Texts for Reading

Text 1 THE FIRST MODERN ECONOMISTS THE MERCANTILISTS. Between the 16-th and 18-th centuries, the major countries of Europe believed in the economic theory of mercantilism. Mercantilists argued that nations should behave as if they were merchants competing with one another for profit. Accordingly, governments should support industry by enacting laws designed lo keep labor and other production costs low, and exports high. In this way the nation could achieve what was called a "favorable balance of trade". "Favorable balance of trade" described a situation in which exports ex ceeded imports. The excess, which was like profits to a merchant, would result in an increase in the nation's supply of gold or silver. And so most people agreed in those days, the true measure of nation's wealth was its hoard gold and silver. To achieve favorable trade balances, the major European powers wanted to acquire colonies. Colonies could provide the "mother country" with cheap labor, raw materials and a market for its manufactured goods. In an effort to attain these goals in their American colonies, the British, for example, enacted the Navigation Acts. The Navigation Acts protected British industry by prohibiting the colonies from producing certain goods like hats, woolen products and iron. Resentment towards the Navigation Acts was so great that they are regarded as one of the principal causes of the Revolutionary War. Today there are people who still argue that their country should promote a "favorable balance of trade" that their national government should do what it can to restrict imports and promote exports. For that reason, they are often described as neomercantilists or "new" mercantilists. THE PHYSIOCRATS. For one group of 18-th century French philosophers and economists, the suggestion that nations should go out of their way to protect business and industry made no sense at all. These were the physiocrats. The physiocrats argued that the products of agriculture and other natural resources were the true source of wealth. Since these were Godgiven, it made little sense for government to go out of its way to help business and industry increase profits. For similar reasons, they opposed
100

government efforts to promote "favorable balance of trade". In other words, since real wealth came from the land, it followed that the wisest thing government could do would be to keep its hands off business and let nature take its course. This idea was expressed in the slogan "laissez faire" (let people do as they choose). Interestingly, the 200-year-old argument between those favoring regulation of the economy and those supporting laissez faire is still with us. Whether the problem involves individuals (like those living in poverty and unemployment or institutions (such as a rising tide of business or bank failures, there are those who find the solution in government intervention, and others who favor "laissez faire", letting natural economic forces take their course. Answer the following questions 1. 2. 3. 4. What two groups are discussed? How were they different from each other? What is a "favorable balance of trade"? What is "laissez faire" and with which group is the term associated?
rgue resentment compete promote export restrict import business wealth increase hoard (of gold) unemployment acquire bank failure government intervention

101

Define the following words and expressions

ECONOMICS
Text 2 WHAT IS ECONOMICS? All your life - from cradle to grave - you will run up against the brutal truths of economics. As a voter, you will make decisions on issues - on the government budget, regulating industries, taxes and foreign trade - that cannot be understood until you have mastered the rudiments of this subject. Choosing your life occupation is the most important economic decision you will make. Your future depends not only on your own abilities but also upon how economic forces affect your wages. Of course, studying economics cannot make you a genius. Economics is exciting and important. Anyone who thinks otherwise has failed to realize that economic ideas have moved people to rebellion, and nations to war. The great problems that surround us today-among them international conflict, unemployment, inflation, poverty, discrimination, and environmental pollution - have economic roots. Even the small problems impossibility to find a parking space, the high price ECONOMICS IS THE STUDY OF HOW SOCIETIES USE SCARCE RESOURCES TO PRODUCE VALUABLE COMMODITIES AND DISTRIBUTE THEM AMONG DIFFERENT PEOPLE. of goods and products in our stores- are economic in nature. Notice that "scarcity" in the economic sense doesn't refer directly to quantity of a resource. The earth has a great deal of land, yet most of the earth land is scarce because it has alternative uses. If land is used for a college campus, that same land isn't available for a shopping mall or a park. All societies confront the problem of scarcity, which implies the existence of alternatives; choices must be made among those alternatives. The ways in which the choices are made, are determined by a society's laws, customs and practices. These constitute a society's economic system. Today, the two major types of economic systems are capitalism and socialism. MICRO AND MACRO Beginning courses in economics are traditionally divided into two components: microeconomics and macroeconomics. The two branches of
102

economics contain some differences in viewpoint as well as some similarities. Microeconomics is concerned with the specific parts or economic units that make up an economic system and with the relationships between those parts. The main emphasis is placed on understanding the behavior of individual households, firms and industries, and the ways in which such entities interact. Macroeconomics is concerned with the economy as a whole, or the large segments of it. Macroeconomics focuses on such problems as the rate of unemployment, the changing level of prices, the nation's total output of goods and services, and the ways in which government raises and spends money. In simple words microeconomics tries to explain what the trees are, while macroeconomics tries to explain what the forest is.
cradle brutal truth issue to master the rudiments ability affect rebellion inflation discrimination economic roots scarcity college available confront imply alternative entity segment total output service

Define the following words and expressions

FINANCE
1. Read and learn more about an important part of economy. Text 3. HOW DO STOCK MARKETS WORK? The stock market is a new phenomena in our life. Let us look how it works. There are stock markets in cities all over the world. Millions of shares are traded every minute of the day. The majority of trading is done by computer and telephone. It is interesting, but the basic idea behind stock market business has not changed since the 18th century. Companies need money to grow, make more goods and create new
103

jobs. To do this they "go to public" which means that they print and sell shares. The people who buy these shares (for example, governments, other companies, ordinary people) now collectively own the company. But why do people invest in companies? The answer is very simple. To make money. Shareholders hope that the company they have invested in will be successful and earn large profits. If that happens, it is good news for two reasons. First, because shareholders, receive a dividend each year (sometimes twice a year). This is a share of the company's profit. Second, because when companies do well, their share price rises. In other words, if you bought 100 shares for $ 2 each and suddenly the price is $ 2.50, you can sell them for $ 259 and make $ 50 (or 25 per cent) profit. Unfortunately, though, companies do not always well. Sometimes they lose money and their share price drops, which means, of course, that their shareholders lose money, too. That is why the stock markets are all about risk. If you are lucky (and have a clever stockbroker who helps you to buy or sell shares) you can make millions. If, however, you are unlucky, you can lose everything. Which brings us to the next important question. What kind of factors make share prices go up or down? For example, in particular, to make share prices go up it is necessary to have: good national or international news about politics or economics; good company results (the figures which show how much money a company has made or lost); news of a major new contract. In particular, to make share prices go down it is necessary to have: bad national or international news about politics or economics (for example, a war or higher interest rates); bad company results; news that a major contract has been lost; a scandal. And finally indices (the plural of index). For example New York Dow-Jones, London FT 100, Tokyo Nikkei, Hong Kong Hang Seng and others. What are they? Stock market indices are figures based on the daily ups and downs of several different companies' shares all added together. The Dow-Jones, for example, indicates whether in general New York's prices are rising or falling. And why is that important? Because major stock markets do not just affect the financial life of their own countries. They also play a vital role in the total world economy. (After Stephen Rabley)
104

Stock market to print and sell shares shareholder to invest to earn profits to receive a dividend stockbroker interest rates index-indices ups and downs of companies' shares a vital role the total world economy.

2. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following 3. Answer the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What are shares? Who prints and sells shares? Why? Who buys shares? Why? Where do people buy shares? What is stock market? Is it any risk in buying shares? Why? What are indices? What factors can influence ups and downs of share prices? Why are stock markets important?

4. Choose the right variant. 1. There are stock markets in ... all over the world. a) villages b) cities c) governments d) parliaments 2. ... of shares are sold and bought every day. a) dozens b) millions c) hundreds d) thousands

3. The majority of trading is done by ... and telephone. a) newspapers b) magazines c) radio d) computer 4. The basic idea behind modern stock market business goes back to the ... century.
105

a) 17th

b) 18th century

c) 19th

d) beginning of the 20th

5. The people who buy shares collectively... the company. a) own b) found c) rule d) observe 6. People invest in companies to .... a) play a new game b) make money c) spend spare money d) close these companies 7. People who bought shares are called .... a) sharesellers b) sharebrokers c) shareholders d) sharedirectors 8. People who buy or sell shares for their clients are called .... a) sharesellers b) sharebrokers c) shareholders d) sharedirectors 9. Large stock markets ... the total world economy, a) do not influence b) influence greatly 5. Ask your desk mate five questions about stock markets and then answer his or her questions. 6. Together with your partner do back translation of the text. 7. Explain, what shares are and how stock markets work.

ECONOMY
Text 4. TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS The Traditional Economy These systems are found in remote areas such as the Brazilian rain forests, Himalayan Mountains, or Indonesian jungles. Such systems may characterize isolated tribes or groups, or even entire countries. People of this system are engaged in agriculture or other basic activities such as fishing or hunting. The goods and services produced in traditional economies tend to be those that have been produced as they always have been. In short, the questions of what the traditional society produces and how it is produced are determined by slowly changing traditions. People in traditional economies live near a subsistence level. They have enough to sustain them. In fact, if the harvest is poor, some will be unable to
106

subsist and must move - leave the society - or die. But if the yield is high and there is more than enough for everyone, it will be distributed traditionally. For example, much of the produced might go to a tribal chief or landholder, while the rest is distributed according to custom. The Command Economy A few years ago the U.S.S.R. and other eastern European countries, Albania, and China relied on command economies. In those countries, governments owned and managed most important natural and capital resources. Government officials aided by groups of economists, engineers, industrial specialists prepared detailed plans describing how the economy was to function, what goods and services were to be produced. If, for example, they decided to increase grain production, they must issue orders to speed up the manufacture of tractors and / or increase fertilizer imports. Similarly, the planners might encourage labor to remain on farms raising their wages or commanding them to do so. Government planning agencies decided how goods and services would be produced in command economies. For example, decisions about where to locate a new automobile assembly plant, the kinds of machinery to use, and the type of labor to employ were left to the economic planners. Finally, economic planners, acting on orders from the Government's political leadership, decided who would receive the goods and services produced. They did this through different strategies such as fixing wage, and rationing scarce commodities (like housing & automobiles). The Market Economy A market economy is one in which the decisions of many individual buyers and sellers interact to answer the questions of what, how and for whom. There are other essential elements in a market economy. One of them is private property. It means that individuals and business firms have the right to own the means of production. Private ownership gives people the incentive to use their property to produce things that will sell and earn them profit. This profit motive drives sellers to produce things that buyers want, at prices they are willing to pay. The profit motive also gives sellers the incentive to produce at the lowest possible cost. Why? Because lower costs enable them to 1) increase their profit margins, the difference between cost and selling price, 2) reduce prices to undersell the competition, or 3) both. Mixed Economies There are, however, no pure market economies in the world today. 50 years ago government in the USA purchased 15 % of all American goods and services. It now purchases 20 %. This blend of market forces and
107

government participation has led to mixed economies where government plays an ever-widening and important role. Define the following words and expressions. Isolated, employ, remote, encourage, entire, fixing, wage, to be engaged, rationing, tend, essential element, determine, private, property, subsistence level, incentive, sustain, profit, distribute margin, manage, reduce, aid, purchase, detailed plan, blend.

MARKETING
Text 5. SUPERMARKET STRATEGIES Persuasion Don't be deceived. Shopping at a large modern supermarket might seem a fairly simple experience, but the reality is very different. A typical large supermarket offers around 17 000 to 20 000 items for sale and it wants to make sure that its customers see as many of them as possible. That's why you'll normally find essential goods like bread, vegetables and meat in completely different parts of the store. High profit products are always placed on shelves within easy reach of the customer, while low profitable items, like sugar or flour, are on the top or bottom shelves. Many people make shopping list before they visit supermarkets, but even so around 60 % of all supermarket purchases are the result of decisions that are taken in the store. For this reason, supermarkets try to tempt their customers by placing certain kinds of products next to each other. In the UK, beer will often be found next to baby's nappies, because research shows that fathers of young children buy nappies on their way home from work and will buy beer at the same time. Research has also shown that this kind of impulse buy happens much more frequently when no sales assistants are nearby that is why there are often not many assistants available to help customers with purchases. And have you ever noticed the wonderful smell of fresh read in supermarkets? Of course, most supermarkets bake bread in the mornings, but the smell of fresh read has such a positive effect on sales that some of them pump the smell into the air conditioning systems in the afternoons and evenings as well, just to keep their checkouts busy. In fact, supermarkets have made selling such a fine art that their customers often lose all sense of time. When interviewed, customers will normally guess that they have only spent half an hour in the supermarket, even if they have
108

been there for over 45 minutes. But that shouldn't be too surprising. Any really profitable supermarket knows that it should keep its clocks well hidden. COMMERCIAL MESSAGES Product placement When you watch a TV program or a movie, you expect to see advertisements in the commercial breaks, but you are also probably receiving a large number of commercial messages during the film or program as well, thanks to a marketing technique called product placement. For example, why do the men in lack wear RAY-BAN sunglasses? The answer is that RAY-BAN did a deal with the film producers and followed it with a $ 10 mln. advertising campaign. Endorsement Many advertisers ask famous, glamorous or successful people to give their approval to particular brands or products - a technique known as endorsement. After the end of her marriage to the UK's Duke of York, Sarah Ferguson was asked by the American company WEIGHT WATCHERS to appear in an advertising campaign for their range of slimming methods and products. Endorsement is a commonly used advertising technique, in which a person - often famous - speaks on behalf of a product. Give an example of one personality in your country from each of the following fields who endorses a product. Task 1. 2. 3. 4. Create your own layout in the shop you own. Define the words in the text that are emphasized. Describe the shop you often visit. Give the examples of endorsement on our TV.

