Current Scenarios of Derivatives Markets in India: Research Extract

Current Scenarios of Derivatives Markets in India
RESEARCH EXTRACT
A derivative instrument broadly is a financial contract whose payoff structure is determined by the value of underlying commodity, security, interest rate, share price index, exchange rate, oil price, or the like. So a derivative is an instrument which derives its values from some underlying variable /asset. A derivative instrument by itself does not constitute ownership. It is, instead, a promise to convey ownership. All derivatives are based on some cash products. The underlying asset of a Derivative instrument may be any product of the following types: 1. Commodities (grain, coffee, beans, orange juice etc.) 2. Precious metals (Gold, Silver, Copper) 3. Foreign exchange rate 4. Bonds of different types including medium to long-term negotiation debt securities. 5. Short term debt securities like T- bills 6. over the counter (OTC) money market products such as loans or deposits. Financial derivatives came into the spotlight along with the rise in uncertainty of post 1970, when the US announced an end to the Breton Woods System of fixed exchange rates leading to introduction of currency derivatives followed by other innovations, including stock index futures. Indian-capital markets have gone through a remarkable transformation in last ten years. In these years, Indian capital markets have been witness to more than 100% increase in the companies listed on stock exchanges emergence of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) as a truly national level of securities regulator, free pricing of public issues, screen based trading systems, more than six times increase in the turnover the stock exchanges, emergence of self- regulatory organization in the fields of merchant banking, mutual funds, emergence of investors associations, implementation of trade guarantees besides others.
Bapuji Academy of Management and Research, Davangere.

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The evolution occurred in stages. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), which opened in 1848, is, to this day, the largest futures market in the world. The general rules framed by CBOT in 1865 became a pacesetter for many other markets. In 1870, the New York cotton exchange was founded. The London metal exchange was established in 1877 and is now the leading market in metal trading (both spot and forward). Thereafter many new futures market were started. The first financial futures market was the international monetary, founded in 1972 by the Chicago mercantile exchange. The London international financial futures exchange followed this in 1982. As already mentioned, some form of forward trading probably existed in India also. The first organized forward markets came into existence in India in the late 19th and early 20th century in Calcutta (for jute and jute goods) and Mumbai (for cotton).
Chronologically, India is experience in organized forward trading is almost as long as that of the United Kingdom, and certainly longer than many developed nations. However, the tidal wave of price control, nationalization and state intervention in markets, which swept through all economic policy making after independence, led to a rapid decline in number of futures markets. Frequently markets were closed due to the feeling that they were responsible for sudden movements of price in the commodities.
Statement of the problem

The problem is to analyze Derivative ways of minimizing the Risk in Indian Capital market and to analyze the current scenario of Derivative markets in India.

Need and Importance of the Study
World financial market has witnessed a spectacular change in the field of derivative markets in the past one decade, especially in the field of option, futures and swaps. India also could not become aloof from the world trend and mainly after the liberalization has set in motion. India introduced the different types in phased manner. A derivative market has gained momentum since its introduction in India and has played a major role in Indian financial markets. Today the derivative volume in India is Rest. 25000 cores. In this context the study of Current scenario of Indian derivative market is very contextual and important as well. That is why this subject is the topic of this dissertation.
Similarly, on the equity market, many retail investors who are uncomfortable about the equity market would enter if they were given the alternative of buying insurance, which controls their downside risk. This would enhance the action of the savings of the country, which are routed through the equity market. More importantly, derivative is one of the important tools of hedging risk. Therefore, the study of current scenario of derivative market in India is very importance.
Objectives of the Research
The main objectives of the project are as follows: T o study the current scenario of derivatives market in India. T o analyze whether the purpose for which derivatives are used has been achieved. T o study the concept of derivatives and the purpose for which financial institutions adopt derivatives.
actually

Limitations of the study
Since the study covers the overview of derivatives market, it cannot be generalized. Data collected is only from secondary sources.
PURPOSE
Literature review is one of the prime parts of dissertation. The very basic purpose of the literature review is to gain insight on the theoretical background of the research problem. It helps the researcher to gain strong theoretical basis of the problem under study and also helps to explore whether any one has done research on the related issue. Thetis why literature review helps one to find out the path of problem solving.
In this regard, the very basic purpose of literature review in this dissertation is same as mentioned above.
METHODOLOGY
For simplicity, the literature review has been divided into the following parts.
Definition of derivatives Perquisites for derivatives market Types of Derivatives Derivatives market in India Type of Options

DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVES
Derivatives are the financial instruments, which derive their value from some other financial instruments, called the underlying. The foundation of all derivatives market is the underlying market, which could be spot market for gold, or it could be a pure number such as the level of the wholesale price index of a market price.
A derivative is a financial instrument whose value depends on the Value of other basic underlying variables
John c hull
According to the Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956, derivatives include: A security derived from a debt instrument, share, and loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security. A contract, which derives its value from the prices or index of prices of underlying securities.
Therefore, derivatives are specialized contracts to facilitate temporarily for hedging which is protection against losses resulting from unforeseen price or volatility changes. Thus, derivatives are a very important tool of risk management.
Derivatives perform a number of economic functions like price discovery, risk transfer and market completion.

