Why Ec/Io is negative?

Pilot channel power is always less than the total cell power, the ratio of the Pilot power (Ec) to the total cell power (Io) is always less than one. Thus, when measured in decibels,the value of Ec/Io is always negative. Here is the calculation. Ec = Effect energy Io = Total energy and noise. Ec/Io = 10.log[Effect energy / (total energy+noise)] < 10.log(1) = 0 Ec/Io always negative

What is Latancy?
Latency is the time a packet needs to travel from sender to receiver. While UMTS typically features an end-to-end latency of approximately 200ms, HSDPA manages to lower the delay times in transmission to around 100ms. What is Link Adaption? HSDPA uses link adaptation, which means the way of transmission is changed according to the quality of the channel conditions. If a user is in favourable conditions, for example close to the nearest antenna tower, this user will be assigned a high data rate. When the user moves into worse channel conditions, for example far away from the antenna tower, the transmission parameters will be changed accordingly and thus the data rate will be decreased.
What are the main technologies used for HSDPA.?

Main Technology 1)Link adaptation (AMC) 2)Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), and 3)Shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
What is Difference between ARQ and HARQ?

ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request), which is used in UMTS, a package received in error will be discarded and a retransmission will be requested. If the retransmission is also erroneous, another retransmission will be requested. Using HARQ, an erroneous package will be stored at the receiver and a retransmission will be requested. Even if the retransmission is faulty, the receiver attempts to combine the two erroneous packages to reproduce the original package.

FER and BER's the difference?

In voice quality, GSM and CDMA voice coding methods and assessment of different factors, CDMA using FER, GSM use BER, the conventional field test evaluation can not be unified.Reference communication system common measure of MOS points, you can feel the voice quality from the perspective of the two united. MOS points commonly used evaluation methods including subjective and objective evaluation of MOS MOS sub-sub-evaluation. Subjective MOS points and using ITU-T P.800 Recommendation P.830, respectively, by different people through the system to process the original corpus and the corpus after the recession compared to the subjective feeling, come MOS points, and finally the mean value. MOS and objective evaluation of the use of ITU-T P.862 PESQ method offered by the proposal, by special equipment (such as Agilent's VQT tester) or software testing. Table 1 shows the MOS-based sub-standard FER (CDMA) and BER (GSM) the correspondence between: Table 1 FER and BER comparison of test methods GSM voice quality actually divided into eight 0: BER0.2% 1: 0.2%BER0.4% 2: 0.4%BER0.8% 3: 0.8%BER1.6% 4: 1.6%BER3.2% 5: 3.2%BER6.4% 6: 6.4%BER12.8% 7: BER12.8%
Difference b/w Spreading & Scrambling ?

What is Difference b/w Spreading & Scrambling ? Work of Scrambling codes in Uplink & Downlink in UMTS ? Work of Spreading codes in Uplink & Downlink in UMTS ? Spreading is adding to the bandwidth. You are spreading the Information. Scrambling , you may take it as just coding the spread info. Bandwidth is not increased.
Why we have BSIC & CI?Basic Difference for BSIC & CI in GSM?

CI is used to identify cell, each cell will have a different CI. As you may know someone who needs a name to distinguish one cell is a need to have a name recognition. Once the CI is not whether or not synchronization between MSC and CI shall be deemed that that cell not only broadcast the call is established (ie the full wave but you see MS is not known) CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI Says one that most accurately identifies cell must have CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI - BSIC: In the process of identifying cell neighbors, very easy to match the frequency of cases occur, so it is designed to distinguish BSIC.