FINANCE
Text 6. MONEY Money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value and for storing wealth. Almost every society now has a money economy based on coins and paper bills of one kind or another. However, this has not always been true. In primitive societies a system of barter was used. Barter was a
109

system of direct exchange of goods. Somebody could exchange a sheep, for example, for anything in the marketplace that they considered to be of equal value. Barter, however, was a very unsatisfactory system, because, people's precise needs seldom coincided. People needed more practical system of exchange, and various money systems developed based on goods, which the members of a society recognized as having value. Cattle, grain, teeth, shells, feathers, skulls, salt, elephant tusks, and tobacco have all been used. Precious metals gradually took over because, when made into coins, they were portable, durable, recognizable, and divisible into larger and smaller units of value. A coin is a piece of metal, usually disc-shaped, which bears lettering, designs or numbers showing its value. Until the 18th and 19th centuries, coins were given monetary worth based on the exact amount of metal contained in them, but most modern coins are based on face value the value that governments choose to give them, irrespective of the actual metal content Most governments now issue paper money in the form of bills, which are really "promises to pay". Paper money is obviously easier to handle and much more convenient in the modern world. Checks and credit cards are being used increasingly, and it is possible to imagine a world where "money" in the form of coins and paper currency will longer be used. Test 1. What is modern economy based on? A. Barter deals. B. Coins and paper bills. C. Exchange of goods. D. Precious metals 2. What system was used in primitive society? . Exchange of cattle for gold. B. Barter system. C. Exchange of salt and silver. D. System of coins. 3. Why was barter a very unsatisfactory system of exchange? A. Because the society recognized shells as having some values. B. It was not easy to exchange a sheep for a cow. C. Cattle couldn't be divided into smaller units of value. D. Because people's needs seldom coincided. 4. Why did precious metals gradually take over? A. When made into coins they were portable, durable and divisible.
110

B. Because goods became cheaper. C. Because coins were disc-shaped. D. Because the numbers of coins showed their value. 5. How was monetary worth given to coins? A. By the amount of salt that could be bought by a coin. B. By their shape. C. By the amount of metal contained in them. D. By the picture on the coin. 6. In what form do most governments issue paper money now? A. In the form of dollars. B. In the form of bills. C. In the form of franks. D. In the form of pounds. 7. What kinds of money are being used increasingly? A. Bills. B. Dollars. C. Disc-shaped coins. D. Checks. 8. What is the system of direct exchange of goods called? A. Market B. Selling. C. Barter D. Buying. 9. What can we measure value with? A. Money. B. Precious metals. C. Checks. D. Elephant tusks. 10. What is face value of the coin? A. The value of the coin, which depends upon the portrait on it. B. The value based on the amount of metal in the coin. C. The coin is made of gold, which is worth one dollar. D. The value that government chooses to give a coin.

BANKING
Read and learn more about money and its history. Text 7. MONEY YESTERDAY AND TODAY When people make more production they need, they want to exchange it for something else. But what to do if the product is big and heavy? So people invented money. We use it to buy and sell goods and to make
111

savings. In old time in different countries there were various types of money: animal skins and cattle, cocoa beans and salt, shells and stones... In our land our great-grandfathers used grain, fur skins and later - gold. In Kyyiv Rus money was called hryvnia and now we have hryvnias too. Paper banknote and metal coins are easy to hold, to save, to transfer and to use. That is why they replaced old kinds of money. Every country has its type of money that is called "a money unit." When people travel from one state to another they need to exchange money. There is an exchange rate for this. It is approximately equal all over the world for main money units at a certain moment of time, but changes from day to day. For example, one Ukrainian hryvnia or one Austrian shilling is approximately equal to 5,2 USA dollars, one pound of sterling is approximately equal to 1,6 USA dollars, one USA dollar is approximately equal to 0,8 EURO. The exchange rate depends on situation in currency market. In Ukraine, like in other countries of the world, we may change hryvnias into other currency in banks or special booths called "Bureau de change" or foreign exchange office. They give a receipt in which it is written how much money you give, what the current exchange rate is and how much foreign currency you receive. But in Ukraine you cannot use foreign currency to buy something or to pay for any service. You must use hryvnias only. The same situation is in every country of the world: people should use only national currency in the country. You may pay in cash (notes and coins), in cheques or credit cards. If you have a bank account you are given a cheque-book when you need to pay, it is necessary to write cheque, pull it out of the book and give the seller. If you have a special account for a credit card you simply call the sum and give your card number to the seller who fixes it and then takes the sum off your account. He gives you a bill as to other customers. If you need to take cash from your credit bank account you may get it from a bank or a cash machine (ATM automatic teller machine.) A cash machine is a device some bigger than a public telephone. You put your card into a slot, press some buttons to let the machine know what sum of money you need, take your card back and receive your cash from the cash machine. Usually banks take some money for service, the money is called commission and is not large. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following. To exchange; to invent; to buy and sell; to make savings; paper banknote;
112

metal coins; to hold, to save, to transfer and to use; a money unit; an exchange rate; currency market; Bureau de change; foreign currency; to pay in cash, in cheques or credit cards; a cheque-book; commission. Finish the statements. 1. When people make more production they need ... 2. We use money to ... 3. In old time in different countries there were ... 4. Paper banknote and metal coins are easy ... 5. When people travel from one state to another they need ... 6. The exchange rate depends on ... 7. In Ukraine we may change hryvnias into another currency in ... 8. You may pay in ... 9. Usually banks take ... Read the text again and give the definitions for the following. 1. "A money unit" is 5. "A cheque-book" is ... 2. "An exchange rate" is 6. "A credit card" is ... 3. "Bureau de change" is 7. "A cash machine" is... 4. "A bank receipt" is 8. "A bank commission" is ... 9. "Money" is...

Self Instruction
Interview your desk mate about the ways to pay. Then answer his questions about the same. Exercise 1. Underline suffixes and name the parts of speech. Profession, closely, saturation, structure, texture, introduction, omission, economic, impression, admiration, definition, windless, watchful, discussion, maker, oppression, perfectly, situation, historical, expression, doer , submission, social, forgetful, equipment, development Exercise 2. Translate target and derivative words. ( ). Industry - industrial, real - really - reality, electric - electricity, to vary various -variable - invariable, history - historic - historical - historically, able - unable -ability, to begin - beginner - beginning, usual - usually unusually, comfort -comfortable - uncomfortable - comfortably, to hope hopeful - hopeless, to help -helpful - helpless, to build - builder - building - rebuild, deep - deeply - deepness, to lead -leader - leadership - leading

113

Exercise 3. Form nouns of the following verbs. Teach, run, jump, begin, do, swim, speak, conduct, clean, help, sit, write, read, dance, sing Exercise 4. Form nouns using suffix -ness. Clean, great, white, ill, busy, bright, dark, near, thick. Exercise 5. Name the verbs from which the following nouns were formed. Buyer, publisher, treatment, beginner, doer, development, government,
verb introduce advertise support convert conduct impress inspect person noun introducer adjective introductory abstract noun introduction

Exercise 7. Form nouns and translate them into Ukrainian. -tion; to collect, to prepare, to examine, to translate, to act -or: to translate, to act, to collect -er: to begin, to do, to write, to speak, to design, to examine

PRESENT SIMPLE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

114

Where.... you from? How old... you? How old... your brother? What... your aunt's name? I... glad to see you. How... you? The dog... in the garden. Tom's parents... travel agents. ... your father a carpenter? No, he .... John... (not) a student, he... a doctor. That book... (not) very interesting. Take this one. The best seats... 10$. Moscow... the capital of Russia. I... hot. Open the window, please. What... the weather like today? I... (not) interested in football at all.

15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

.... Tom and Bob good football players? .... you hungry? The news... (not) very bad today. What... your parents' address? Your money... in your handbag.