The simplest kind of derivative market is the forward market. Here a buyer and seller write a contract for delivery at a specific future date and a specified future price. In India, a forward market exists in the form of the dollar-rupee market. But forward market suffers from two serious problems; counter party risk resulting in comparatively high rate of contract non- compliance and poor liquidity.
Futures markets were invented to cope with these two difficulties of forward markets. Futures are standardized forward contracts traded on an organized stock exchange. In essence, a future contract is a derivative instrument whose value is derived from the expected price of the underlying security or asset or index at a pre-determined future date.
PREREQUISITES FOR DERIVATIVES MARKET There are five essential prerequisites for derivatives market to flourish in a country.
a) Large market capitalization
At a market capitalization of near $1.5 trillion, India is well ahead of many other countries where derivatives markets have succeeded. b) Liquidity in the underlying A few years ago, the total trading volume in India used to be around Rs-300 cores a day. Today, daily trading volume in India is around Rs-15000 crores a day. This implies a degree of liquidity, which is around six times superior to the earlier conditions. There is empirical evidence to suggest that there are many financial instruments in the country today, which have adequate to support derivative market.
c) Clearing house that guarantees trades

Bapuji Academy of Management and Research, Davangere. 6
Counter party risk is one of the major factors recognized as essential for starting a strong and healthy derivatives market. Trade guarantee therefore becomes imperative before a derivatives market could start. The first
clearinghouse corporation guarantees trades have become fully functional from July 1996 in the form of National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCC). NSCC is responsible for guaranteeing all open positions on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) for which it does the clearing. Other exchanges are also moving towards setting up separate and well-funded clearing corporations for providing trade guarantees.
d) Physical infrastructure
India is equity markets are all moving towards satellite connectivity, which allows investors and traders anywhere in the country to buy liquidity services from anywhere e l s e . This telecommunications infrastructure, India is capabilities in computer hardware and software will enable the establishment of computer system for creation of derivatives markets. Setting up of automated trading system as an experience with various prospective exchanges will also be beneficial while setting up the derivative market.
e) Risk-taking capability and Analytical skills

India is investors are very strong in their risk-bearing capacity and can cope with the risk that derivatives pose. Evidence of the volumes traded on the capital markets, which are akin to a futures market, is indicative of this capacity. In contrast, in some other countries, investors simply lack the risk-bearing capacity to sustain the growth of even the equity market. It is expected that such a barrier will not appear in India.
On the subject of analytical skills, derivatives require a high degree of analytical capability for many subtle trading strategies to pricing. India has an enormous pool of mathematically literate finance professionals, who would excel in this field.

Lastly, an obvious advantage for the Indian market is that we have enormous experience with futures markets through the settlement cycle oriented equity which is not truly a spot market but a futures market (including concepts like market-to-market margin, low delivery ratios, and last-day-of settlement abnormalities in prices). We also have active futures markets on six commodities. With this state of development of the Capital markets it is felt that there is no major hurdle left for the creation of development of the capital markets. Hence on July 2, 1996 the SEBI board gave an in principal approval for the launch of derivatives markets in India.
Types of Derivatives
DERIVATIVES
FORWARD
FUTURE
OPTIONS
SWAP
One form of classification of derivatives is between commodity derivatives and financial derivatives. Thus futures, option or swaps on gold, sugar, jute, pepper etc. are commodity derivatives. While futures, options or swaps on currencies, gilt-edged securities, stock and Share stock market indices etc. are financial derivatives.

DERIVATIVES
Forwards
Future
Option
Swaps
Commodity
Security
Call
Put
Security
Interest rate
Commodity
Currency
Types of Derivatives A) OPTIONS:

The concept of options is not new one. In Fact, options have been in use for centuries. The idea of an option existed in ancient Greece and Rome. The Romans wrote options on the cargo that were transported by their ship. In the 17th century, there was an active option markets in Holland. In fact, options were used in a large measure in the tulip bulb mania of that century. However, in the absence of mechanism to guarantee the performance of the contract, the refusal of many put option writers to take delivery of The tulip bulb and pay the high prices of the bulb they had originally agreed to, led to bursting of the bulb bubble during the winter of 1637.A number of speculators were wiped out in the process. In India, options on stocks of companies were illegal until 25th
January
1995
according to sec. 20 of Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. When Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 1956 deleted sec. 20, thus making the introduction of options as legal act.

