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.j4

0
i CRL-63-85

SECOND SCIENTIFIC REPORT

Realizability Conditions on Two-Port Network Parameters Robert Maisel

March 1963

Doc ENAY 231963

i" NIVERSITY
S!1 ~t!E

RING

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research in the form of reports to sponsors of research projects, Technical Report., and Technical

Notes. The latter are normally limited to distribution within the College. Information regarding the availability of reprints of journal articles and Technical Report. may be obtained by writing to the Director of the Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, New York, 53, N.Y.

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AnnR- 63-85

HMAIZAOITY CONDITIONS 01 T1O-P0NiT STiORC PABAMUTN

Robert Mawisel

O3W YOIlK UNIVERSITY COOLLUG OF 1=IRnum DIPAFMINT OF KXIWEICAL IlENZ3MRn# Laboratory for Blectroscience Research University Heights Now York 53, Nov York

SNOON1D SCISMILIC RSPORT contract A119(628) -379 Project 5632 Task 563204~ March 1963

Prepared
for

=iCTRDNIiS MS3AkRC DIRICTORATS

AIR FORCE CAWDRDn= HGARM UIORMTRIES OFFIC3 OF A3R08FACS UhKAROK UNITED OWE~LS AIR FORM

ZMEOU, M8AR

ii

NOTICE

Requests for additional copies by Agencies of the Department of Defense, their contractors, and other Government agencies should be directed to the: ARM SRVICES TECHNICAL INFOMNMTON AGENCY ARLINGTON HALL STATION AMLXNTO 12, VnGINTA Department of Defense contractors must be established for ASTIA services or have their "need-to-know" certified by the cognitant military agency of their project or contract. All other persons and organizations should apply to the: U.S. DVAR2IMT OF COICE OFICE OF TUBUICAL 8MVICI WASHINGTON 25, D.C.

iii

ABRACT

In this paper, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the realizability of linear, passive, time invariant twoport networks are derived in terms of the various two port parameters. The two-port parameters considered are: the open

circuit impedance (Z) parameters, the short circuit admittance

(Y) parameters, the hybrid (H) parameters, the transmission (ABCD) parameters, and the scattering (S) parameters. The

derivation is based on the definition of a positive real imped ance matrix for a two-port network.

Iv

TAKLE OF CONTENTS

1. 2. 3. 4.

Introduction Realizability Conditions on the Immittance Parameters The Chain Parameters The Scattering Parameters

3
10 17

5.

An Example of Pole-Zero Locations

20
24

HFNCES

DISTRIBUTION LIST

25

ONDITIOS FM VARIOUS XIWO

PARAMMERS

1.

Introduction The impedance matrix associated with a passive, linear,

time invariant, n-port network is positive real.

An n x n matrix, it satisfies

Zij(s)J, is defined as positive real if and only if the following conditions:

n
1

a)

XixjZij(s) _>0, for any xixj, and for Re(s) > 0,

where X4 denotes the complex conjugate of xi. b) c) All Zij(s) are analytic for Re(s) > 0 All Zij(s) are real for s real.
+ eij] are the elements of an
,

(1) (2)

(3)

*[Zij In equation (1) Zij(s) -

Hermitian matrix.

The Zij are the impedance coefficients of

the network, considered as functions of the complex variable

-

a + jc, evaluated for Re(s) > 0. In matrix form, EZiJ] is C

given by

+ 40) V

*(zi_ + ZJ.) --

Zin + ZL)

*(u+

4n) +(Zn2 + Z~n)

---

*(Znn +

*im ZnnJ

A necessary and sufficient condition for inequality (1) to be satisfied is that all the principal determinants of [Zjj] are non-negative. of the form, zli=i + jXll
el= ril
-

The individual terms of the matrix CZjj

are

jl

etc.

Therefore, all elements on the principal diagonal are real,

and [Zjjj can be expressed as

ril

(Z1 2 + Z) r2

--- i(Zin + z4)

-

zijl -

(Z 2 1 + z42 )
*(Zni + 4 Z n)

rnn

In addition, if

the network is reciprocal, then Zij

Zji and the matrix reduces to

rli r12

r12 --r
--

rin r2n

[zijj

rin

r2n

---

rn

2.

