ng s tng kch c ca cc bc ln, v vy cc mc 16 bc c th truyn vi sai ln. y c gi l DPCM thch ng (ADPCM) thng c s dng cho nn audio. ADPCM c th thc hin nn theo t l 4:1 trn cc tn hiu audio ni chung. Vn c th c mt vi hin tng mo xy ra khi c cu thch ng dch chuyn kch c ca cc bc thc hin, nhng khi tnh n cp nn, iu ny c th chp nhn c cho nhiu mc ch. 5.3.2.5 M d on Hnh 5.5 l mt s khi minh ha cch thc DPCM c s dng ph bin nh c cu ghi m d on. Khi b d on thc hin qu trnh d on mu tip theo t mu hoc cc mu trc. Kt qu ca b d on sau s c so snh vi mu tip theo v vi sai c truyn i. Bn thu, sau c th ti to li cc mu bng cch s dng cc gi tr vi sai v mt modul b d on ging bn pht.
u vo
+ -
B lng t
u ra
B d on a) u vo + + B d on b) u ra
Hnh 5.5. M d on: a) m ha, b) gii m
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i vi DPCM, b d on ch n gin l so snh mu trc vi mu tip theo to ra gi tr vi sai, gi tr vi sai s c truyn i. Tuy nhin, ngi ta c th xy dng cc b d on phc tp hn, v d nh b d on ng dc nh gi mu tip theo da vo ng dc gia hai mu trcS thnh cng ca phng php ny ph thuc vo qu trnh pht trin thut ton d on dng tnh ton cc c tnh ca d liu nn. 5.3.2.6. M li ni Vi c th ca in thoi, rt nhiu phng php c pht trin c bit cho vic ghi m theo k thut s ca ging ni hay li thoi. Tiu chun cho in thoi l PCM tuyn tnh vi qu trnh lng t ha lut 8000 mu/giy v 8 bit/mu, cho tc d liu l 64 kbit/giy. Tuy nhin, nhiu phng php nn tin tin i khi c s dng gim tc dng bit cho nhng mc ch ring bit. Phng php tt nht cho ghi m li ni l da vo ly mu di m thoi ca ngi cho h thng in t. K thut ny c th hot ng rt tt vi li ni, nhng n khng hiu qu i vi cc m thanh ni chung. Cc phng php ny c trnh by trong l thuyt in thoi. 5.3.2.7. M chuyn i X l trc tip vi cc mu tn hiu ban u khng phi l cch tt nht biu l s d tha v tn hiu c th b loi b trong khi nn c bit vi video, v y thng l tn hiu hai hoc ba chiu (ngang, dc, v thi gian). Do vy phi nh n mt cch khc gi l chuyn i, l s biu din xen k thng tin c th thc hin bng qu trnh x l ton hc. Mi chuyn i u phi thc hin c qu trnh ngc li qu trnh chuyn i c thc hin trong qu trnh gii nn. i vi cc nh, vic coi khi pixel hai chiu l mt n v rt hu ch. Mt s la chn n gin l ly 8 pixel mi hng, tng s l 64 gi tr. Hy quan st v mt khng gian, mt khi 88 ch l mt mnh nh ca mt hnh, thm ch cn khng th nhn bit c ci g, nhng bng cch chuyn i n sang min tn s, cc thnh phn c quan st thy ht sc quan trng i vi cng on ti to hon chnh. iu ny ch yu da trn nguyn tc cc tn s khng gian cao kh nhn thy c hn so vi cc tn s khng gian thp. S chuyn i u tin p dng l thuyt ny l chuyn i cosin ri rc (DCT), c lin quan n chuyn i Fourier thng c s dng trch cc thnh phn tn s ca mt dng sng ty . Chuyn i Fourier hot ng trn nhng dng sng lin tc (analog) nhng phin bn hot ng trn mt nhm cc mu ly t mt dng sng tng t cng c th p ng c. S chuyn i da vo cc mu ny cho ra tin t ri rc. Chuyn i Fourier cho d c ri rc hay khng th cng pht ra mt tp hp cc thnh phn tn s cosin v sin, c th c quan st
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ging nh mt tp hp cc thnh phn tn s c cc gi tr pha v bin . C th n gin hn khi s chuyn i Fourier ri rc c thc hin trn mt tp hp cc mu d liu tip theo cc nh phn chiu ca chng theo trc thi gian. Thnh phn sin ca chuyn i Fourier c th hy b, ch li cc thnh phn cosin. y l chuyn i cosin ri rc. N c c tnh l mt khi 88 ca 64 mu c chuyn thnh mt khi 88 ca thnh phn cosin biu th tn s khng gian hai chiu. Xt v mt ton hc, n c th c biu th di dng:
7 7 1 (2 x + 1)u (2 y + 1)v F (u , v ) = C (u )C (v) f ( x, y )cos cos 4 16 16 x =0 y = 0
(5.1)
Trong : l cc ch s trong khi 8x8 ca pixel. u v v l l cc ch s trong khi 88 ca cc h s u ra

