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Growing concern regarding energy resources and the environment has increased interest in the study of alternative sources of energy. To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternative fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternative to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Biodiesel is defined as a transesterified renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils or animal fats with properties similar or better than diesel fuel. Extensive research and demonstration projects have shown it can be used pure or in blends with conventional diesel fuel in unmodified diesel engines. This paper reviews the biodiesel development and production practices from pumpkin oil. Fuel-related properties are reviewed and compared with those of conventional diesel fuel. The effect of use of biodiesel fuel on engine power, fuel consumption and thermal efficiency are collected and analysed with that of conventional diesel fuel. In the search for new low-cost alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production, this study emphasizes the evaluation of pumpkin seed oil. The experimental results showed that the oil content of pumpkin seeds was remarkably high (30%). The fatty acid profile of the oil showed that is composed primarily of linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. The oil was chemically converted via an alkaline transesterification reaction with methanol to methyl esters, with a yield nearly 70 wt%. All of the measured properties of the produced biodiesel met the current quality. Although this study showed that pumpkin oil could be a promising feedstock for biodiesel production.
Key words: Biodiesel, Pumpkin oil, Methyl ester, Transesterification, Biodiesel properties.
LIST OF TABLE
S.No Title Page NO
1 2
Table 4.1 Fatty acid composition of pumpkin seed oil Table 4.2 Biodiesel testing to EN and ASTM Quality Standards
20 24
26
28
35
37
LIST OF FIGURES
S.No Title Figure4.1 Worlds Top Pumpkin Production Country Figure 6.1 Agitator Page NO
1 2
15 31
3 4
32 33
34
Figure 6.5 Separation of glycerine and biodiesel form coconut oil sample 35
36
Figure 7.1 comparisons of flash point with coconut oil and pumpkin oil
40
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
iii xvi xv
INTRODUCTION 1.1.0 Introduction 1.2.0 History of biodiesel fuel 1.3.0 Green technology 1.4.0 Alternative fuels 1.4.1 Types of alternative fuels 2 3 4 5 5 7
2 3
LITERATURE SURVEY BIODIESEL 3.1.0 What is biodiesel? 3.2.0 Biodiesel fuel features 3.3.0 The benefits of biodiesel 3.4.0 Problems with and disadvantages of biodiesel 3.5.0 Objective of study
10 10 11 12
13
PUMPKIN SEED AND OIL 4.1.0 Climate condition 4.2.0 Economics of cultivation 4.3.0 Properties of pumpkin seeds 15 19 19
BIODIESEL STANDARD 5.1.0 Standards for biodiesel fuel 5.2.0 Biodiesel testing to EN and ASTM quality standards 22 23
5.3.0 ASTM standards for biodiesel fuels 5.4.0 Biodiesel Improves Engine Operation 5.4.1 Storage Stability 5.4.2 Biodiesel (B100) 5.5.0 Requirements for biodiesel 6 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 6.1.0 Process setup 6.2.0 Precautions 6.3.0 Production of biodiesel 6.4.0 Transesterification 6.5.0 Testing of the oil
24 24 25 25 27
31 32 33 36 37
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7.1.0 Biodiesel yield 7.2.0 Characterization of biodiesel 7.3.0 Utilization of seed cake 7.4.0 Future work 40 41 43 43 45 46 48 50
8 9 10
11