Realizability Conditions on the Imittance Parameters ConsLder the passive, linear, time-invariant, two-port

network shown in Figure 1.

vl

12

Figure 1 By immittance parameters we shall mean those parameters characterizing the network which can be defined by choosing one variable from terminal-pair #1, one fron terminal-pair #2, and by relating these to the remaining two variables. In general, They are:

three sets of parameters are defined by this procedure.

a)

The "z" parameters:

VI = Z1 1 il V2 - Z2 1 il + Z1 2 i 2 + Z22i2

b)

The "y" parameters:

il
- y11V2

+ y12V2 + ya.2V

12 = y23.V

c)

The "h" parameters2 v- - h1nii + hiav2

la - habii

+ haav2

Realizability conditions for the z parameters only may be immediately deduced from a consideration of equations (1), and (2),

(3).

As has been mentioned, a necessary and sufficient con-

dition for (1) to be satisfied is that all the principal determinants of [Zij] are non-negative, for Re(s) > 0. Application

of this criterion to the reciprocal case gives (for Re(s) > 0): rnl > 0 rjir2 which imply - r12 > 0 (4a) (4b)

r22 > 0
These conditions, together with conditions (2) and

(4c)

(3),

suffice to assure that the impedance function of the associated network is positive real. A more general set of conditions, valid for any of the immittance parameters, may be deduced by following a procedure outlined by Stern.
2

Clearly, conditions (4a), special case.

(4b),

and ( 4 c) constitute a

Stern deduces restrictions on a generalized set

of imnittance parameters for a two-port network imposed by passivity conditions. That is, he considers networks characterized

by equations of the form

I:.D2 -

kIIJI + k 1 aJ2 12I.JI + ka2v

where the D's and J's are, respectively, currents or voltages, and the subscripts refer to the terminals of the network. k's may be any of the three inmittance parameters. The

For a two-

port network, a necessary and sufficient condition for inequality (1) to be satisfied is that, for Re(s) > 0,

Re(k 1) _>0

(5a)

lkml
which imply

Re(km) < 2Re(ku) Re(k22) Re(U22) 2! 0

(5b) (5c)

where km = kj. 2 k2
For a reciprocal network, k12 = k2a. to be described by the h parsmeters, Re(hi 1 ) > 0 If the network is

conditions (5) reduce to

Re(h22) a 0
2 + Re~h~a) <-s(hz) Re(h,.) Ih1.,

when Re(s) > 0.

Now, if

Re(hjj) = hij ,
Im(hij) = Hij ,
are the real and imaginary parts of hij, then the third of the realizability conditions above can be written as,
h1212 ) + (2hHl2)
2

+ (hf2

Er)

2hih

which reduces to
h1 + e2 +

(hf 2 - e1 2 ) < 2hjh

or

2 1

0 2 < 2h1 lh22

The three conditions on the h parameters may therefore

be written as

2: o

(6a) (6b)
(6c)

h22 _ o
hlLhor -h2?0

for Re(s) > 0.

These conditions are identical in form with the conditions (4a), (4b), ( 4 c), on the z parameters, as expected.

The h parameters are related to the z parameters by the relations,

hjah22 and to the y parameters by,

Z 1 2/Z22

1/Z22

hjjh1 2
h=

1/YnL
i/yi

-Y12y1Y1J

[j2h2 ]=L

-YIY

Conditions on analyticity, for the h parameters for Re(s) > 0 must now be examined. Since z22 = 1/h22 may have no may have no poles

poles or zeros in the right-half s-plane, ha2 or zeros there.

