OK E (Hb), 09/10

Useful connectives Adding

and also as well as moreover too

Sequencing next then first, second, third,? finally meanwhile after

Emphasising
above all in particular especially significantly indeed notably

Comparing equally in the same way similarly likewise as with like

Cause and effect because so therefore thus consequently

Qualifying
however although unless except if as long as apart from yet

Illustrating for example such as for instance as revealed by in the case of

Contrasting whereas instead of alternatively otherwise unlike on the other hand

Functions: Useful sentences for summaries First At the beginning In the first part In the introduction the reader In the next part In the main part Second; First Then; Afterwards Moreover; In addition to that Further on Next the reader is informed about the author goes on with we are told about we read / hear about the author examines analyses discusses the theory the data / question the statistics the belief the argument the opinion / topic the problem that what why if the author the reporter argues writes, states points out explains, mentions is informed that what why

OK E (Hb), 09/10

In the end Finally At last The final part, section As a conclusion Summing up his / her thoughts

the author the writer the poet the journalist the reporter the scientist

emphasises concludes finds the solution adds / stresses pretends hints that what why if

Useful vocabulary and connectives for discussions to agree/to disagree with someone consequently/as a consequence of (not) to be of the same opinion considering that to doubt the good of /the purpose of to draw into consideration there is no doubt in (v+ -ing) to see sth differently there is no denying that in my opinion there is no use in (v+ -ing) seen from a different angle/perspective to exaggerate under these circumstances to criticize my point of view is to suggest (v+ -ing) seen from that point of view to underscore/to stress/to emphasize the fact that to ask for/to demand an explanation, clarification, to support a fact strongly a concrete example, a piece of evidence actually, there to point out is (no) evidence for/data that indicates as a matter of to refer to/referring to fact in addition to to contribute to/to make a contribution it is quite the other way round to deal with a problem on the contrary to tackle a problem in contrast to to call for action to apologize/to make an apology as to (betreffs; bezglich) to ask for permission for (denn) truly speaking/in truth since (da) by and large finally to conclude subsequently as a conclusion/concluding CONNECTIVES English supplies us with useful linking words called connectives, which form the logical bridges between ideas. If you keep these verbal guideposts in mind and use them as you write, you will almost automatically provide the interrelations among ideas that every reader looks for. Here is a list of some connectives. Like the subordinating conjunctions, these are the good guys; use them liberally (but correctly and appropriately), and I guarantee that your writing will become more effective. They are hard to overuse. Connective words that describe relationships: ALSO HOWEVER ALTHOUGH INCIDENTALLY THEREFORE BESIDES LIKEWISE THUS MEANWHILE MOREOVER USUALLY FURTHERMORE NEXT WHATEVER GENERALLY YET ACCORDINGLY NEVERTHELESS INSTEAD IN CONTRAST FOR EXAMPLE

OK E (Hb), 09/10

Connectives that give a sense of time: FIRST SECONDLY FINALLY NOW ONCE WHEN ULTIMATELY EVENTUALLY LASTLY LATER MEANWHILE PREVIOUSLY THEN SOON FORMERLY SOMETIMES

Other Connective phrases: TO BEGIN WITH ON THE OTHER HAND IN BRIEF IN GENERAL IN SUMMARY MORE SPECIFICALLY INSTEAD OF IN ADDITION TO IN OTHER WORDS ANOTHER WAY TO FOR THE SAME REASON NO MATTER WHAT SUCH A THAT'S WHAT (WHY) IN FACT WHAT'S MORE IN THE SAME WAY ON THE CONTRARY CONVERSELY AS A RESULT SUMMING UP IF SO / NOT

All of these words and phrases link ideas and assure continuity in your writing. Another useful principle to assure continuity in your writing and tie your sentences together is: TRY TO HAVE A WORD OR PHRASE SOMEWHERE IN EACH SENTENCE THAT REFERS TO SOMETHING IN A PREVIOUS SENTENCE. One easy way to follow this principle is to use pronominal adjectives like these to refer to nouns in previous sentences: THIS THAT THESE WHICH THEIR HIS ITS HER INTENSIVES Another way to tie ideas together is with intensives. Intensives help you emphasize what's important and to set the important apart from the incidental -- a major goal of all scientific and technical writing. Compare the following two sentences, the first without intensives and the second with intensives added: The whale is the largest living mammal. The largest whales weigh over 150 tons, are 100 feet long, and consume 5 tons of food each day. The whale is by far the largest living mammal. In fact, the largest whales weigh as much as 150 tons and grow as long as 100 feet. These enormous animals consume 5 tons of food each day.

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Notice how the bold words that have been added emphasize certain points the author deemed important. Here is a list of some useful intensives: ESPECIALLY AS MUCH AS EVEN IF/THOUGH INCREASINGLY BY FAR SO...THAT MORE IMPORTANTLY HIGHLY ONLY PARTICULARLY IN FACT VERY SIGNIFICANTLY QUITE SUCH MOST UNIQUE AT ALL ABOVE ALL INDEED IN ANY CASE

CAUTION: Misusing or overusing intensives (most notoriously, the word very) can weaken your writing. Use them like garlic -- sparingly. Eliminate intensives that are thrown in gratuitously or that don't make a definite contribution by emphasizing an important fact or idea. Littering your writing with intensives where they are not needed makes your writing sound trite and strains your credibility.