An options contract is an agreement between a buyer and a seller. Such a contract confers on the buyer a right but not an obligation to buy or sell a specified quantity of the underlying asset at a fixed price on or up to a fixed day in the future on a payment of a premium to the seller. The premium paid by the buyer to the seller is the price of an option contract
Options on a futures contract have added a new dimension to future trading like futures options provide price protection against adverse price move. Present day options trading on the floor of an exchange began in April 1973. When the Chicago Board of trade created the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) for the sole purpose of trading Options on a limited number of NEW YORK STOCK EXCHAGE listed equities
B) FORWARDS:
A forward is an agreement between two parties to exchange an agreed quantity of asset at a specified future date at a predetermined price specified in the agreements. The parties concerned agree the settlement date and price in advance. The promised asset may be currency, commodity, instrument etc. It is the oldest type of all the derivatives. The party who promises to buy but he specified asset at an agreed price at a fixed future date is said to be in the long position and the party who promises to sell at an agreed price at a future date is said to be in short position.
C) FUTURES:
It is similar to the forward contract in all the respect. In fact, a future is a standardized form of forward contract. A future is a contract or an agreement between two parties to exchange assets / currency or commodity at a certain future date at an agreed price. The trader who promises to buy is said to be in long position and the party who promises to sell said be in short position.
Futures contracts are contracts specifying a standard volume of a particular currency to be exchanged on a specific settlement date. A future contract is an agreement between a buyer and a seller. Such a contract confers on the buyer an obligation to buy from the seller, and the seller an obligation to sell to the buyer a specified quantity of an underlying asset at a fixed price on or before a fixed day in future. Such a contract can be

for delivery of an underlying asset.
To eliminate counter party risk and guarantee traders, futures markets use a clearing house which employs initial margin, daily market to market margin; exposures limits etc. to ensure contract compliance and guarantee settlement standardized futures contracts generate liquidity. In addition, due to these instruments being traded on recognized exchange is results in greater transparency, fairness and efficiency. Due to these i n h e r e n t advantages, futures m a r k e t s h a v e b e e n enormously s u c c e s s f u l i n
comparison with forward markets all over the world. The difference between forward contract and future is that future is a standardized contract in terms of quantity, date and delivery. It is traded on organized exchanges. So it has secondary markets. Future contract is always settled daily, irrespective of the
maturity date, which is called marking to the market.
D) SWAP:
Swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange one set of financial obligations with other. It is widely used throughout the world but is recent in India. Swap may be interest swap or currency swaps.
Swaps give companies extra flexibility to exploit their comparative advantage in their respective borrowing markets.
Swaps allow companies to focus on their comparative advantage in borrowing in a single currency in the short end of the maturity spectrum vs. the long-end of the maturity spectrum.
Swaps allow companies to exploit advantages across a matrix of currencies and maturities.
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DERIVATIVES MARKET IN INDIA
Prior to liberalization, in India financial markets, there were only a few financial products and the stringent regulatory products and the stringent regulation environment also eluded any possibility of development of a derivatives market in country. All Indian corporate were mainly relying on term lending institution for meeting their project financing or any other financing requirements and on commercial banks for meeting working capital finance requirement. Commercial banks are on their assets and liabilities. The only derivative product they were aware of is the foreign exchange forward contract. But this scenario changed in the post liberalization period. Conservative Indian business
practitioners began to take a different view of various aspects of their operations to remain competitive. Financial risks were given adequate attention and treasury function has assumed a significance role in all major corporate since then.
Initially, banks were allowed to pass on gains arising out of cancellation of forwards contracts to the customers and customers were permitted to cancel and re-book the forward contracts. This remarkable change was followed by the introduction of cross currency forward contacts. But the major milestone in developing fore derivatives market in India was the introduction of cross currency options. The RBI is objective of Introducing cross currency options was to provide a complicated hedging strategy for the corporate in their risk management activities. The concept of derivatives is of course not new to the Indian market. Though derivatives in the financial markets have nothing to talk about home, in the commodity markets they have a long history of over hundred years. In 1875, the first commodity futures exchange was set up in Mumbai under the guidance of Bombay Cotton Traders Association. A clearinghouse for clearing and settlement of these traders was set up in 1918. Over a period of twenty years during 1900-1920, other futures markets were set up in various places. Futures market in raw jute in Kolkata (1912), wheat futures market in Hamper (1913), and bullion futures market in Mumbai (1920).
When it comes to financial markets, derivatives in equities claim a long existence. The official history of Bombay Stock Exchange (then known as Native Share and Stock Brokers Association) reveals that the concept of options existed since 1898 as is reflected