Similarly, Yii = 1/h 1 1 implies that h1i has no Finally, since Y12 = hi2/hii may

poles or zeros for Re(s) > 0.

have zeros but may not have poles, identical conditions apply to h3,2. The conditions may be summrized as follows: a) hil and b22 may have no poles or zeros for Re(s) > 0. (6d)

b)

hi.2a y have zeros but may not have poles for Re(s) > 0. (6e)

Since the elements of the impedance matrix are real for s real, h22 = l/z22 must be real for s real; similarly, zj
hjj/ha2, which requires that hl be real for s real. deduced for
=

From y12 = -h,.2/hjj, a similar condition is h1.2 In summary, it

may be stated that h parameters are real for

real values of s.
Conditions (6d), (6a), (6b), and (6c) (6e),

(6f)
and (6f) together with conditions

are necessary and sufficient to insure that positive real.

the impedance matrix of the associated network is

A complete test to establish the positive real character of the impedance matrix of the associated network includes a demonstration of inequalities (6a), right-half s-plane. (6b), and (6c) over the entire

More useful conditions may be deduced, how-

ever, in which the inequalities need only be verified on the j3 axis. It is known that

H(s) = h 101 + +. 2h3.2X

is positive real for all values of x.

+ h22X!
From the theorem which

states that the real part of a function of a complex variable

changes sign 2n times in the neighborhood of a pole of multiplicity n, it can be shown that any pole of H(s) on the j3 axis

must be simple, and that any residue at this pole must be real and positive.

Let k 1 j, k&2,

ki2 be the residues of h 1 1 , h22, h12,

respectively, at a pole on the jo axis, and let K be the residue of H(s) at this pole. It is known that K must be real and posiTherefore,
2 + k22X2 >0

tive since H(s) is positive-real.

K= 2

K=kjjxj. + 2kx2X1X 1

which states that the matrix of residues of the h parameters, at poles on the jco axis, is positive semi-definite. k1i > 0
k22 > 0

That is,

kilk22 - k12 > 0 By applying the maximum modulus theorem to H(s) over the closed right-half s plane, excluding poles on the jw axis, it can be demonstrated that IH(s) the axis. Therefore, inequalities (6a), (6b), and (6c) need only

I attains

its maximum valuL on

be verified on the jo axis to assure that they are satisfied in the entire right-half s-plane. The conditions may then be written: (7a) (7b)
(7c)

h11(jco) >0 h20(j0) _ 0

h.j(jw)"...(Jco) - Ch,2(ja)) ]2 > 0

10

All poles on the jcu axis are simple, with residues given by:
> 0

(7d)
(7e)

k22 2 0

-2

kjk2-k12 >

(7f)

Conditions (7a) to (7f), (6e), and (6f),

together with conditions (6d),

suffice to assure that the impedance matrix of

the associated network is positive real.

3.

The Chain Parameters The chain parameters are defined, for the network con-

sidered in Figure 1, by the equations

el =Ae2 - Bi 2

ii

= Ce 2 - D12

which express input variables in terms of output variables. These ABCD parameters are related to the z and y parameters by* the relations,

311

[ABCD]

[:

- -A

El

/,':

:2:

and. FY22/Y3l2 11Y12~

[ABCDI =~

LiYI/Y12

-Y/1Y22J

The inverse transformations give,

zi
(

> 0A/C l/C D/CJ

DZ22j

and

Y1[ 1 Y12

FD/B

1I/B1 A/Bj

LY12 Y2
From equation (1),

Li/B

in terms of the z parameters, the

condition that the principal minors be non-negative in the halfplane Re(s) > 0 requires that Re(A/C) > 0 Re(D/C) > 0

Re(A/C)Re(D/C)

_ [Re(i/C)]2 > 0

12

Then, if

A
B C

a + JA'

= b + J DA6a+ JA
=

+ Jit

D=8+J8

the first condition becomes

Re(A/C) =at

>0

And, since
g2+*2>

o,

at+A# >o

(8a)

(Re(s) > 0)
The second condition implies,

Re(D/C)
which requires,

Re

6+ 9 + JA J*

> 0

8g +At

g2 + *
or

> 0

g+ At_>0

(Re(s) >0).

(8b)

The final condition implies,

13

Re(A/C)Re(D/C) or
-e

rRe(1/C)y 2 > 0

Da' +A*

+ *2

;- ,$2~ +

8 +M ~ ri +Re(l/c)

>2o>.