C (w ) = 1 vi w=0 2
C (w) = 1 vi w>0
T (5.1) din t thnh li c ngha l mi h s DCT c tnh ton bng cch ly tng ca tt c cc mu u ra vi mt hm trng s cosin, hm ny ph thuc vo v tr ca h s mng u ra v v tr ca mi mu trong mng u vo. y l mt php tnh s ngay c khi n gin ha, n vn thng c thc hin trong mt IC thng thng. Mt vi c im ca IC c minh ha trn hnh 5.7. u ra ca qu trnh x l DTC l mt mng 88 gi tr biu th bin cc thnh phn tn s khng gian (5.7b) trong khi 88 c x l. Ti im ny, qu trnh x l DTC khng to ra nn, c 64 pixel trong khi v hin ti c 64 h s DTC. Tuy nhin, cc h s ny li to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh x l tip theo trong qu trnh nn.
Tn s chiu ngang
DCT
50 30 12 5 0 2 0 0
20 15 11 6 3 0 0 0
10 12 10 0 4 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
2 0 1 3 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 20 30 12 15 10 0 12 11 5 0 6 10 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 E0B
Hnh 5.6. Chuyn i cosin ri rc:a) khi 88 pixel, b)khi 88 h s, c) c ra zic-zag 141
Tn s chiu dc
Vic xp cc h s theo trt t tn s tng dn l rt c ch nh minh ha trn hnh 5.6c, y c gi l xp theo trt t zic-zc. Ti cc thnh phn tn s cao hn thng l cc gi tr 0 hoc nh hn. Bi v cc thnh phn tn s ny khng qu quan trng, nn chng c th c lng t ha th m khng cn mt nhiu thng tin trong hnh. V vy, ch cn thit phi truyn cc thnh phn tn s c gi tr khng phi l 0, v d liu s gim mt cch ng k. mt vi im no , tt c cc h s u l 0. Mt du hiu nh du kt thc khi (EOB) c t ti v cng s khng c mt gi tr no c s dng na. Cc h s cn li thng c m ha vi m RLE entropy 5.3.2.8. B chuyn ng nh ng to ra s d tha ng k t khung hnh ny n khung hnh k tip. Rt nhiu phn trong khung hnh c thng tin khng thay i, mt vi phn c th ng im v cc phn khc c th l cc phn ca khung hnh trc va dch chuyn i cht t. Theo nguyn l ny, bt c th g tn ti trong khung hnh trc u khng cn phi c truyn li, n ch cn c sao chp bng my thu hnh t mt bn lu tr ca khung hnh trc. Chc nng ch ra ci mi hoc c trong mt khung hnh c gi l b chuyn ng. y l mt trong nhng nhim v phc tp nht ca nn video, thc t hiu qu ca b chuyn ng lun b hn ch do kh nng tnh ton v tc .
Khung hnh trc Khung hnh d bo
Vector chuyn ng
Khung hnh hin ti
Khung hnh cn li c truyn
Hnh 5.7. B chuyn ng
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Cng nh vi m chuyn i, b chuyn ng c da vo qu trnh x l nh trong khi. a ra mt khung hnh (u tin) hon chnh nh l im xut pht, cc khi t khung hnh tip theo (th 2) c ly v so snh vi cc vng ca khung hnh th nht xc nh xem c im no trng khp bt c v tr no trn khung hnh th nht hay khng. (Khi c th dch chuyn gia cc khung hnh). Nu tm thy im trng khp, mt vector chuyn ng s c to ra cho my thu s dng d on vng ca khung hnh th hai bng cch sao chp n t khung hnh th nht. Bit rng s lng chuyn ng gia cc khung hnh thng khng qu ln nn ch cn thit tm kim mt khu vc nh xung quanh v tr ca khi c kim tra. Thm ch nh vy, s lng thao tc tnh ton y cng rt ln v c th cn thit phi hn ch phm vi tm kim so vi thc t cn thit. Cc khi khng c tm thy khung hnh trc phi c m ha bng cc phng tin khc v truyn i y . Hnh 5.7 l s ca qu trnh ny, n minh ha hot ng trong mt cnh ch c mt vt chuyn ng nh (mt con chim) nhng c camera di theo. iu ny c ngha l cnh phi tri qua mt hiu ng quay qut, y hu ht cc khi ca khung hnh mi tn ti nhng v tr tng t trong khung hnh trc, v vy c th s dng cp nn cao hn cho loi cnh ny. 5.4. CC THUT TON THNG DNG Cc nguyn tc c bn trong phn trc nhn chung u c s dng vi cc thut ton thng dng. Phn ny s cp n mt s thut ton ch ra cch thc hot ng ca n. 5.4.1. JPEG nh ng ch l mt chui cc hnh ang c truyn tc ngi xem c th nhn thy nh l mt nh chuyn ng lin tc. Mt phng php nn nh ng l nn tng nh mt v truyn kt qu thu c thnh mt dng bit n. Bt c mt phng php nn hnh nh chuyn ng no cng c th c s dng nhng mt trong nhng phng php nn tt nht c pht trin bi JPEG ca ISO/IEC v c gi l nn JPEG. Tiu chun nn nh JPEG khng phi l mt thut ton n l m ging nh l mt hp cng c ca cc k thut nn, n c cc ch (mode) v cc s la chn vi cc ng dng nn hnh dng chuyn ng lin tc trn phm vi ln. C th la chn c nn tn hao v nn khng tn hao, s bit/mu khc nhau, cc phn gii khc nhau, v mt vi thut ton khc nhau. C bn ch hot ng: Khng tn hao-nh c ti to li mt cch chnh xc. Ton b cc ch khc b tn hao.