from a quote given by one of the MPs-India being the original home of options, a native broker would give a few points to the brokers of the other nations in the manipulation of puts and calls. However, such an early expertise gained by Indian traders in derivatives trading has come to an end with the Government of India is ban on forward contract during the 1960s on the ground of their intrinsic undesirability. But ironically, the same were reintroduced by the government in the 1980s as essential instruments for eliminating wide fluctuations in prices and more so because of the World Bank UNCTAD report, which strongly urged the Indian government to start futures trading in major cash crops, especially in view of India is entry to WTO.
With the world embracing the derivative trading on large scale, the Indian market obviously cannot remain aloof, especially after liberalization has been set in motion. Now we are in the threshold of introducing trading in derivatives, beginning with the stock index futures to be well set for the introduction of derivative trading. With L.C. Gupta committee having recently submitted its report on the subject, SEBI is engaged in the process of assessing the feasibility and desirability of introducing such trading. The NSE and BSE are two exchanges on which financial derivatives are traded. The combined notional value of the daily volumes on both the bourses stands at around RS. 150000 cr. In developed markets trading in the derivatives segment are thrice as large as in the cash markets. In India, the figure is hardly 20% of cash markets. Quite clearly our derivative markets have a long way to go.
According to the Executive Director of Association of NSE Member of India (Amni), Vinod Jain, Volumes in derivatives segment are stagnating due to lack of growth in the number of markets participants. Besides these products are still to catch up with the masses who are keeping away from this segment due to lack of understanding of the products and high contract price. a) COMMODITIES DERIVATIVES MARKETS In order to give more thrust on agricultural sector, the National Agricultural Policy, 2000 has envisaged and domestic market reforms and dismantling of all controls

and regulations in agricultural commodity markets. It has also proposed to extend the coverage of futures markets to minimize the wide fluctuations in commodity market prices and for hedging the risk from price fluctuations. As a result of these recommendations, there are presently, 15 exchanges carrying out futures trading in as many as 30 commodity items. Out to these, two exchanges viz. IPSTA, Cochin and the Bombay Commodity Exchange (BCE) Ltd.; have been upgraded to international exchanged to deal international contracts in peeper and castor oil respectively. Moreover, permission has been given to two more exchange viz. the First Commodities Exchange of India Ltd., Kochi (for copra/coconut, its oil and oilcake), and Keshave Commodity Exchange Ltd., Delhi (for potato), where futures trading started very recently. The government has also permitted four exchange viz., EICA, Mumbai. The Central Gujarat Cotton Dealers Association, Vadodara; The South India cotton Association Coimbatore; and the Ahmedabad Cotton Merchants Association,
Ahmedabad, for conducting forward (non-transferable specific delivery) contracts in cotton. Lately as part of further liberalization of trade in agriculture and dismantling of ECA, 1955 futures trade in sugar has been permitted and three new exchanges viz., ECommodities Limited, Mumbai; NCS InfoTech Ltd., Hyderabad; and E-Sugar India.com, Mumbai have been given approval for conducting sugar futures (Ministry of Food and Consumer Affairs, 1999). In the recent past, the GOI has set up a committee to explore and appraise matters important to the establishment and financing of the proposed national commodity exchange for the nationwide trading of commodity futures contracts. The usage of warehouse receipts as a means for delivery of commodities under the contracts is also being explored. The warehouse receipts system has been operationalized in COFEI
(coffee futures exchange of India) with effect from 1998. The Government of India is on the move to establish a system of warehouse receipts in other commodity stock exchanges at various places of the country. Besides these domestic developments, during 1998, Reserve Bank of India permitted the Indian Corporate Sector to access the exchanges subject to certain conditions with a view to enable domestic metal manufacturers to compete with global players. The de-regulation of oil-imports being on the cards, government should create

the right atmosphere for oil sector to participate in the international oil-derivatives Markets.
Despite these developments, there are still many impediments that hold back the farming community from entering the futures market and reap full benefits. A brief description of commodity exchanges is those which trade in particular commodities, neglecting the trade of securities, stock index futures and options etc.
In the middle of 19th century in the United States, businessmen began organizing market forums to make the buying and selling of commodities easier. These central marketplaces provided a place for buyers and sellers to meet, set quality and quantity standards, and establish rules of business.
Agricultural commodities were mostly traded but as long as there are buyers and sellers, any commodity can be traded. In 1872, a group of Manhattan dairy merchants got together to bring chaotic condition in New York market to a system in terms of storage, pricing, and transfer of agricultural products. In 1933, during the Great Depression, the Commodity Exchange, Inc. was established in New York through the merger of four small exchanges the National Metal Exchange, the Rubber Exchange of New York, the National Raw Silk Exchange, and the New York Hide Exchange. The major commodity markets are in the United Kingdom and in the USA. In India there are 25 recognized future exchanges, of which there are three national level multicommodity exchanges. After a gap of almost three decades, Government of India has allowed forward transactions in commodities through Online Commodity Exchanges, a modification of traditional business known as Adhat and Vayda Vyapar to facilitate better risk coverage and delivery of commodities. The three exchanges are: National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (MCX) National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Limited (NMCEIL) All the exchanges have been set up under overall control of Forward Market Commission (FMC) of Government of India.