Since

[Re(l/C)7

-[Re

2 + *2)2'

+(e

(at + A!)(6 + A*)

(t2+ *2)2 which requires (ac- + .)(8 + A,)
-

2
(2+ *2)2
-

>0

2 > 0 (Re(s)

> 0)

(8c)

An alternate set of conditions, derived by relating the ABCD matrix to the y matrix, may be found. is positive real, the conditions become: Since the y matrix

Re(D/B) > 0 Re(A/B) > 0

Re(D/B)Re(A/B) - FRe(l/B)]
2

> 0

The first condition may be written Re(D/B) - Re + J'A 61b 8b + AD

\b-+J.F)

b2 +

14

or
6b + AP > 0 (Re(s) > 0) (8a')

The second condition requires Re(A/B)

or

( abb+1 + k)_>o,

ab + A3 > 0 (Re(s) > 0) The last condition implies,

(8b')

(6b + AD)(ab + 6)
(b2 + p2)2

_ CRe(1/B)]

>0

Since
Re(l/B) = Re b+ J b
2

'

(6b + Ap)(ab + A) - b 2 > 0

(Re(s)

> 0)

(8c')

Equations (8)

and (8') may be simplified by noting

that a reciprocal network satisfies the condition:

AD - BC =1

The real and imaginary parts of the reciprocity relation give

M6

A;-b

15

and aA + A8-b*rEquations (8) then reduce to: 0

a +

(9a)

6 + At > o0
b + A_> 0
and equations (8') become

(9b)
(90)

6b + AP>O0
ab + 0 ,(

(9a')
)

b+A_O,(pc')
when Re(s) > 0 Conditions (9) equality (1), parameters. Conditions on the analyticity of A, B, C, and D must be examined if Re(s) > 0. It is known that z13, z22, yii, y22 have or (9') are entirely equivalent to in-

for a reciprocal network described by the "chain"

no poles or zeros for Re(s) > 0 since they are positive real; it is also known that Zi2 and Y12 have no poles, but may have zeros, in this region.

16

Therefore, C = l/z1 2 may either be analytic for Re(s) > 0, or it may have a pole; it may not have a zero. Since A/C
=

Z13

has no poles or zeros in the right-half s-plane, any pole of A must be a pole of C; and if C has no poles or zeros, then A can have no poles. Additionally, any connon poles must be of the

same multiplicity. Finally, -B

= 1/y12

may be either analytic for Re(s) > 0, Application

or it may have a pole; it may not have a zero, etc.

of these properties of the z and y parameters leads to the general result: a) b) A, B, C, D may have no zeros for Re(s) > 0. (9d)

Either A, B, C, D have no poles or they have the same poles of the same multiplicity, for Re(s) > 0. (9e) It is required that the elements of the impedance matrix In particular, this implies

must be real for real values of s.

that 1/C and, therefore, C itself must be real for real values of s. That is, A, B, C, D are real for s real. Conditions (9d), (9b), (9c), or (ga'), (9e), (9f), (9f) This, in turn, implies the same conditions on A, B, D.

together with either (9a),

(9b'),

(9c') are necessary and sufficient

to insure that the impedance matrix of the associated 2-port, reciprocal network is positive real.

17

4.

The Scattering Parameters

Realizability conditions for networks may also be described in terms of the scattering parameters. is outlined by Carlin.
3

Such a procedure

At a given pair of terminals in a network, "reflected" and "incident" voltages may be defined in terms of terminal voltage and current, v and iby,

v(r)

l-

where 41c

is a normalizing constant. For an n-port network, the scattering co-efficients are

defined by the equations:

V.(r)

= sI1vI(i) + s 12 v 2 (i)

---

slnvn(i)

V 2 (r)

= s21vI(i) + s 2 2V 2 (i)

+ s2nvn(i)

Vnr=

SnV(i) + sn2v2 (i)

+ snnVn(i)

The scattering matrix may be expressed in terms of the impedances or admittances observed at the terminals. The deriva-

tion can be developed from the expressions for the normalized

18

"reflected" and "incident" quantities to give S

=

(Z + 1)(Z - 1)