143
Lin tc-ch ny m ha theo trt t nh c qut, y l cch thng thng m nh vn c x l. Tng dn-y l phng php m ha a ng truyn i mt nh th trc tin, nh ny s nhanh chng c hin th my thu. Tip sau l cc qu trnh m ha lp li vi phn gii theo th t tng cao hn, c th c hin th nhm a ra cht lng nh ngy cng tt hn. Th bc-trong ch ny, nh c m ha nhiu phn gii, ngi s dng c th chn phn gii hin th nh. Vic cung cp s la chn cu hnh trong JPEG c ngha l tiu chun c th ph hp cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau v c th nng cp trong tng lai c th tip tc nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh nn hnh. y l c im rt quan trng v tha mn i vi cc tiu chun nn.
nh ngun
M ha JPEG
To nh dng xen k
nh dng gii m
Gii m JPEG
nh ti to
Bng c im k thut
Bng c im k thut
Hnh 5.8. Kin trc JPEG
Hnh 5.8 l mt s khi ca kin trc JPEG. nh ngun c m ha di s iu khin ca mt hoc nhiu bn c im k thut. D liu m ha c t vo nh dng xen k JPEG pht ti ngi s dng. y l nh dng c th c lu tr hoc truyn. u thu, bng c im k thut v d liu m ha c tch ring v qu trnh x l ngc li c thc hin khi phc nh ban u. Tt c cc loi hnh m ha, tr ch khng tn hao, u da vo DCT. Hnh 5.9 minh ha qu trnh x l chi tit cho ch hot ng lin tc. Mi thnh phn ca hnh ngun c chia thnh cc khi 8x8 pixel. Qu trnh x l DTC trc c s dng cho khi ny. Vic ny cho kt qu l mt s DC v 63 thnh phn tn s cao hn, mi mt thnh phn s c lng t ha theo mt bng 64 gi tr lng t. Bng lng t ny l c im k thut u tin ca thut ton; n phi do ngi s dng cung cp v tr thnh mt phn ca dng d liu c truyn ti my thu. Ngi s dng c th iu khin s tha hip gia cp nn v cht lng ca nh bng cch xc nh bng. Ni dung ca bng lng t l kch c ca
144
bc s c s dng; cc gi tr ca h s DCT c chia cho kch thc ca bc tng ng v kt qu c lm trn ti s bit xc nh. V vy, gi tr lng t ln hn s cho kt qu l lng t th v iu c ngha l cc gi tr ln hn s c lm trn v 0.
Ngun t khi 8x8 DCT trc Trt t zig-zac Lng t M ha entropy
Xc nh xen k
Bng c im k thut
Bng c im k thut
Hnh 5.9. X l JPEG cho ch hot ng lin tc
Tip theo qu trnh lng t ha, h s DC c m ha ngc li vi cc h s DC ca khi hnh trc, 63 h s lng t sau c t theo trt t zic-zac v c m ha thng k theo c phng php Huffman hoc theo phng php s hc nh trnh by trong tiu chun. Trong c 2 trng hp, phi cn n mt c im k thut ca bng th hai xc nh ghi m thng k. Mt ln na ngi s dng c th thay i bng ny iu khin ch tiu nn. Bc cui cng ca qu trnh m ha l tp hp d liu nn v c im k thut ca bng vo mt dng bit mt chiu theo nh dng xen k, iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 5.10. Cc phn khc nhau ca dng bit xen k b lm mt tnh tuyn tnh bi cc m nh du, cc m ny bao gm hai byte- byte th nht l tt c cc s 1 (0xFF trong m HEX) v byte th hai l bt c gi tr no khc ngoi 0 hoc 0xFF.(Lu rng nu mt byte 0xFF xy ra trong d liu ca dng bit, n s c m ha nh l 0xFF00 trnh b coi nh l mt du hiu). Cc du ny trng ging nh cc m gii thot c m t cho RLE trong phn 5.3.1.1
SOF
SOI
SOS
Header qut
D liu m ha entropy
Hnh 5.10. nh dng xen k JPEG
145
EOI
Header khung
Qut 1
Qut 2
..
Qut n