National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX)
National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) located in Mumbai is a public limited company incorporated on April 23, 2003 under the Companies Act, 1956 and had commenced its operations on December 15, 2003.This is the only commodity exchange in the country promoted by national level institutions. It is promoted by ICICI Bank Limited, Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE). It is a professionally managed online multi commodity exchange. NCDEX is regulated by Forward Market Commission and is subjected to various laws of the land like the Companies Act, Stamp Act, Contracts Act, Forward Commission (Regulation) Act and various other legislations.
Multi C o m m o d i t y Exchange of India Limited (MCX)
Headquartered in Mumbai Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (MCX), is an independent and de-mutualized exchange with a permanent recognition from Government of India. Key shareholders of MCX are Financial Technologies (India) Ltd., State Bank of India, Union Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Bank of India and Canara Bank. MCX facilitates online trading, clearing and settlement operations for commodity futures markets across the country.
MCX started offering trade in November 2003 and has built strategic alliances with Bombay Bullion Association, Bombay Metal Exchange, Solvent Extractors Association of India, Pulses Importers Association and Shetkari Sanghatana.
National
Multi-Commodity
Exchange
of
India
Limited
(NMCEIL)
National Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (NMCEIL) is the first demutualized, Electronic Multi-Commodity Exchange in India. On 25th July, 2001, it was granted approval by the Government to organize trading in the edible oil complex. It has operationalized from November 26, 2002. Central Warehousing Corporation Ltd., Gujarat State Agricultural Marketing Board and Neptune Overseas Limited are supporting it. It got its recognition in October 2002.

Commodity exchange in India plays an important role where the prices of any commodity are not fixed, in an organized way. Earlier only the buyer of produce and its seller in the market judged upon the prices. Others never had a say. Today, commodity exchanges are purely speculative in nature. Before discovering the price, they reach to the producers, end-users, and even the retail investors, at a grassroots level. It brings a price transparency and risk management in the vital market.
A big difference between a typical auction, where a single auctioneer announces the bids and the Exchange is that people are not only competing to buy but also to sell. By Exchange rules and by law, no one can bid under a higher bid, and no one can offer to sell higher than someone else is lower offer. That keeps the market as efficient as possible, and keeps the traders on their toes to make sure no one gets the purchase or sale before they do. A brief description of commodity exchanges are those which trade in particular commodities, neglecting the trade of securities, stock index futures and options etc. In the middle of 19th century in the United States, businessmen began organizing market forums to make the buying and selling of commodities easier. These central marketplaces provided a place for buyers and sellers to meet, set quality and quantity standards, and establish rules of business. Agricultural commodities were mostly traded but as long as there are buyers and sellers, any commodity can be traded. In 1872, a group of Manhattan dairy merchants got together to bring chaotic condition in New York market to a system in terms of storage, pricing, and transfer of agricultural products.
b) CURRENCY DERIVATIVES Foreign exchange derivatives market is one of the oldest derivatives markets in India. Presently, India has got a well-established dollar-rupee forward market with contrast traded for one month, two months and three months expiration. Currency derivatives markets have begun to evolve with the allowing of banks to pass on the gains upon cancellation of a forward to the customer and permitting customer to cancel and rebook forward contracts.