PRESENT SIMPLE 1. How much... this sweater cost? A is B does C do 2. How much... this sweater? 3. It... rainy in summer. A don't B doesn't C isn't 4. It... often rain in summer. 5. I... stay at home on Sundays. A am not B doesn't C don't 6. I... at home on Sundays. 7. He... have much money. A isn't B doesn't C don't 8. He... rich. 9. Mag and her sister... live in Rome. A aren't B doesn't C don't 10. Mag and her sister... in Rome. 11. Pat's mother... teach students. A isn't B doesn't C don't 12. Pat's mother... a teacher. 13. It... cost much to stay at that hotel. A doesn't B isn't C don't 14. That hotel... expensive.

PRESENT SIMPLE 1. Hello, I... Kate Kern. And what... your name? 2. Hi, my name... Ann Brown. I... glad to meet you
115

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Where.... you live, Ann? I... from Leeds. And where... you from? I... from London. ... there a sports center in Leeds Yes, there...three big sports centers in my town. What..your favorite sport? I like swimming. And what about you? ...you like swimming? No, I... .But my best friend... . And I like tennis. ... you... any hobbies? ... you like reading? Yes, I.... What... your favorite books? I like detective stories. Do you? No, I... . ... you... any brothers or sisters? No, I... an only child. And I... a brother. How old...he? He... 4. He... go to school. I help him much. You... a happy girl.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS 1. Where are our children? It's quiet at home. They (lie) on the carpet and (draw). 2. What you (do) now? I (look for) my key. I can't open the door. 3. Listen! Somebody (sing) a lovely song. 4. Why you (put on) the coat? It's sunny today. 5. Don't make so much noise. I (try) to work. 6. Why you (cry)? Is something wrong? 7. Let's go for a walk. It (not / rain) now. 8. Why you (not / hurry)? I (wait) for you. 9. I don't speak any foreign language, but I (learn) English now. 10. We (spend) next weekend at home. 11. I (meet) Liz tonight. She (come) from Cork. 12. He (go) to speak to his parents. 13. My Dad (work) overtime this week. 14. They (live) in a rented house these days. 15. I (take) dancing lessons this winter. 16. At the moment we (fly) over the desert. 17. Have some hot tea. It (get) chilly. 18. I (die) to see him.
116

PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT CONTINUOUS R right W wrong (in this case correct the sentence, please) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Tom is in his room. He plays the piano. Jill is speaking five languages. I am looking for my glasses. Where are they? My brother is smoking 20 cigarettes a day. I am not understanding what he is speaking about. John is tired, so he has a short sleep. The man in the dark grey coat is looking like Tom Garrett. He doesn't like ballroom dancing. I'm looking out of the window, but I'm not seeing him. I am remembering that holiday we had in France a few years ago. How much is it costing to send a letter to Paris? My parents are never drinking strong coffee. I hate big cities. The play is beginning at half past seven. What are you thinking of that novel? What are you thinking about? I am hoping Mag comes out of hospital soon.

PRESENT PERFECT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. I'm afraid I (forget) my book at home. ... the secretary (yet / come)? I (learn) the rhyme. Could you listen to me? ... you (ever / be) to Italy? They (already / inform) me about the accident. He is the most handsome man I (ever / know). Kevin (already / leave for) Manchester. He (not / receive) any letters from her this week. I (not / hear) from him since he left Paris. I (not / see) Tom for ages. ... you (have) a holiday this year? We (see) some good films recently. They (wait) for you for half an hour. Mom (have) a headache since she came from the theatre. Alan (work) in the bank for a year.
117

16. Granny (be) ill for a fortnight. 17. ... you (ever / ride) a horse? 18. Sue (not / take) a lot of drugs since she joined the health club.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. What are you doing? I'm repairing my son's bicycle. I (do) it for two hours. 2. I'll call for an ambulance. She (get) weaker and weaker since she had breakfast. 3. Hurry up, John. I'm waiting for you. You (have a bath) for an hour. 4. Who is that man standing on the corner? He (stand) there for the last half an hour. 5. Where is Dad? I (wait) for him since 6 p.m. We are going to be late to the concert. 6. I can't stand it any more. Those people (quarrel) since breakfast. 7. Jim works as a sales manager. Really? He (sell) washing machines for three months. 8. Dora is playing the piano. She (play) the piano since I came. 9. Aren't you going to tell me what (you / do) in my absence? 10. How long you (sit) here? 11. Michael, I (try) to get you all day! 12. I'll go and wash my eyes. I don't want my husband to see I (cry). 13. The amount of crime (increase) for the last ten years and we can't stop this process.

PRESENT PERFECT / PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. He knows Africa well because he (travel) a lot there. A has been traveling B has traveled 2. You (write) this composition for two hours and can't complete it. A have been writing B have written 3. John is still repairing his car. He must be tired. He (repair) it all day. A has repaired B has been repairing 4. Alice promised to come, but she's absent. Something (happen) to her. A has been happening B has happened 5. The children are drawing. They (draw) since they came home. A have been drawing B have drawn
118

6. ... they (tell) anything about their summer plans? A Have they been telling B Have they told 7. My aunt (have) the big house in the country. A has always been having B has always had DEGREES OF COMPARISON R right W wrong (correct the sentence, please) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. I'm busier than my little sister. London is more old than New York. It's the most sharp pencil I have. Do you know the shortest way to the station? This exercise is more difficult than that one. Be activer at your lessons, please. She is the most pretty girl I've ever known. The boy is as taller as his father. He makes more mistakes than you do. Baseball is the popularest summer sport in America. Yesterday he started to feel more bad. Soon it began to get more darker and it was time to back home. He said that money was the most important to him. I've got a headache. Be quieter, please. Mary's answer is correcter than yours. Can you come more early next time? You should be carefuler. DEGREES OF COMPARISON 1. I met my (good) friend yesterday. A goodest B better C best 2. Dorothy is (young) in her family. A the youngest B the younger C young 3. Henry is not (strong) his elder brother Bob. A so strong as B strong as C stronger 4. It isn't very warm today, is it? No, it was (warm) yesterday. A more warm B warmer C the warmest 5. Your friend looked upset yesterday. I'm glad he looks (happy) today. A more happy B happier C happy as 6. Where is (near) post-office, please? A the nearest B the next C nearer
119

1. Choose the correct form of the verbs:

Dear Karen! I'm having /1 have a great time here in England. My university term isn't starting / doesn't start until the autumn, so I'm taking /I take the opportunity to improve my English. I'm staying /I stay with some English friends who are owning/own a farm. On weekdays I'm catching /I catch a bus into Torguay to go to language classes. I'm making/I make good progress, I think. My friends say / are saying my pronunciation is much better than when I arrived, and I'm understanding /I understand almost everything now. At weekends I'm helping /I help on the farm. At the moment they are harvesting / they harvest the corn and they are needing / they need all the help they can get. It's quite hard work, but I'm liking /I like it. And I'm developing / I develop some strong muscles! Do you come / Are you coming to visit me on Christmas? I'm spending / I spend the winter holiday here at the farm. My friends are wanting / want to meet you and there's plenty of space. But you must bring your warmest clothes. It's getting / It gets cold here in the winter. Let me know as soon as you 're deciding / you decide. And tell me what you're doing / you do these days. Do you miss me? Love, Paul.