- (i - Y)(1 + y)-i

where the capital letters indicate matrix quantities. The condition of reciprocity requires that the Z and Y matrices must be symmetrical, and consequently S must be symmetrical. On the basis of energy relations and other restrictions, Carlin deduces necessary and sufficient conditions for realizability. For the case of an n-port reciprocal network, these con-

ditions may be stated as: a) b) S(p), the scattering matrix, contains real, rational functions Sij(p), analytic for a > 0. (10) Q = [l
-

S*(p)S(p)] is a positive Hermitian matrix

for a

0,

(lOa)

where p is the complex variable, p = q + jw.

For the two-port reciprocal case, the scattering matrix is,
S1(P 12(P)

812(P)
and
**

s2(p)

S512(P)

S22(P)

19

whence
+522)(S*1512 + St S22 7

S*(p)S(p)

, +

[s11s*1 2 + s12S22)((sl2Sl2 + s22s22)

and
S= (I
-

S*S) SS) =

IS

12_S212 S12*22)

+ 5*128227] -(S~llSl2 I-S221 _ IS1

2

Since Q

1 - S*S must be a positive Hermitian matrix, condition for p a j-, or (1 - IsJI12

(la) becomes,

Re(qai) > 0,
Re(q22) > 0,

IS1212)

> 0

(3)

or (1 _IS2212 - 18121)

> 0

(2)

and, Re(kl
1 )Re(92)

- Re(qla)Re(ql2) > 0

or

,12

IS12 12 )(1- _IS2212

IS1212)

Re(sI..*2 + s12s*2)Re(s*1.sl2 +8s.28s)

> 0

(13)

Conditions (10),

(11),

(12),

and (13)

are necessary and

sufficient to insure that the impedance matrix of the associated

2-port, reciprocal network is positive real.

20

5.

An Example of Pole-Zero Locations A certain class of networks satisfying the analyticity

conditions is examined below for purposes of illustration. sider the symmetrical lattice network shown in Figure 2.

Con-

.UE

12

El

E2

Il

-4-ZA

12

Figure 2 The impedance parameters are

= z 1 1=

V(ZA + ZB) ZA)

Z12 = J(ZB -

In particular, consider the network wherein

ZB = 2R

ZA = 2sL ,

21

as in Figure 3: + 2L 2+
$

12

El

2R2

E2

2L
Figure 3 The impedance parameters become

z=, = z2

L(s + R/L) R/L)

Z12

L(s

The pole-zero locations are shown in Figure 4.

zil or Z22

JcD

Z12

jCO

-R/L

+R/L

Figure 4

22

The "chain" parameters are:

A =Z
=

"Z 12

L(s + R/L)

= (s + R/L)

L(s - R/L)

(s

R/L) I)= (s - R/L)

= IL,2(s + RI )2
Z1.2

L2(s

1
Z1 2

1 L(s - R/L)
=

z7-2

(s+RIL) _(s - RIL)

The pole-zero locations for these parameters are shown in Figure 5.

-R/L

+R/L

+R/L

+R/L

-R/L

+R/L

Figure 5

23

Clearly, these locations satisfy realizability conditions

(9d) and (9e).

Similarly, the h parameters are found to be h1
_

=I

-I

4Rs (s + R/L)

h z 22
1
Z22

1
L(s + R/L)

h12 = Z12 Z22

(s - R/L) (s + R/L)

The corresponding pole-zero locations are shown in Figure 6.

hil

h22

-R/L
h12

-R/L

-RIL

+R/L

Figure 6
Again, the pole-zero locations are seen to satisfy conditions (6d) and 6e).

24

REFFCES

1.

"A Definition of Passive Linear Networks in G. Raisbeck. Terms of Time and Energy." J. Appl. Phys., vol. 25

(December 1954), p. 1510.

2. "Considerations on the Stability of Active A. P. Stern. Elements and Application to Transients." IRE Convention Record, Part II (1956), p. 46. H. J. Carlin. The Scattering Matrix in Network Theory." PGCT (June 1956), p. 88.

3.

25

DISTRIBUTON LIST

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