Introduction of cross currency options can be considered as another major step towards developing fore derivatives markets in India.
Today, Indian corporate are permitted to purchase cross currency options to hedge exposures arising out of trade. Authorized dealers who offer these products have to necessarily cover their exposure in international markets i.e., they shall not carry the risk in their own books. Cross currency options are essentially meant for buying or selling
any foreign currency in terms of US dollar. They are therefore, useful only to those traders who invoice their exports and imports in currencies other than US dollar or for corporate who borrow in currencies other than US dollar. As against this, majority of Indian trade is invoiced in the US dollars. Thus, they have almost no relevance in the Indian context.
Indian banks are allowed to use the foreign currency interest rate swaps, forward rate agreements/interest rate options/swaps, and forward rate agreements/interest rate
option/swaption/caps/floors to hedge interest rate and currency mismatch in their balance sheets. Resident and the non-resident clients are also permitted to use the above products as hedges for liabilities on their balance sheets. Here it is worth remembering that globally, foreign exchange traders are becoming as common as stock traders. But in India, forex dealers still play second fiddle to stock traders and merely meet the needs of the exporters deposits. This may be due to their risk averting behavior and perhaps lack of proper research. Such being the position of the forex market, it is too premature to expect that once, foreign currency-Indian rupee options are introduced, the market will pick up momentum.
This is all the more essential in a market where exchange rates though stated to be market determined, are often found influenced by RBI is intervention in the exchange market. As a result, exchange rate movements hardly obey the principle of interest rate differentials. The incongruence in the domestic money rates as derived from the USD/INR forwards yield curve supports this assertion. For example, the one-year domestic term money is around 6-6.25% whereas that of the one-year implied forward rate is around 5.40%. In such a scenario, it is difficult for a currency trader to take a firm view on the exchange rate movement.
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c) STOCK MARKET DERIVATIVES Today trading on the is pot market for equity in India has always been a futures market with weekly/fortnightly settlements. These m a r k e t s f e a t u r e s t h e r i s k s a n d difficulties of futures market, But without the gains in price discovery and hedging services that come with separation the spot market from the futures market. India is primary market is acquainted with two types of derivatives
Convertible bonds Warrants As these warrants are listed and traded, it could be said that options market of a limited sort already exist in our market.
Besides, a wide range of interesting derivatives markets exists in the informal sector. Contracts such as bhav-bhav teji-mandi etc. are traded in these markets. These informal markets enjoy a very limited participation and have their presence outside the conventional institutions of India is financial system.
The first step towards introduction of derivatives trading in India in its current format was the promulgation of the securities laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 1995 that withdrew the prohibition on options in securities. The real push to derivatives market in India was however given by the SEBI. The security market watchdog, in November 1996 by setting up a committee under the chairmanship of Dr L C Gupta to develop appropriate regulatory framework for derivatives trading in India
In 2000, SEBI permitted NSE and BSE to commence trading in index futures contracts based on S&P CNX Nifty and BSE 30(Sensex) index. This was followed by approval for trading in options based on these two indexes and options on individual securities. Futures contracts on Individual stocks were launched on November 9,2001. Trading and settlement is done in accordance with the rules of the respective exchanges. But the trading volumes were initially quite modest.
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This could be due to -----
Initially, few members have been permitted by SEBI to trade on derivatives; F I I is, MFS have been allowed to have a very limited participation;
M a n d a t o r y requirements for brokerage firms to have SEBI approved-certificationtest-passed brokers for undertaking derivatives trading and Lack of clarity on taxation and accounting aspects under derivatives trading.
The current trading behavior in the derivatives segments reveals that single stock futures continues to account for sizeable proportion. A recent press report indicates that futures in Indian exchanges have reached global volumes. One possible reason for such skewed behavior of the traders could be that futures closely resemble the erstwhile badla system. Such distortions are not however in the interest of the market.
SEBI has permitted trading in options and futures on individual stocks, but not on all the listed stocks. It was very selective, stocks that are said to be highly volatile with a low market capitalization are not allowed for option trading. This act of SEBI is strongly resented by a section of the market. Their argument is that equity options are indispensable to investors who need to protect their investment from volatility. The higher the volatility of a stock the more necessary it is to list options on that stock. They are highly vocal in arguing that SEBI should design an effective monitoring, surveillance and risk management system at the level of the exchanges and clearing house to avert and manage the default risks that are likely to arise owing to high volatility in low market capital stocks instead of simply banning trading in options on them. SEBI needs to examine these arguments. It may have to take a stand to nip in the bud all kinds of manipulations by handling out severe punishments to all such erring companies.
Today, mutual funds are permitted to use equity derivatives products for hedging and portfolio rebalancing. However, such usage is not favored by fund managers as they strongly apprehend that the dividing line between hedging and speculation being thin, they may always get exposed to the questioning by the regulatory authorities.