Byte th hai ca du hiu xc nh kiu du hiu v mt vi kiu du hiu c cc thng s b sung km theo. Trong trng hp ny hai byte u tin sau du hiu lun ch r di ca khi thng s tip theo. V vy, v d mt header ca khung hnh c mt du hiu c bit c xc nh, v sau mt thng s di s ch r c thm bao nhiu byte trong header. y l mt phng php thng dng xc nh cc header ca dng bit. Nh minh ha trn hnh 5.10, d liu ca hnh m ha cho mt hnh n ( khung hnh) c truyn i trong khi c gi l qut, (i vi cc nh dng DCT lin tc) bao gm tt c thnh phn ca nh di dng c chn. Cc c im k thut ca bng c pht i trc tin, v vy chng c th p ng cho qu trnh gii nn d liu qut xy ra sau ny. Header ca khung hnh v header qut c cha chi tit nh dng nh v qu trnh gii nn ca n. Nn JPEG c th thc hin nn d liu nh vi b phn gii t nhin cao,theo t l 10:1 hoc hn vi s suy gim c th nhn thy r rt. Mt vi nh c th c nn nhiu cn mt vi nh khc c th c nn t v tt nhin, cc iu kin nhn cng s nh hng n cp nn c th chp nhn c. 5.4.2 M-JPEG nh dng giao din JPEG h tr cho nhiu qu trnh qut trong mt khung hnh v nu cc qu trnh qut tng ng vi cc khung hnh ca mt dng nh ng. Tc l khi y nh ng c nn. Do mt dng chuyn ng thng phi chu s suy gim nh nhiu hn mt nh thng bi v hiu ng trung bnh ca khung hnh c th t c trong nhiu trng hp l rt nhiu hn c t l nn 10:1 cp trn. Phng php ny i khi c s dng do c th thc hin nhng nn quan trng vi qu trnh x l n gin hn so vi h thng nn chuyn ng phc tp nh MPEG. y c gi l JPEG chuyn ng hay M-JPEG. Bi v tiu chun JPEG c s dng ch cho hnh nn c khng c phn cung cp cho thnh phn audio c yu cu cng vi nh ng. 5.4.3 MPEG Nn JPEG quan tm n nn s d tha khng gian trong cc nh nhng khng ch ti bt c s d tha no tn ti gia cc khung hnh lin tc ca mt dng nh ng. Mt tp on nghin cu khc IEC/ISO, tp on chuyn gia nh ng (MPEG) c thnh lp chuyn gii quyt vn ny v cho n nay h chun ha hai nh dng: MPEG-1 V MPEG-2 .S khc nhau gia tiu chun ny nm tc d liu v cht lng nh MPEG-1 c thit k cho tc truyn d liu ti tn 1,5 Mb/s v hot ng trong gii hn ny t c cc nh c cht lng tt nht c th. MPEG-2 hot ng vi tc d liu ti 20 Mb/s v cho cht nh cao hn; n c s dng cho nh ca h thng HDTV cng nh trong h
146
thng ATV Grand Alliance c chun ha bi ATSC v trong truyn hnh qung b pht v tinh. y s bn n phin bn ca MPEG-2. Nn MPEG p dng cho tt c cc qu trnh nh ca JPEG bao gm DCT, lng t ha, m entropy v cng thm b chuyn ng nn d tha xen k khung hnh. Nh vi JPEG, cc qu trnh ny c thc hin theo cch thc rt linh hot, cho php ngi s dng iu chnh nn ph hp vi nhng ng dng chuyn bit v ni dung ca nh.
Khong cch dng
Dng qut
Mu tn hiu chi Mu tn hiu CR
Mu tn hiu CB CB, CR cng v tr
Hnh 5.11. M hnh ly mu khng gian MPEG-2
MPEG-2 s dng qu trnh ly mu con cc thnh phn hiu mu theo t l 2:1 theo c hng dc v hng ngang. N khc vi qu trnh ly mu con ca ITU-R Ree.BT.601,ch ly mu con theo hang ngang. Vi l do ny, v cng tha nhn l tc d liu ca chi b gim xung bi mt h s 2 khc so vi t l 4:2:2, ly mu con MPEG-2 c gi l 4:2:0. M hnh ly mu khng gian c minh ha trn hnh 5.12. Cc mu CR v CB c cng v tr khng gian nhng v tr n b dch chuyn i mt na cao ca dng so vi cc mu chi. iu ny c thc hin cc v tr ly mu chi s nh nhau cho c ngun qut cch dng, hoc c th tng dn; tuy nhin vi yu cu l gi tr ca mu phi c ni suy t nhng mu ly ng thi vi mu chi. Do cn thit phi gim m hnh ly mu thnh khi 8x8 cho DTC v qu trnh x l b nh ng, qu trnh ly mu con 4:2:0 cn n mt quan nim l khi khc:
147
khi ln .y l mt nhm 2x2 gm khi chi 8x8 (v vy s l 16x16) c lin quan n 2 khi mu cc thnh phn hiu mu 8x8, mt cho CR v mt cho CB. Hu ht qu trnh x l MPEG-2 u thc hin vi khi ln do chng l n v khng gian nh nht c th c biu th bi mt s tch phn ca cc khi 8x8 cho tt c cc thnh phn tn hiu.
B
I 1
B 2
P 3
B 4
P 5
B 6
P 7
B 8
I 9
Hnh 5.12. Th t khung MPEG