2.

Put the verbs in the correct tense, present simple or present continuous.

Leila Johnson is an environmentalist. She is being interviewed on the radio by Tony Hunt, a journalist. Tony: So, tell me, Leila, why is it important to save the rainforests? Leila: There are a number of reasons. One is that many plants, which could be useful in medicine grow in the rainforests. We ......... (not know) all the plants yet-there are thousands and thousands of them. Researchers ......... (try) to discover their secrets before they are destroyed. Tony: I see. What other reasons are there? Leila: Well, I'm sure you've heard of global warming? Tony: You mean, the idea that the world ........... (get) warmer? Leila: That's right. The rainforests......(have) an important effect on the earth's climate. They ................ (disappear) at a terrifying rate and soon they will be gone. People ........... (not do) enough to save them. Tony: But, is global warming really such a problem? I ...... (enjoy) warm sunshine. Leila: Well, what ....... (happen) when you ...... (heat) ice?
120

Tony: It ........ (melt) of course. Leila: O.K. The polar ice caps ......... (consist) of millions of tons of ice. If they.....(melt), the level of the sea will rise and cause terrible floods. Many scientists ........ (believe) that temperatures ................................ . (already rise). We must do everything we can to prevent global warming and that............(include) preserving the rainforests. Tony: Thank you, Leila, and good luck in your campaign. Leila: Thank you.

3. PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS. Complete this description of the life of a musician, using the verbs given. Use either the past simple or the past continuous. Colin Boyle was born in 1973 near Dublin, Ireland. In 1983 he became seriously ill. While he........(recover) his uncle....... (give) him an old violin. He enjoyed playing and practised at his school every day after lessons. One day in 1987, John Leaf the manager of several successful musicians,...........(have) a meeting with the headmaster when he.......... (hear) Colin practising. He immediately...............(contact) Colin's teacher and............(invite) Colin to appear in one of the concerts he............ (organize) that year. Colin, however..........(refuse) Leafs invitation, because just then he.........(prepare) for some important school exams. Colin.......(pass) his exams and.........(go) to college to study engineering. At college he.........(meet) Kim O'Malley, who...........(study) chemistry. Kim was also a keen amateur musician. Being students, they rarely............ (have) much money and they usually......( work) as waiters at weekends. One evening in April 1992, while Colin and Kim..........(serve) customers, the manager.........(announce) that there would be no music in the restaurant that night as the regular band could not come. Colin and Kim......... .(persuade) him to let them play to the customers. Everyone ......... .(be) amazed to hear how good they..............(be). Six months later they..........(decide) to leave college because they..........(earn) so much money as musicians. Their success has continued ever since. 4. Choose the correct form of the verbs. THOMAS EDISON started / was starting work on the railway when he was 12, selling newspapers and snacks. There were long periods with
121

nothing for him to do so he built / was building himself a little laboratory in the luggage van where he could carry out experiments when he didn't sell /wasn't selling things to passengers. Another way that he occupied / was occupying himself was by reading. He joined a library and read / was reading every book in it. One day when he waited / was waiting at a station he noticed / was noticing a small boy who played / was playing by the track, unaware that a train approached /was approaching. Edison ran / was running out and grabbed / was grabbing the child just in time. The child's father was so grateful that he offered / was offering to teach Edison to be a telegraph operator. Edison accepted the offer and soon he had / was having regular lessons. After a year, he was good enough to get a job in the telegraph office. He continued to read and experiment, whenever he had / was having time. At 21 he left / was leaving the telegraph office to devote all his time to being an inventor. He went / was going on to invent the electric light bulb, the phonograph and the movie camera.

5. PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PAST SIMPLE. Choose the correct form of the verbs.

SIMPLE,

PAST

A. Hello, Mike. What are you doing / do you do in this part of London? Well, actually, I'm looking /I look at flats round here. B. Flats? Are you wanting / do you want to move? Yes, believe me or not, Betty and I are getting / get married. That's great! Congratulations. When were you deciding /did you decide? A. Only last week. It was while we were staying / stayed with her family in Scotland. Now we try / are trying to find a suitable flat. B. It will be great to have you as neighbors. I hope you manage to buy one soon. A. Oh, we aren't looking / don't look for one to buy. We aren't having / we don't have enough money yet. We are wanting / We want to find somewhere to rent. B. Yes, of course. That's what we did / were doing at first. Actually, in the end, my brother was lending / lent us some money. That's how we were managing / managed to buy ours. A. Really? Perhaps I'll talk to my family before we choose I we're choosing a fiat. That's not a bad idea. My family gave /were giving us quite a lot of helpful advice. Now, what about a cup of coffee? There
122

is a good place just round the corner. B. Oh, yes. I looked /was looking for somewhere to sit down when f bumped into you. Let's go. 6. COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH A SUITABLE FORM OF THE VERB GIVEN. USE THE PRESENT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS,OR THE FAST SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS. 1. I remember the day you got engaged. We ....... tea in the garden when you came out of the house and told us. (have) 2. I tried to explain the situation to my parents, but they just .... what I was talking about, (not understand) 3. What have you put in this sauce? It .... absolutely disgusting. (taste) 4. Peter always claimed that he was innocent, but for many years no one ......... him. (believe) 5. It's a lovely shawl, I know, but unfortunately it .......... to me. I'm just borrowing it for the party this evening. (not / belong) 6. Why ............ that thin dress? You will freeze to death in this cold wind! (you wear) 7. While I was admiring the view, someone stole the bag which ........ all my traveler's checks. (contain) 8. Look! ....... that man standing beside the cash desk? Tm sure he's planning to steal something, (you / see ) 9. Tea or coffee? I'm making both, so just say which you ......... (prefer) 10. The boys didn't want to come shopping with us because they ........ the football on TV. (watch) 8. Fill the gaps in this letter. Use the present perfect continuous or simple, or the present continuous or simple.
DEAR FRANCHESCA, WE ................ A WONDERFUL TIME HERE IN YORK (HAVE) WE HERE FOR 3 DAYS NOW (BE) AND WE .......... TO STAY FOR THE REST OF THE WEEK BECAUSE WE ........... OURSELVES SO MUCH. (WANT, ENJOY). WE ............. THE CATHEDRAL AND THE CASTLE MUSEUM AND THIS MORNING WE..... .AROUND THE LITTLE OLD - FASHIONED STREETS, LOOKING AT THE SHOPS AND CAFES. (VISIT, WANDER) I AM WRITING THIS WHILE WE STOP FOR A COLD DRINK BEFORE LUNCH. WE ................ MUCH MONEY YET BUT. WE'LL GET SOME SOUVENIRS BEFORE WE LEAVE. (NOT SPEND) BESIDES THE SIGHTSEEINGS,WE ............... SOME EXERCISE (TAKE). THE COUNTRYSIDE AROUND YORK IS LOVELY AND WE ............... SOME LOVELY WALKS. (HAVE). FORTUNATELY, THE WEATHER .............. VERY GOOD SO FAR. (BE). PEOPLE ............... IT CAN BE VERY COLD 123

AND IT OFTEN ......... FOR DAYS! (SAY, RAIN). AS THIS IS THE FIRST TIME I ............... TO ENGLAND, I ........ I'M JUST LUCKY. (BE, SUPPOSE). SEE YOU SOON, ROBERTA

7.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.

