Perimeter, perimeter formulas

Perimeter is of a figure is the length of all its sides. Not all figures have perimeter, for example globe does not have perimeter. The standard notation for perimeter in math is the letter P

Perimeter of Square

Let's a square side is long a. Square have four equal sides so square perimeter is P = a + a + a +a or: P = 4a

Perimeter of rectangle

Let's a rectangle sides are long a and b. The length of all its sides is P = a + b + a + b or: P = 2a + 2b

Perimeter of parallelogram

Let's palallelogram sides are long a and b The length of all its sides is P = a + b + a + b so parallelogram perimeter is: P = 2a + 2b As you can see the perimeter of the parallelogram is equal the perimeter of the rectangle.

Perimeter of isosceles trapezoid

Say the length of the parallel sides of a trapezoid are long a and b and the other two sides are long c(As we know isosceles trapezoid has two equal sides). P = a + b + c + c = a + b + 2c

Perimeter of equilateral triangle

As we know equilateral triangles have 3 equal sides. So if the length of the side is a then the perimeter formula is P = a + a + a P = 3a

Perimeter of parallelepiped

Parallelepiped is a figure that all sides are parallelogram.(Rectangular parallelepipeds is a figure that sides are rectangles.) If bottom edges are long a and b then the perimeter of the bottom is P = 2a + 2b. Every parallelepiped have two bottoms so the perimeter of the two bottoms is (2a + 2b).2 = 4a + 4b. As we know parameter is sum of all edges. So we have to add four times c P = 4a + 4b + 4c

Perimeter of cube

Cube is a parallepiped that sides are squares(all edges are equal). So the perimeter of a cube is the number of edges * length. Every cube has 12 edges. So the perimeter formula of a cube is: P = 12a where a is the edge length.

Area Formulas
(Math | Geometry | Area Formulas)

(pi =

= 3.141592...)

Area Formulas
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a " means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times "a". Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples
2

square = a 2

rectangle = ab

parallelogram = bh

trapezoid = h/2 (b1 + b2)

circle = pi r 2

ellipse = pi r1 r2

triangle =

one half times the base length times the height of the triangle

equilateral triangle =

triangle given SAS (two sides and the opposite angle) = (1/2) a b sin C triangle given a,b,c = [s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)] when s = (a+b+c)/2 (Heron's formula) regular polygon = (1/2) n sin(360/n) S2 when n = # of sides and S = length from center to a corner Units Area is measured in "square" units. The area of a figure is the number of squares required to cover it completely, like tiles on a floor. Area of a square = side times side. Since each side of a square is the same, it can simply be the length of one side squared. If a square has one side of 4 inches, the area would be 4 inches times 4 inches, or 16 square inches. (Square inches can also be written in2.) Be sure to use the same units for all measurements. You cannot multiply feet times inches, it doesn't make a square measurement. The area of a rectangle is the length on the side times the width. If the width is 4 inches and the length is 6 feet, what is the area? NOT CORRECT .... 4 times 6 = 24 CORRECT.... 4 inches is the same as 1/3 feet. Area is 1/3 feet times 6 feet = 2 square feet. (or 2 sq. ft., or 2 ft2).

The formula for percentage is the following and it should be easy to use:

We will take examples to illustrate.Let us start with the formula on the left An important thing to remember: Cross multiply It means to multiply the numerator of one fraction by the denominator of the other fraction Examples #1: 25 % of 200 is____ In this problem, of = 200, is = ?, and % = 25 We get: is/200 = 25/100 Since is in an unknown, you can replace it by y to make the problem more familiar y/200 = 25/100 Cross multiply to get y 100 = 200 25 y 100 = 5000 Divide 5000 by 100 to get y Since 5000/100 = 50, y = 50 So, 25 % of 200 is 50 Examples #2:

What number is 2% of 50 ? This is just another way of saying 2% of 50 is___ So, set up the proportion as example #1: is/50 = 2/100 Replace is by y and cross multiply to get: y 100 = 50 2 y 100 = 100 Since 1 100 = 100, y = 1 Therefore, 1 is 2 % of 50 Examples #3: 24% of___ is 36 This time, notice that is = 36, but of is missing After you set up the formula, you get: 36/of = 24/100 Replace of by y and cross multiply to get: 36/y = 24/100 y 24 = 36 100 y 24 = 3600 Divide 3600 by 24 to get y 3600/24 = 150, y = 1500 Therefore, 24 % of 150 is 36 Now, we will take examples to illustrate how to use the formula for percentage on the right Examples #4:

To use the other formula that says part and whole, just remember the following: The number after of is always the whole The number after is is always the part If I say 25 % of___ is 60, we know that the whole is missing and part = 60 Your proportion will will like this: 60/whole = 25/100 After cross multiplying, we get: whole 25 = 60 100 whole 25 = 6000 Divide 6000 by 25 to get whole 6000/25 = 240, so whole = 240 Therefore, 25 % of 240 is 60 Examples #5: ___% of 45 is 9 Here whole = 45 and part = 9, but % is missing We get: 9/45 = %/100 Replacing % by x and cross multiplying gives: 9 100 = 45 x 900 = 45 x Divide 900 by 45 to get x 900/45 = 20, so x = 20 Here we go!. I hope these formula for percentage were helpful

Decimals, Fractions and Percentages

Decimals, Fractions and Percentages are just different ways of showing the same value: A Half can be written...

As a fraction: As a decimal: As a percentage:

/2

0.5 50%

A Quarter can be written...

As a fraction: As a decimal: As a percentage:

/4

0.25 25%

Here, have a play with it yourself:

View Larger

Example Values
Here is a table of commonly occuring values shown in Percent, Decimal and Fraction form:

Percent
1% 5% 10% 12% 20% 25% 331/3% 50% 75% 80% 90% 99% 100% 125% 150% 200%

Decimal
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.125 0.2 0.25 0.333... 0.5 0.75 0.8 0.9 0.99 1 1.25 1.5 2

Fraction
1

/100 /20 /10 /8 /5 /4 /3 /2 /4 /5

/10 /100

99

/4 /2

Conversions

From Percent to Decimal

To convert from percent to decimal: divide by 100, and remove the "%" sign. The easiest way to divide by 100 is to move the decimal point 2 places to the left. So: From Percent To Decimal

move the decimal point 2 places to the left, and remove the "%" sign.

From Decimal to Percent

To convert from decimal to percent: multiply by 100, and add a "%" sign. The easiest way to multiply by 100 is to move the decimal point 2 places to the right . So: From Decimal To Percent

move the decimal point 2 places to the right, and add the "%" sign.

From Fraction to Decimal

The easiest way to convert a fraction to a decimal is to divide the top number by the bottom number (divide the numerator by the denominator in mathematical language)

Example: Convert 2/5 to a decimal

Divide 2 by 5: 2 5 = 0.4 Answer: 2/5 = 0.4

From Decimal to Fraction

To convert a decimal to a fraction needs a little more work.

Example: To convert 0.75 to a fraction

Steps
First, write down the decimal "over" the number 1

Example
0.75

Then multiply top and bottom by 10 for every number after the decimal point (10 for 1 number, 100 for 2 numbers, etc) (This makes it a correctly formed fraction)

0.75 100

/ /
4

1 100

75

100

Then Simplify the fraction

From Fraction to Percentage

The easiest way to convert a fraction to a percentage is to divide the top number by the bottom number. then multiply the result by 100, and add the "%" sign.

Example: Convert 3/8 to a percentage

First divide 3 by 8: 3 8 = 0.375, Then multiply by 100: 0.375 x 100 = 37.5 Add the "%" sign: 37.5% Answer: 3/8 = 37.5%

From Percentage to Fraction

To convert a percentage to a fraction, first convert to a decimal (divide by 100), then use the steps for converting decimal to fractions (like above).

Example: To convert 80% to a fraction

Steps Example

Convert 80% to a decimal (=80/100):

0.8
0.8

Write down the decimal "over" the number 1

Then multiply top and bottom by 10 for every number after the decimal point (10 for 1 number, 100 for 2 numbers, etc) (This makes it a correctly formed fraction)

0.8 10

/ /

1 10

=
4

10

Then Simplify the fraction