Hnh 5.12. Biu din m hnh ly mu khng gian Vi phn b chuyn ng, mi khung hnh u c da vo v tr sai t khung hnh trc, song phi bt u qu trnh khung hnh th nht. V vy, MPEG-2 cung cp cc khung hnh hon ton t m ha ging nh nh ca JPEG. Cc khung hnh ny c gi l khung hnh 1. Cc khung hnh c d on t khung hnh trc bng b chuyn ng c gi l khung hnh P. Mt kiu khung hnh th ba cng c cung cp da vo d on t khung hnh trc v khung hnh tip theo y c gi l d on hai hng. Nhng khung hnh ny c gi l khung hnh B. Khung hnh B c th c nn thm ch nhiu hn khung hnh P nhng yu cu phi c mt khung hnh mi b gii m trc khi khung hnh B c gii nn, do vy phi s dng cch thc truyn cc khung hnh khng theo th t trong dng truyn. y cng khng phi l vn qu kh, tr phi phi cn lu tr nhiu hn my thu v cng thm khong tr vo qu trnh nn v gii nn. Tiu chun cung cp cho c im ny v ng dng ca n c xc nh thi im m ha. Hnh 5.13 l s mt chui khung hnh, minh ha cch s dng ca khung hnh I-P v B v trt t truyn xy ra. Do I l cc khung hnh c nn t nht, nn ng dng ca n phi c ti thiu ha t c tc d liu thp nht nhng I vn yu cu theo nh k cho dng video bn thn n c th phc li sau khi chuyn mch knh hoc ngng hot ng do li. Tiu chun nu r, t nht c 133
148
khung hnh s xut hin khung hnh I-hu ht cc h thng u cung cp s khung hnh nhiu hn nh vy .iu ny c xc nh b m ha.
Nn phn li d bo u vo video DCT Lng t ha Vector chuyn ng nh gi chuyn ng B chuyn ng Lng t ha ngc DCT ngc M ho dng bit Video m ha
Lu tr khung hnh
Lu tr khung hnh ti to
Hnh 5.13. Qu trnh x l MPEG
Hnh 5.14 l mt s khi x l nn MPEG-2 trnh by cc nguyn l cp t trc ti gi.Qu trnh x l c thc hin trn khi 8x8 ti mt thi im. Nu khung hnh hoc khi ln, c ghi m ha trong cc pixel s trc tip vo qu trnh x l DTC. i vi cc khi ghi m xen k, bc u tin l thc hin b nh ng s dng cc khung hnh m neo lu tr t khung hnh trc khung hnh sp ti. Kt qu ny c s dng so snh vi cc pixel u vo v cc visai khi chuyn ti qu trnh x l DCT. u ra ca DTC ,cc h s c lng t ha theo bng lng t. s c cc bng khc nhau, ph thuc vo vic s dng ghi m trong hay m xen k. Kt qu ca qu trnh lng t ha c sp xp theo trt t v s dng m entropy truyn. Mt vng b sung s gii m cc vi sai ca DCT v vy, cc khung hnh d tr c s dng cho b chuyn ng sau ny b suy gim bi qu trnh lng t ha t vic tch t khi cc khung hnh c d on t khung ny n khung khc. Qu trnh m ha phi c s la chn lin quan n kiu d on khung hnh v lng t ha. Nhng s la chn ny c th c thc hin da trn c s khi ln, nu cn. V vy, n tr thnh mt ngh thut khi ng b m ha nhm, t c kh nng nn tt nht vi tc d liu cho trc. Tham gia vo qu trnh ny cn c b m ha c kh nng t ng ha rt tinh xo. 5.4.4. Video ca my tnh c nhn Mc d video MPEG c s dng cho my tnh c nhn v a ra nhng chi
149
tit tuyt vi, song vn cn n mt phn cng chuyn bit, tr trng hp nhng my tnh c nhn cc nhanh. Mt s thut ton nn khc nhau pht trin mt cch c bit. ng dng ring cho my tnh c nhn. Cc thut ton ny to ra s tha hip khc nhau gia cp nn v cht lng nh gim cc yu cu tnh ton cho qu trnh gii m.Hu ht cc thut ton ny c thit k nh cc h thng khng i xng. Mt s tiu chun sn sangf p ng l Indeo ca Intel, Video cho Windows ca Microsoft, Quick time ca Apple (cho Macinstosh v cc my tnh c nhn dng Window ) v CinePark ca SuperMac. Trong nhng trng hp ny, phn mm gii m sn sng cung ng nhng phn mm gii m ha (v c phn cng )thng l c quyn v phi mua. Do l c quyn nn chi tit ca cc thut ton ny khng c bn n y. 5.4.5 Audio AC-3 H thng audio ca h thng ATSC ATC l mt v d nn audio s in hnh. H thng ny cung cp ti 5.1 knh m thanh vm stereo cht lng cao, vi tng tc d liu 385 kb/s (knh 0.1 l knh loa trm ph c tn s thp ). B m ha AC-3 to ra mt dng bt tng hp c th c ng gi v trn vi gi video trong h thng vn chuyn ATSC. Nh trong h thng nn video MPEG, nn audio AC-3 c thc hin bng cch chuyn i tc d liu thnh min tn s, ng thi y cng l mc tiu cho lng t ha th. Tuy nhin, i video,vic chuyn i tn s, thi gian c thc hin khc. Cc mu audio u vo tn s 48 khz c tp hp cc khi ghp 512 mu. Mi mu u vo c biu th thnh hai trong s cc khi. v bng cch s dng mt lot m chng gia cc khi, kh nng nghe thy s ghp khi c loi b.