Mrs. Horn: Come in Jane, take a sit. Would you like a coffee? Jane: Thank you, actually I have been having / I've just had one. Mrs. Horn: Oh, good. Now, do you know this area at all. Jane: Quite well. My grandparents live just on the outskirts of town so I have been coming / I've come here for the holidays since I was little. I am staying with them at the moment, actually. Mrs. Horn: Oh, that's nice. And do you have a driving license? Jane. Yes I have been driving / I've driven for 5 years now. Mrs. Horn: And would you say you're a careful driver? Jane: Yes, I think so. At least, I have never bad /I have never been having an accident. Mrs. Horn: Good. Now, could you tell me why you think you would be right for this job? Jane: Well, I have always been interested / I've always interested in working with small children. And I have been managing / I've managed to get quite a bit of practical experience by taking holiday jobs and so on. Mrs. Horn: How do you think you would cope in an emergency? Jane: I am quite a calm person, I think. I have done /I have been doing a first aid course, too. I got this badge. Mrs. Horn: Oh, yes. That's good. Now, this job isn't permanent, as you know. We need someone for about a year. How would that fit with your long-term plans? Jane: I'd like to work abroad. But I want some full - time experience first. I have been doing /I have done a Nursery Teacher's course this year. We finish next week, in fact, and I've already got a Child Care certificate. Mrs. Horn. Well, I can't make any promises, but you do sound just the sort of person we're looking for. When will you be able to start? Jane. As soon as I finish my Nursery Teacher's course. Mrs. Horn: Excellent. And would you live with your grandparents? Jane: Well, they live a bit far away. I'd probably try to get a small flat. I have looked / I have been looking in the paper every day, but I haven't been finding /I haven't found anything yet.
124

Mrs. Horn: Well, if you get the job, we'll try to help you. Now, would you like to come and meet some of the children? Jane: Oh, yes. Mrs. Horn: Right, if you'll just follow me then... 9. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the verb given. Use the present simple or continuous or the present perfect or continuous. 1. I ................ the reports all morning, but I still ............ (photocopy, not finish) 2. I don't want to spend a lot of money today because I ............. as much as I can until I ............ on holiday, (save, go) 3. I remember meeting your brother last summer, but I .......... him this year. What .......... since then? (not see, do) 4. I ............. with my cousin in London. I ............ there before but he ............... there for several years, so he can show me around, (stay, not be, live) 5. I'm sorry, I'm late. ................... a long time? (you wait) 6. Why ........... for a little while? You .............. a break since we started work. (not rest, not have) 7. We ............. this stupid film since lunchtime. Let's switch over to the other channel. (watch) 8. Jenny is really excited about going to Spain. She ............ there before, although she .............. Spanish for several years. (not be, study) 9. Peter rarely .................. time to visit his parents these days, but he .............. lunch with them tomorrow because it's father's birthday. (have, have) 12. Read, the conversation below and fill the spaces with a in a suitable tense. Brian & Jessica are on a training course at a company that publishes popular magazines. During their first morning they meet for a coffee. Brian: Well, Jess, what have you been doing this morning? Jess: Oh, it has been really busy. I ........... round, all the different departments to see what they do. (go). What about you? ............ anything interesting? (see) Brian: I .............. to the finance department, accounts and personnel. (be) Jess: That doesn't sound very exciting! Brian: No, you are right. But this afternoon I'm going to see the art
125

department, where they, ............. the designs for all the magazines. (prepare) Jess: Yes, I. ................ that department already. (see). They. ............ some fascinating pictures today, but they don't always have such interesting material, they said. (visit). And the editors ........ always ............ things at the last moment, which ......... everyone very irritable. (change / make) Brian: And I hear that the art editor has a very short temper. Jess: Don't worry, he is not there today. He............ to some exhibition. (go) Brian: Oh, good. Hey, who's that man over there? He.................us since we came in? (watch) Jess: The one by the door? I don' t know. He. ............like a lawyer or something, not a journalist. (look) Perhaps, he .... only .... here to look round, like us. (come) Brian: Careful, he ........... this way. (come) Man: Excuse me, are you the two trainees who. .............. the day here? (spend) Jess: That's right. Man: ................ yourselves? (enjoy) Brian: Er, yes. Thank you. But Man: Oh, yes. I'm David Gordon. I.......this company. (own) 13. Read the following passage and put the verbs in the correct form, present perfect or past simple. THEN AND NOW Twenty years ago few people ............. (realize) that computers were about to become part of our daily lives. This short period of time........... (see) enormous changes in business, education and public administration. Jobs which ....... (take) weeks to complete in the past, are now carried out in minutes. Clerks who .............. (spend) all day copying and checking calculations are now freed from this tedious tasks. In offices, the soft hum and clicking of word processors ......... (replace) the clatter of typewriters. Schoolchildren. ............. (became) as familiar with hardware and software as their parents ............ (be) with pencils and exercise books. Computerization of public records ......... (enable) government departments to analyze the needs of citizens in detail. Some of us may wonder, however, whether life .......... (really / improve) as a result of these changes. Many jobs ..................... (disappear), for example, when intelligent
126

machines..........(take) over the work. Employers complain that clerical staff ........ (become) dependent on calculators and cannot do simple arithmetic. There are fears that governments. ............ (not / do) enough to ensure that personal information held on computers is really kept secret. Certainly, many people may now be wondering whether the spread of computers .......... (bring) us as many problems as they. .........(solve). 14. I HAVE DONE / I HAVE BEEN DOING / I DO / I AM DOING / I DID. Read the application letter. There are 7 grammar mistakes in it. Find and correct them,
Mr. Aziz, I would like to apply for the Job of shop manager, which I see advertised in the local paper. I am 2O years old. I was born in France but my family moved to England, when I was 12 and I am living here ever since. I have left school 3 years ago and since then I am having several jobs in shops. For the past 6 months I am working in Halls department store. The manager has been saying that he is willing to give me a reference. I speak English and French fluently and I have learnt German since I left school, so I speak some German too. I hope you will consider my application. Yours sincerely, Louise Brett.

I HAVE DONE / I DID Match the two halves of these sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. My little brother started school The Prime Minister hasn't been abroad I caught a cold My father has been asleep in bed The Red -Cross started The dentist has asked us to wait The last bus left a. all day. b. when he was 6. c. in the 19th century. d. since January. e. several minutes ago. f. when we went out in the rain g. for a few minutes

15. FILL THE GAPS IN THESE SENTENCES WITH A SUITABLE VERB. USE EITHER THE PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE.