d) CREDIT DERIVATIVES AND OTHERS
A credit derivative is a financial transaction whose pay-off depends on whether or not a credit event occurs. A credit event can be:
Bankruptcy Default Upgrade Downgrade Interest rate movement Mortgage defaults Unforeseen pay-offs
A credit derivative, like any other derivative, derives it is value from an case is the credit. In the event of the underlying asset failing to perform as expected, credit derivatives, ensures that someone other than the principal lender absorbs the resulting financial loss.
Credit derivatives market in India though could be said as non-existent holds huge potential. Some of the important factors/situation such as opening up of the insurance sector to foreign private players, relief to investors, tax benefits to corporate, proxy hedgers etc., could provide the momentum to the credit derivatives market in India, boosting yields and bringing down risk for both the corporates and banks.
Secondly, Indian banking system is saddled with huge NPA is, which it is of Course, eagerly trying to get rid of. The mounting pressure on profitability is making banks more credit-averse. In such a situation, if markets can offer credit-insurance in the form of derivatives, everyone would jump for it.
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TYPES OF OPTIONS
Inboard sense, an option is a claim without any liability. More specifically, an option is a contract that gives the holder aright, without any obligation, to buy or sell an asset at an agreed price on or before a specified period of time.
The option to buy an asset is known as a call option and the option to sell an asset is called a put option. The price at which option is exercised is called an exercise price or a strike price. The asset on which the call or put option is created is referred to as the underlying asset. Depending on when an option can be exercised, it is classified as follows: European Option: When an option is allowed to exercise only on the maturity date, it is called a European Option.
American Option: When an option can be exercised any time before its maturity is called an American Option.
Capped Option: When an option is allowed to exercise only during a specified period of time prior to its expiration unless the option reaches the cap value prior to expiration in which the option is automatically exercised.
The holder of an option has to pay a price for obtaining a call or put option. The price will have to be paid whether the holder exercises his option and it is called option premium.
Option Terminology
There are several important terms used in option they are: -
1)
Call option: - Gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation to buy a specific futures contract at a predetermined price within a limited period of time.
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A call option is a contract, which gives the owner the right to buy an asset for a certain price on or before a specified date. For example, if you buy a call option on a certain share of XYZ Company, you have the right to purchase 100 shares (assuming of course, that the option involves 100 shares).
Suppose current share price (S) of Reliance Industries is Rs.291. You expect that price in a three months period will go up Rs.300. But you also fear that the price may also fall below Rs.291. To reduce the chance of risk and at the same time to have the opportunity of making profit, instead of buying the share, you can buy a 3-month call option on Reliance Industries at an agreed exercise price (E) of, say, RS.280. Ignoring the option premium, taxes, transaction costs and the time value of money, the decision to exercise your option depends upon the share price after three months. You will exercise option when the share price after three months is above Rs.280 and you will not exercise when the share price after three month is below Rs.240.
Thus option should be exercised when: Share price at expiration > Exercise price = St>E Do not exercise option when: Share price at expiration <= Exercise price =St<E
The value of call option at expiration is: Value of call option at expiration= Maximum [(share price exercise price), 0] Ct = Max [(St E), 0] The expression above indicates that the value of call option at expiration is the maximum of the share price minus the exercise price and zero. The call option holders opportunity to make profit is unlimited. It depends on the actual market price of the underlying share when the option is exercised. Greater the market value of the underlying asset, the larger is the value of the option. The following figure shows the value of call option.
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For the call option writer, he will gain when share price is below the strike price and will lose when stock price is above the strike price. The call buyers gain is call sellers loss. The figure 1.2 shows the pay-off of a call option writer.
2)
Put option: - Gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to sell a specific futures contract at a predetermined price within a limited period of time.
Put option is a contract that gives the holder a right to sell specified shares at an agreed price on or before a given maturity. Thus, if you buy a put option on shares of XYZ Company, you have the right to sell 100 shares of this company at the specified price at any time between today and the specified date.
Suppose the current price (S) of Reliance Industries is Rs.291 and you expect that the price will fall within a three months. Therefore, you can buy a 3-month put option on Reliance Industries at an agreed exercise price (E), say, Rs.295. If the price actually falls to (St) Rs.280 after three months, you will exercise your option. You will buy the share for Rs.280 from the market and deliver it to the put-option writer to receive Rs.295. Your gain is Rs.15 ignoring the put option premium, transaction cost and taxes. You will not exercise if the share price rises above exercise price; the put option is worthless and its value is zero.
Thus, exercise the put option when Exercise price >Share price at expiration = E > St Do not exercise put option when Exercise price <=Share price at expiration = E<St The value of put option at expiration will be Value of put option at expiration= Maximum [(Exercise price Share price), 0] Pt = Max [(E-St), 0]
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The put option buyers gain is the sellers loss. The potential loss of the put option is limited to the exercise price. Since the buyer has to pay a premium to the seller for purchasing a put option, the potential profit of the buyer and the potential loss of the seller will reduce by the amount of premium.
Combination
Puts and calls represent basic options. They serve as a building for developing more complex options. The algebra corresponding to combination of buying option and equity stock is as follows: Pay -offs just before expiration date If St< E 1) Put option 2) Equity stock
= Combination
If St > E 0 S1 S1
E S1 S1 E
Thus if you buy a stock with a put option on that stock (exercisable at price E), your payoff will be E if the price of the stock is less that E, otherwise your payoff will be S1. Consider a more complex combination that consists of 1. Buying stock 2. Buying a put option on that stock and 3. Borrowing an amount equal to the exercise price. The payoff from this combination is identical to the payoff from buying a call option. The algebra of this equivalence is shown as follows: Pay off just before expiration date If S1< E equity stock 2) Buy a put option 3) Borrow an amount equal To exercise price S1 E-S1 -E 0 S1 0 -E S1-E If S1 >E 1) Buy the
(1) + (2) + (3) = Buy a call option
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If C1 is the terminal value of the call option (remember that C1 = Max (S1-E, 0), P1 the terminal value of the put option (remember that P1= Max (E-S1, 0), S1 the price of the stock, and E the amount borrowed, then we have C1= S1+P1-E This is referred to as the put call parity.
3) Holder: - The buyer of the option. 4) Premium: -The amount paid by the buyer of the option to the seller.
5) Writer: - The option seller.
6) Strike price: -The predetermined price at which a given futures contract bought or sold. Also called the exercise price these levels are set at regular intervals.
7) At-the money: - An option is at-the money when the underlying futures price equals or nearly equals, the strike price. For e.g.: - A T-bond Put or Call option is at-the-money if the option strike
price is at 78 and the price of the T-Bond futures contract is at or near 78.00
8) In-the money: - A call option is in-the money when the underlying futures price is greater than the strike price. For e.g.: - If T-Bond futures are at 80.00 and the T-Bond call option strike price is 78.00, the call is in-the money Whereas the put option is in-the money when the strike price of the option is greater than the price of the underlying futures contract. For e.g.: - If the strike price of the put option is 80.00 and trading at 77.00 the put option is in- the money 9) Out-of-the money: - A call option is out-of-the money if the Strike price is greater than the underlying futures price. For e.g.: - if T-Bond futures are at 80.00 and the T-Bond futures are
T-Bond call option strike price is 82.00 the option is out-of-the money.
The put option is out-of-the money if the underlying futures price is