M ha hnh bao ph u vo audio PCM B lc bng phn tch
Ch nh bit
Lng t
nh dng khung AC-3
Dng bit m ha
Hnh 5.14. S khi b m ha AC-3
Hnh 5.14 l s khi ca b m ha AC-3. Cc khi mu c chuyn thnh h s nh b x l bng ca b lc phn tch. u ra ca b x l ny l mt chui cc h s trong mt nh dng du phy c bit .Cc s m biu th ph tn
150
hiu th v c m ha ring r t phn nh tr ca nh dng du phy ng.Dng bt u ra cho mi trong s 6 khi audio c tp hp thnh mt khung audio biu th 1536 mu audio trc khi nn hoc 32 ms audio. Cu trc ca khung c minh ha trn hnh 5.17. Khung bt u bng mt t ng b,tip theo l mt header thng tin dng bit (BSI) m t s phn phi audio. Sau n d liu audio c nn cho 6 khi mu v mt m pht hin sa li CRC cui. Khung cng chun b y cho d liu ph tr khng bt buc.
Header BSI
ng b
Hnh 5.17. Cu trc khung AC-3
Cng vi nn, h thng AC-3 cng a ra mt vi c im th v khc to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ti to m thanh cht lng cao. Mt c im ng lu l h thng c th c cu hnh ca nn di rng. Trong rt nhiu hot ng. thng phi s dng nn di rng ca audio ci thin vn tro knh v kh nng nghe c m thanh trong cc mi trng nghe km hoc nghe vi trang thit b ti to c cng sut hn ch . Nu iu ny c thc hin cui qu trnh chn, n s buc ngi xem phi s dng cng mt di gii hn, khng cn quan tm n cht lng ca thit b v mi trng ti to. Vi AC-3, nn gii ng xy ra u thu nh cc m nn c truyn cng vi cc tn hiu. V vy, my thu c th chn s lng nn p dng . V di ng gc y cng sn sng cung cp cho nhng h thng c kh nng ti to li n. Mt c m khc ca AC-3 l tiu chun ha m lng. Khi chuyn mch gia cc ngun, hoc cc knh tn hiu khc nhau, ngi ta thng gp phi s thay i m lng thnh phn i thoi ca audio. iu ny rt kh kim sot bi v cc ng dng khc nhau cn n cc s lng khong trng trn mc i thoi ph hp vi m thanh khc. Tiu chun AC-3 t ra yu cu phi c mt thng s c truyn cng vi audio nhn dng mc m ti i thoi c thit lp trong ton b di ng audio.Gi tr ny c th c s dng my thu tiu chun ha tt c cc knh, v vy i thoi lun c cng m lng.
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CRC
Aux
Khi audio
Khi audio
Khi audio
Khi audio
Khi audio
Khi audio
MC LC
Chng 1: I CNG V AUDIO V VIDEO 1.1 Qu trnh pht trin ........................................................................................................1 1.2 nh t nhin ..................................................................................................................1 1.3 m thanh t nhin .........................................................................................................2 1.4 Ti to m thanh t nhin ..............................................................................................4 1.5 Th gic con ngi .........................................................................................................5 1.6 Thnh gic ca con ngi...............................................................................................9 1.7 Qut nh .......................................................................................................................10 1.8 Biu din mu sc ........................................................................................................15 1.9 Cc tn hiu video tng t..........................................................................................22 1.10 Tn hiu audio tng t..............................................................................................25 1.11 Chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang s ........................................................................29 1.12 Gim tp m...............................................................................................................30 