127

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Bill ....... away from work all this week. (be) Glenda ....... hard when she was a student. (work) Pit .......... rather unfriendly recently. (be) Eric ............ the door when I rang the bell. (open) How long ...... Neil ........ his present job? (do) ..... Tina ........... her parents since she got married? (see) Why ........... you ........ your coat on?. It's not cold. (put on) Jack......... to me about his problems last night. (speak) Fred. ........... his map. We'll have to go back for it. (forget) Jana. ........ money in her last job, but she en Joys this one more. (earn)

16. FILL THE SPACES IN THE CONVERSATION WITH SUITABLE VERBS. USE THE PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT. Rosie: So, Mark, are you settling in here OK, do you think? Mark: Oh, yes. Everyone ....... very friendly. I ...... to have quite a lot of problems, but I .......... any really. Not here at work anyway. (be / expect / not have) Rosie: Do you mean there .......... other problems? (be) Mark: Well, I ............ to move out of the flat I .......... when I first .......... (have to/got/arrive) Rosie: Oh, dear. Why ........... you ............ to do that? Wasn't it comfortable? Our personnel department .......... you to find it .......... they? (have to / help/ do) Mark: That's right. It was a good flat. I .......... living there very much. Unfortunately, the journey to work was too long. The bus routes changed just before I .......... to work here and it .......... me two hours to get here every day. So, I. .......... to a place just round the corner from here. Everything's fine now. (like / start / take / move) Rosie: I hope all this trouble .......... you sorry that you came here. (not make) Mark: Not at all. I'm really enjoying the work. And I. .......... a lot of new friends already. (make) Rosie: That's good. Oh, well. We'd better get on with some work now, I suppose. Mark: I guess so. See you later. Rosie: Yes. Bye. 17. Most of the sentences have one verb in the wrong tense. Correct them or write RIGHT.

128

1. I was pleased to see my old college friends at the conference last week as we didn't see each other since we finished our course ........................................................................................................... 2. We had to wait for hours at the airport because the bad weather had delayed all the flights. ............................................................... 3. Many modern medicines were not invented by western scientists but by tribal people who had been using them for generations b e f o r e t h e E u r o p e a n s a r r i v e d . .............................................................. ....................................................... 4. We missed our train, so by the time we reached the theatre, the play ended and the audience was leaving the theatre. 5. At the end of their meal they found they couldn't pay the bill because they didn't bring any money with them to the restaurant .......................................................................................... .... 6. The children were thrilled when they unwrapped the electronic toys, but when they discovered that nobody bought a battery they were very disappointed. .................................................................... .......................................................... 7. When I came out of the cinema I had found that a thief had taken my car radio. .................................................................................... 8. At first the authorities thought the athlete had been taking drugs, but they soon realized they mixed up the results of the test ............. .................................................................... 9. When the film star came into the restaurant I didn't recognize her because I didn't see any of her films. ............................................... ...................................................................... 10. When we reached the city center we couldn't find a parking space, so we had decided to go by bus next time. ....................................... .................................................................................... 18. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CONVERSATION USING THE VERBS SUPPLIED. Jean has called to see her boyfriend Gary. Gary: Jean, I'm surprised to see you. Jean: Well, I think you owe me an explanation. Gary: Me? What about you? I ................ (see) you in the cafe last night. We .......... (arrange) to meet at the cinema if you remember.
129

Jean: So, why ......... (you / not / come) into the cafe if you saw me? Gary: I. ............. (be) too angry. And cold. I ............... (wait) outside the cinema for half an hour. Jean: But why? ............... (you / not / get) my note? Gary: What note? Jean: The note I ......... (leave) here yesterday afternoon. When I ........ (go) past the cinema yesterday lunchtime I ......... (notice) that they .......... (change) the film. So I ......... (put) a note under your door to tell you. Gary: I ............ (not / find) any note. Jean: It must be here. Let me look. Yes. Oh, dear. I'm afraid it ........ (slip) under the mat. Gary: Oh. I'm sorry. I was angry. It's just that, while I ........... (wait) I was worried about, .............. (what / happen) to you. And then. I ............ (see) you in the cafe. You ........... (laugh) with your friends and I ........... (realize) that you .......... (sit) there quite comfortably with them all evening. I ........ (lose) my temper. Jean: Never mind. Let's forget it. Where shall we go now? 19. Complete each sentence with a suitable verb. Use the PAST PERFECT or THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS. 1. Maggie worked in the garden all afternoon. Then she took a hot bath. Maggie took a hot bath because she. .................. (work) in the garden all afternoon. 2. Graham went for a walk. In the woods he saw some rare birds which he .......... (not / see) before. Graham wrote to the local newspaper about them. 3. Rebecca came top in the final examination. Her father bought her a car as a reward. Rebecca's father bought her a car because she. ........... (come) top in the final exam. 4. Henry came home from work early. He cooked lunch. His family was very impressed. Henry's family were very impressed to discover that he. ......... (cook) lunch when he came home from work early. 5. Greta worked hard all morning. Her boss gave her an extra half hour for lunch. She boasted about it. Greta boasted that her boss. .......(give) her an extra half hour for lunch because she............... (work) very hard all morning. 6. Patric went to the disco. He came home very late. His mother was worried and she told him off when he got in. Patric's mother told him off when he came home late because she..................(worry)
130

about him all evening. 7. Bruce tried to mend a broken window. He cut his hand. He went to hospital. Bruce went to hospital because he. ......... (cut) his hand while he was trying to mend a broken window. 8. I lost my watch. We were looking for it and I was very pleased when my son found it. I was very pleased when my son found my watch because he..........(look for) it for hours. 9. Isobel attended a language course. She made some new friends. She sent postcards to them. Isobel sent postcards to the new friends she ........... (make) while she was attending a language course. 20. CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS It is sometimes said that there is nothing new in the world of fashion. Annabelle was a well-known model during the seventies. When her children were in the early teens they WERE ENJOYING / USED TO ENJOY looking at her old photo albums. They WERE FINDING / FOUND it hard to believe that she WAS WEARING / USED TO WEAR such strange clothes. Did people really USE TO THINK / WERE PEOPLE REALLY THINKING flared trousers looked well? And those ugly platform shoes! She WAS ADMITTING / ADMITTED that people WERE OFTEN FALLING / OFTEN USED TO FALL over because the heels were so high. In the early nineties, however, Annabel le noticed to her amusement that seventies styles WERE / USED TO BE in fashion again. "I PLANNED / WAS PLANNING to throw all my old clothes away" she said, "but my daughter went to a party last week, and guess what she USED TO WEAR / WAS WEARING that's right, some of my old clothes"! 21. I DID, I WAS DOING, I USED TO Choose the correct form of the verbs. 1. Mary met her husband while she worked / was working / used to work in the States. 2. Why does Warren keep shouting at people? He wasn't / wasn't being / didn't use to be so bad tempered. 3. How long is it since you had / were having / used to have a holiday?
131

4. The government provided / were providing / used to provide much more help for disabled people than they do now. 5. It's all very well I complaining you haven't any money, but while you were traveling around the world, I studied / was studying / used to study sixteen hours a day for my exams. 6. The only time I ever rode / was riding / used to ride a horse, I fell / was falling / used to fall off in the first 5 minutes. 22. Write a sentence for each of the following using used to or didn't use to 1. I had a lot of money but I lost it all when my business failed. I. ....... rich. 2. I quite like classical music now, although I wasn't keen on it when I was younger. I. ........... like classical music. 3. My sister can't borrow my Jeans any more, she's put on so much weight. She ........ borrow my jeans. 4. I seem to have lost interest in my work. I. ......... be interested. 5. I don't mind air travel now. I. ......... like air travel. 6. My brother had his hair cut short when he left college. He. ........... have long hair. 7. I gave up smoking 5 years ago. I. ............. smoke. 8. My parents lived in the USA when I was a child. They ........... live in the USA. 9. When he was younger, my uncle was a national swimming champion. He .............. be a national champion.

