ELEC 423 4 Powe er Distribu ution Sys stem

Sp pring 213

Load Ch haracteri istics

In order r to design n an electr ric distribution system properly, some infor rmation on load characteristics must be known. These char racteristics a are importan nt to estimate the loads s, the cable siz ze and the substation s tr ransformers rating. To do this, som me importan nt definitions s and factors should be kn nown very well, w and the ese are sum mmarized in the following g. Typical daily load curv ve is shown in the figure.

Typical Daily D Load C Curve Basic De efinitions Demand d The demand of an installatio on or system m is the load d at receivin ng terminals averaged o over a specified and KA. d interval of time. t The loa ad may be given g in KW, Kvar, KVA a Maximum m demand Maximum deman nd of an installation or r system is the greates st of all dem mand which h has occurred during a sp pecific period d of time. Connect ted load It is the sum of continuous c ra ating of the load-consum ming appara atus connect ted to the sy ystem or any pa art of the sys stem.

Average demand Average demand of the system means its load requirement in MW or MVA averaged over a longer duration of time a day, a week, a month or a year. Average demand may be calculated from energy requirement over a specified time as follow: Average demand =

Energy required over time " t" in KW hr " t"

Diversified Demand It is the demand of the composite group as a whole of somewhat unrelated loads over a specified period of time. Maximum diversified demand It is the maximum sum of the contribution of the individual demands to the diversified demand over a specified time interval. Definitions of Some Factors Demand factor It is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system to the load connected load of the system: Fdm = Where: Dm = Max. Demand TCD = Total connected demand The demand factor can also be found for a part of the system, e.g. an industrial, commercial or residential customer instead of for the whole system. The demand factor is dimensionless and usually less than one. Table 1 shows some typical demand factors of different types of load. Diversity factor It is "the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various subdivision of a system to the maximum of the whole system". Therefore the diversity factor (Fd) is:
Maximum Demand Total connected demand

= Dm
TCD

Di Sum of individualMaximumDemand D1 D2 D3 ....... Dn i 1 Fd CoincidentMaximumDemand Dg Dg

Where:

Di = Maximum demand of load i Dg = coincident maximum demand of group of N load Or Fd can be written as: Fd =

1 N (TCD )i ( Fdm)i Dg i 1

Coincident factor It is "the ratio of the maximum coincident total demand of a group of consumers to the sum of the maximum power demands of individual consumers comprising the group both taken at the same point of supply for the same time" [4]. Therefore the coincidence factor (Fc) is: Fc =

Coincidence maximum demand 1 Dg = N = sum of individual maximum demand F Di d

i 1

(2.5)

Table 1 Demand factor of different types of load Types of load Commercial: Restraint. Shop & office University, Schools Club. Cinemas, etc. Hotels Industrial: lighting Motors: General purposes, pumps, press, etc. Semi-continuous operation, papers mills. Continues operations textile mills. Chemical plant. 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.9 Arc furnaces Demand Factor

0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.0

Resistance furnaces Arc welding Resistance welding

1.0 0.8 0.3 0.2

Residential: House has 3 - rooms House has more than 5 rooms Lighting, Refrigerator Washing machine 0.6 0.8 0.45 0.65 0.9 0.6

Table Diversity Factor for Categories of Load Element of system between which diversity factors are stated: Between Individual Users Between Transformers Between Feeders Between Substations From Users to Transformer From Users to Feeder From Users to Substation Residential Lighting 2.0 1.3 1.15 1.1 2 2.6 3.0 Diversity Factors For: Commercial Lighting 1.46 1.3 1.15 1 .1 1.46 1.9 2.12 General power 1.45 1.35 1.15 1.1 1.44 1.95 2.24 1. 1 5 1.32 1.05 1.05 1. 1

Large User

From Users to Generating Station

3.29

2.4

2.46

1.45

[1] Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants, IEEE Std 14 11969. [2] Text Book

Example:

nnectedloadofResiden ntial=1200kW TotalCon TotalCon nnectedloadofIndustr rial=1750kW W