1.13 H thng video s ......................................................................................................31 1.14 Audio s .....................................................................................................................33 1.15 Audio a knh ............................................................................................................35 Chng 2: S HO TN HIU AUDIO V VIDEO 2.1 Gii thiu .....................................................................................................................36 2.2 Cc bc ca ADC ......................................................................................................36 2.3 Chn tn s ly mu.....................................................................................................49 2.4 Chuyn i dng s sang tng t...............................................................................54 Chng 3: TRUYN DN AUDIO V VIDEO S 3.1 Gii thiu .....................................................................................................................56 3.2 Cng ngh truyn dn s..............................................................................................56 3.3 Phng tin truyn dn ................................................................................................74 3.4 Cc h thng truyn dn ..............................................................................................77 Chng 4: GHI PHT TN HIU AUDIO V VIDEO S 4.1 Gii thiu .....................................................................................................................88 4.2 Thit b lu tr audio video s..................................................................................88 4.3 Khi u quang ............................................................................................................93 4.4 Ghi pht tn hiu trn CD.............................................................................................97
4.5 X l tn hiu audio khi ghi v pht .............................................................................99 4.6 Mch pht CD ...........................................................................................................114 4.7 My pht VCD...........................................................................................................115 4.8 Khi servo my CD ...................................................................................................119 4.9 Khi vi x l ...............................................................................................................124 Chng 5: NN D LIU AUDIO V VIDEO S 5.1 Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................132 5.2 Cc thuc tnh nn .....................................................................................................132 5.3 Cc phng php chung ............................................................................................134 5.4 Cc thut ton thng dng .........................................................................................143
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Arch C.Luther, Principle of Digital Audio and Video, Artech Hause, Inc. Boston. London. 2. Bi ging mn hc Audio & Video v truyn hnh, Khoa in t vin thng, i hc Bch khoa H Ni. 3. TS. Hong Tin, Audio & Video s, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, 2002. 4. PGS.TS. Nguyn Kim Sch, Truyn hnh s c nn v Multimedia, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, 2000. 5. Ths. ng Quc Anh, bi ging Mng Vin thng th h mi, Hc vin Bu chnh Vin thng Tp.HCM.