greater than the strike price
For e.g.: - if T-Bond futures are at 77.00 and the T- Bond price is 76.00 the put option is out-of-the money.
put option strike
Call option
Put option
In-the money
Futures > strike
Futures < strike
At-the money
Futures = strike
Futures = strike
Out-of-the money
Futures <strike
Futures =>strike
Factors Determining the Option Value:

The precise location of the option value depends on five key factors: Exercise price Expiration date Stock price Stock price variability Interest rate
Exercise Price: Other things being constant, higher the exercise price, the lower the value of call option. It should be remembered that the value of call option could never be negative; regardless of how high the exercise price is set.
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Expiration Date:
Other things being constant, the longer the time to expiration date, the more valuable the call option. Consider two American calls with maturities of one year and two years. The two-year call obviously is more valuable than one-year call because it gives its holder one more year within which it can be exercised.
Stock Price: The value of a call option, other things being constant, increases with the stock price.
Stock Price Variability: A call option has value when there is possibility that the stock price exceeds the exercise price before the expiration date. Other things being equal, the higher the variability of the stock price, the greater the likelihood that stock price will exceed the exercise. REASONS FOR USING OPTIONS
The reasons for using options on futures are reflected in the structure of an option contract.
1) An option, when purchased gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific amount of a specific commodity at a specific price within a specific period of time.
2) The decision to exercise the option is entirely that of the buyer.
3) The purchaser of the options can lose no more than the initial amount of money invested (premium).
4) An option buyer is never subject to margin calls. This enables the purchaser to maintain a market position, despite any adverse moves without putting up additional funds.
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MOTIVES for BUYING and SELLING OPTIONS
One may be buyer or seller of call or put option for a variety of reasons. A call option buyer for e.g. is bullish that he is or she believes the price of the underlying futures contract will rise. If price do rise, the call option buyer has three course of action available.
First is to exercise the option and acquires the underlying futures contract at the strike price
Second is to offset the long call position with a sale and realize a profit.
Third is to let the option expires worthless and forfeit the unrealized profit.
The seller of the call option expects futures prices to remain relatively stable or to decline modestly. If prices remain stable, the receipt of the option premium enhances the rate of return on a covered position. If prices decline, selling the call against a long futures position enables the writer to use the premium as a cushion to provide protection to the extent of the premium received. For instance, if T-bond futures were purchased at 80.00 and call option with an 80.00 strike price were sold for 2.00, T-bond futures could decline to the 78.00 levels before there would be a net loss in the position.
However, T-bond futures rise to 82.00 the call option seller forfeits the opportunity for profit because the buyer would likely exercise the call against him and acquire a future position at 80.00(strike price).
The perspective of the put buyer and put seller are completely different. The buyer of the put option believes for the underlying futures will decline for e.g.: - if a T- Bond put option with a strike price of 82.00 is purchased for 2.00 while T-Bond futures also are at 82.00, the put option will be profitable for the purchaser to exercise if T-Bond futures decline below 80.00
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Current Scenarios of Derivatives Markets in India: Research Extract

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Current Scenarios of Derivatives Markets in India

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