H2 RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP OBJECTIVE To determine the hydrograph curve (discharge versus time) for: 1.

Storm occurs in the upstream part of the catchments. 2. Storm occurs in the whole catchments area. 3. Multiple storms occur in the whole catchments area APPARATUS 1. Rainfall runoff equipment 2. Stop Watch PROCEDURES Case 1: To determine the flow depth discharge a) The pipe direction was set up towards the flow depth gauge container and not towards the catchments area. b) The valve was adjusted to a fixed discharge value. c) Water was let to flow to the depth gauge container until the water surface is stable. The flow depth is recorded and the table given is used. d) Step 2 and 3 was repeated for a few more discharge values. Case 2: To determine the rainfall hydrograph for the whole catchments area.

a) The valve is opened and the rain was allowed to fall to cover the whole area and quickly the stop watch. b) The rainfall occured for a few minutes and then the valve was closed. The flow depth gauge container was checked for any changes on the depth. c) Water level in the flow depth gauge container increased slowly. The depth is recorded against time until the level falling down to consistently low level and the table given is used. Case 3: To determine the rainfall hydrograph at the upstream area. a) The steps as in case 2 was repeated for the rainfall at the upstream only. Case 4: To determine the multiple rainfall hydrograph at the whole area.

a) The steps as in case 2 was repeated for the multiple rainfall by allowing the rainfall for a few minute and then the rainfall was stopped for a few minute and next the rainfall was started again and the rainfall was stopped and so on.

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SUMMARY (a) Case (II): The rainfall hydrograph for the whole catchments area. From the hydrograph, the discharge increases as the time increases with a curve line. Even the rain stopped after 150 second, but the discharge keep on increasing until it reach a maximum peak at 120th second with the maximum discharge of 11.55lit/min. The discharge starts decreases after the peak point until it reaches the inflection point at 210th second. After that, it becomes constant at 1.03lit/min discharge.

(b) Case (III): The rainfall hydrograph at the upstream area. The characteristic of the hydrograph is almost same with case (II). The maximum peak reaches at 110th second with maximum discharge of 4.07lit/min. The graph decreases after the peak and reaches a constant value of 1.03lit/min at 200th second.

(c) Case (IV): The multiple rainfall hydrograph at the whole area. The hydrograph products two peak point as the rain falls twice continuously after a break. The first peak with maximum discharge of 12.06lit/min at 100th second while the second peak also 12.06lit/min but occurred at 350th second for duration of 10 second. This multiple rainfall hydrograph is a combination of two single hydrograph with rainfall event occurred twice at different period.

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GRAPH 1. For experiment 1, plot the calibration curve by plotting discharge (lit/min) versus depth ( mm ). Note: You do not have to plot the graph if the graph is given. Depth (mm) 58 55 51 48 43 40 38 32 27 24 14 Discharge (lit/min) 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

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2. Plot the storm hydrograph curve for the whole catchment area by plotting discharge ( lit/min ) versus time ( second ) from Experiment 2. Also sketch the effective storm histogram on the curve.

Table H2 - iii Determination Of Storm Hydrograph At the Upstream Of Catchment Area

Time (sec) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

Depth (mm) 5 5 5 6 6 7 11 17 20 22 23 23 24 23 22 18 15 13 11 9 9 9 9

Discharge (lit/min) 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.42 0.42 0.55 1.21 2.60 3.45 4.07 4.40 4.40 4.74 4.40 4.07 2.87 2.09 1.63 1.21 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86

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Qpeak = 6.9 lit/min

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3. Plot the storm hydrograph at the upstream of the catchment area Experiment 3. Sketch the effective storm histogram.

Table H2 - iii Determination Of Storm Hydrograph At the Upstream Of Catchment Area Time (sec) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 Depth (mm) 5 5 5 6 6 7 11 17 20 22 23 23 24 23 22 18 15 13 11 9 9 9 9 discharge (lit/min) 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.42 0.42 0.55 1.21 2.60 3.45 4.07 4.40 4.40 4.74 4.40 4.07 2.87 2.09 1.63 1.21 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86

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Hydrograph

Qpeak = 4.9 lit/min

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Histogram

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4. Plot the multiple storm hydrograph and sketch the effective storm histogram Experiment 4.
Table H2 - iv Determination Of Multiple Storm Hydrograph For The Entire Catchment Area

Time (sec) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410

Depth (mm) 5 6 7 8 17 22 25 29 33 35 42 45 45 38 34 28 21 16 14 11 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 11 20 29 35 37 38 39 39 39 39 38 35 28 22 17

Discharge (lit/min) 0.31 0.42 0.55 0.70 2.60 4.07 5.09 6.59 8.26 9.15 12.58 14.19 14.19 10.56 8.70 6.20 3.75 2.33 1.85 1.21 1.03 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.70 0.70 0.86 1.21 3.45 6.59 9.15 10.08 10.56 11.05 11.05 11.05 11.05 10.56 9.15 6.20 4.07 2.60 9

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420 430 440 450

460 480

14 12 11 10
9 9

1.85 1.41 1.21 1.03

0.86 0.86

Hydrograph

Discharge ( Lit/min ) versus time ( sec )

Qpeak = 14.8 lit/min

Qpeak = 11.5 lit/min

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Histogram

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COMMENT From the experiment, the hydrograph that we plotted does not produce a smooth curve as applied in theoretical hydrograph and this might have some differential between both values. This may be caused by several reasons as shown below: a) Parallax error may occurred during the reading of water level in the flow depth gauge is taken. b) There is a leaking at the valve when it is opened and this will affect the output of rainfall. c) It is difficult to pump out the excess water from the flow depth gauge container after conducting case (II). This will take long time because we have to wait until the water infiltrate totally. With the period we have for the experiment, it is not enough to wait for it. d) The rainfall is not distributed uniformly as two of the sprinkles do not function properly and causes non-uniformly rainfall in certain area. e) The apparatus is in bad condition and do not well functioned. f) All the rainwater has not totally infiltrated before continues with other cases of rainfall. CONCLUSION A hydrograph consists of three major components, which are surface runoff, base flow, and intermediate flow. In civil engineering works, hydrograph can be analyzed for the purpose of: a) To determine the quantity of various hydrograph components. b) To derive the relationship between the effective rainfall and surface runoff. c) To estimate the volume of rainwater occurred by a rainfall event which is important in hydrological structure and design. By conducting the experiment above, we can obtain the calibration curve and hydrograph of each rainfall cases. The data of experiment is useful for water resources and hydrological research at that particular catchments area.

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