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BI GING

X L AUDIO & VIDEO

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1 I CNG V AUDIO V VIDEO

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

To xung ng b Lu tr hoc truyn dn

Hnh 1.1. H thng ti to nh in t

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Hnh 1.2. H thng ti to m thanh in t

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Bng 1.1. Cc t l nhn nh nht

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Hnh 1.3. ng cong sa li = 0.45

Bng 1.2. Cc t l phc hi tiu biu

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Hnh 1.4. ng cong bin tn hiu duy tr n nh m lng

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Xung qut dng Xung qut mnh

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Gc m trong qu trnh qut

Hnh 1.6. c tuyn gc m trong qu trnh qut

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Xung qut dng Xung qut mnh

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Hnh 1.8. Cc mu cng v tr c bn

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Y = 0,59G + 0.30R + 0,11B

Hnh 1.9. ng cong chi

Hnh 1.10. Ph ca tn hiu video n sc 18

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Di bin tn hiu chi

Hnh 1.11. Ph ca tn hiu video mu tng hp minh ha qu trnh chn tn s

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Bng 1.3. Cc thng s h thng ca cc h thng mu tng hp

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Xung ng b mnh v cn bng

Hnh 1.12. Dng sng tn hiu video NTSC

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Dng sng tuyn tnh

Dng sng phi tuyn

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

thnh phn chi, mn hnh ny ch r ta cc mn hnh ca pha v bin sng mang.

Dng sng RGB

Dng sng NTSC (75 bin )

Hnh 1.14. Cc tn hiu thanh mu RGB v nh

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Tn s (Hz )

Hnh 1.15. th c tuyn tn s audio in hnh

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Bng 1.4. Cc tiu chun ly mu audio in hnh

Chng 1: i cng v tn hiu audio v video

Hnh 1.16. S khi p gin