23.

Choose the correct farm of the verbs. conversation before you start.

Read through each

Terry: What did you do / have you done / had you done last night? Angie: Well, I have hoped / have been hoping / had been hoping to go out, but I have had / had / had had too much work. Pete: What part of Birmingham do you live / did you live / have you lived when you were / have been / were being a student Patrick: A place called Selly Oak. Do you know / did you know / have you known it? Pete: Oh, yes. I was passing / used to pass / have passed through it when I was living / have been living / have lived there.

132

Gill: Do you write / have you written / were you writing to the bank manager yet? Mark: I haven't finished / hadn't finished / didn't finish yet. I've been trying / I've tried / I tried to decide what to say. Gill: Hurry up! He is expecting / has expected / has been expecting your reply since last week. Brian: Our teacher invites / has invited / invited the class to his house on Saturday. Do you go / are you going / have you gone? Luke: I'm afraid not. I work / used to work / am working for my father on Saturdays. Phil: When did you hear / have you heard / had you heard your exam results? Clara: When I had phoned /phoned / have phoned my teacher, she has been checking / has checked / was checking the list when I had rung / am ringing / rang, so she was telling / told / tells me then. Phil: Have you expected / have you been expecting / had you been expecting to do so well? Clara: Not really, to be honest! 24. Complete the sentences using the verbs given. 1. Tom has had to give up playing football since he ...... (broke) his leg. 2. Where ......... (go) for your holiday next year? 3. How often ......... (visit) your cousins when you .......... (be) in the States last year? 4. I ....... (not/ pay) for my ticket yet. How much ....... (owe) you? 5. The hotel manager called the police when he ....... (discover) that a guest ...... (leave) without paying a bill. 6. I don't know what .......... (happen) to Sharon. She ........ (be) such a hard worker, but now she ........ (lose) interest in everything. 7. We ........... (have) a fire in the office last week, though everything ......... (go) well up till then. 8. My grandmother was a wonderful woman. She ..... (spend) most of her life teaching adults who ....... (miss) the opportunity to go to school when they ..... (be) children and ........ (never/learn) to read. 9. I ....... (always/want) to visit Japan, and now I ......... (have) the chance, I ...... (decide) to take it.

133

MODAL VERBS 1 Supply CAN, CAN'T, COULD, COULDN'T, WAS/ WERE ABLE TO, TO in the following sentences to express ability and inability.

BE ABLE

1. Our baby is only 9 months and he _____ already stand up. 2. When I was younger, I ____ speak Italian much better than I ____ now. 3. He _____ draw or paint at all when he was a boy, but now he is a famous artist. 4. Bill is so unfit he ______ run at all! 5. It took a long time, but in the end Tony ____ save enough to buy his own tape-recorder. 6. Our teacher says we ______ speak English fluently in a few months. 7. I think I _____ play table tennis better after a bit of practice. Supply CAN, COULD, ability or inability. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
BE ABLE TO

2 in the following sentences to express

George has traveled a lot. He _______ speak four languages. I haven't ______ sleep very well recently. I can't understand Martin. I've never _________ understand him. Ask Ann about your problem. She should ________ help you. He can't play tennis very well now but he _______ quite well when he was my younger. 6. I can't swim very far these days but ten years ago I _______ swim from one side of the lake to the other. 3 Complete a sentence with COULD, WAS/ WERE ABLE TO OR COULDN'T. 1. My grandfather was very clever. He ___________________ speak five languages. 2. I looked everywhere for the book but I _________________find it. 3. My grandmother loved music. She _____________________ play the piano very well. 4. The boy fell into the river fortunately we________________ rescue him. 5. He had hurt his leg, so he _____________________________ walk very well. 6. She wasn't at home when I phoned but I__________________
134

contact her at her office. 4 Complete the following sentences with CAN, COULD, HE ABLE TO. 1. I _____ remember the address, (negative) _______ you ever remember the street? (negative) 2. Don't try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you ______ remember any of them, (negative) 3. When I first went to Spain I _____ read Spanish but I _____ speak it. (2nd verb negative) 4. ______ you stand on your head? I _____when I was at school but I ______ now. (3rd verb negative) 5. At the end of the month the post office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he ______ pay. (negative) 6. He was very strong; he _____ ski all day and dance all night, 5 Supply the correct form of may/might in the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. It _____ rain, you 'd better take a coat. He said that it _____ rain. ____ I come in? Please, do. I _____ never see you again. He _____ be on the next train. We _____ as well wait. You ought to buy now; prices _____ go up.

6 Supply MUST OR THE PRESENT, FUTURE OR PAST FORM the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

OF HAVE TO

in

She ___ leave home at eight every morning at present. He sees very badly; he _____ wear glasses all the time. You ______ read this book. It's really excellent. She fell ill and ______ leave early. Father to small son: ' You ______ do what Mummy says.' If you go to a dentist with a private practice you _______ pay him quite a lot of money.

7 Supply must or the present, future or past form of have to in the

135

following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The buses were all full; I ______ get a taxi. Employer: 'You ___ come to work in time.' English children _____ stay at school till the age of 16. I got lost and ______ ask a policeman the way. You really ______ work harder if you want to pass that examination, When you come to London again, you _____ come and see us.

8 Supply mustn't or needn't in the following sentences. 1. You _____ ring the bell, I have a key. 2. You ______ drink this: it is poison. 3. We ______ drive fast; we have much time. 4. You ______ drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 5. You ______ bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain. 6. Mother to child: you ___ play with matches.

136

TALKING AMERICAN
Read and translate the texts. Make up dialogs. Answer the questions below. Text 1. WHAT'S YOUR NAME? WHAT'S YOUR JOB? WHERE ARE YOU FROM? Hi! My name is Victor Kuzmenko. I'm an engineer. I'm from Kiev. I live and work in Kiev. I'm 41 and I'm married. This is my wife Lucy. She's a teacher. We have two children. These are our children. They're students. This is our son Alex. He's a college student. And that girl is our daughter. She's a high-school student. Her name is Vera. What about you? Where are you from? Do you have a family? Ask questions to the following sentences: 1. What is the man's name? 2. What is he? 3. Where is he from? 4. How old is he? 5. Is he married? 6. What is Victor's wife's name? 7. What is she? 8. How many children do they have? 9. What are their children's names? 10. Where do they study? Text 2. WELCOME TO KIEV Today's Tuesday. It's a work day. What time is it? It's 11 o'clock in the morning. All my friends are in the office now. My boss is in the office too. He's busy. But I'm not at work. I'm at Borispol International Airport. I'm in the bar. What a nice surprise! I see a friend there. His name's Franklin, Frank for short. He's American. He's from Boston. He's going to meet his wife. She's going to stay with him here in Kiev. And I'm going to meet an American businessman. His name's Richard Johnson. He's from New York. He's our guest.
137