What is the difference between dB and dBm?

dBm is a unit of power level, measured in milli-watts in logarithm scale, that is, dBm = 10 * log(W*1000) where W is the power in Watts dB is not a unit, it is the difference in dBm.
Difference Between TCH Block and Drop

TCH call Blocking: It present how many subscriber asks for TCH channel and network reply with no available resource. It gives how many requests are rejected by Network. TCH call drop: After subscriber get TCH and start Conversion. During it the conversion is dropped for some reasons not related to the subscribers is called TCH Drop.
SDCCH Drop Reasons and Solutions

SDCCH Drop Reasons and Solutions 1)Low Signal Strength on Down or Uplink The reason for poor coverage could be too few sites, wrong output power, shadowing, no indoor coverage or network equipment failure. Action: Check coverage plots.Check output power. Perform drive tests. Check BTS error log Solution: Add new sites. Increase output power. Repair faulty equipment. 2)Poor Quality on Down or Uplink Action: Check C/I and C/A plots. Check frequency plan. Perform drive tests. Solution: Change frequency. Use available radio features. 3)Too High Timing Advance Action: Check if the cell parameter TALIM is < style="font-weight: bold;">Solution: Set TALIM to a value close to 63. Tilt antenna/reduce antenna height/output power, etc. for cochannel cells. 4)Mobile Error Some old mobiles may cause dropped calls if certain radio network features are used. Another reason is that the MS is damaged and not working properly.

Action: Check MS fleet. Solution: Inform operator. 5)Subscriber Behavior Poorly educated subscribers could use their handsets incorrectly by not raising antennas, choosing illadvised locations to attempt calls, etc. Action: Check customer complaints and their MS. 6)Battery Flaw When a subscriber runs out of battery during a conversation, the call will be registered as dropped call due to low signal strength or others. Action: Check if MS power regulation is used. Check if DTX uplink is used. 7)Congestion on TCH The SDCCH is dropped when congestion on TCH. Action: Check TCH congestion Solution: Increase capacity on TCH or using features like Assignment to another cell, Cell Load Sharing, HCS, Dynamic Half-Rate Allocation and FR-HR Mode Adaptation etc
Difference b/w an EV-DO Session,Connection And PPP Session ?

It shall be noted that a 1xEV-DO Session is different from 1xEV-DO Air-link connection and the PPP session. A 1xEV-DO Air-link connection is the allocation of traffic channel resources, in the BTS and the RNC to enable the AT to send and receive the 1xEV-DO signaling messages and higher layer user data. A PPP session allows the AT to obtain an IP address from the PDSN or HA. The establishment of PPP session and the use of the PPP/HDLC framing enable the AT and the PDSN to send and receive the higher layer user data with the IP servers using the IP based applications. Over the lifetime of a 1xEV-DO Session, the AT and the AN can open and close a 1xEV-DO Air-Link connection multiple times to transmit higher layer application data. The Air-link connection can be closed explicitly by the AN when the RLP inactivity timer expires (or other reasons), or it can be lost due to bad RF conditions. The PPP Session remains in either Active or Dormant (no air-link resources assigned) state once it is established.

The PPP Session may be closed due to the PPP inactivity timer, or closed explicitly by the AN or the user.
What is difference between congestion and Blocking?

Congestion = time when all resources are occupied (no free TCH available) Blocking = rejected (blocked) attempts over all attempts in %. Also there is different formulas for TCH blocking. For example in subscriber perceived TCH Blocking all successful directed retries to another cell are removed from the nominator. Congestion is time based (i.e at particular time say IN Busy Hour) and blocking is resource based (can be any time due to some issues like H/w, no TCH available)
What is difference between RSSI and RSCP?

RSSI It is the combination of all signals received on the downlink frequency ( in fdd mode ) of the WCDMA system. As such it is also refered to as the total noise on the downlink . It is the equivalent of rtwp on the uplink. However RSCP is the code power of the cpich after dE-coding
Power control is achieved through which Channel in WCDMA?

Uplink:RACH, CPCH in used for open loop power control. Downalink:DPCCH is used for closed loop Power Control. Whats advantage of 64 Scrambling Code Group in WCDMA? Hiii, There are in all 512 Scrambling codes in Downlink, they are divided in 64 groups with each group containing 8 codes. When UE does the initial access to the cell, it first finds out the correct group out of 64 groups by using Primary and Secondary synchronizations channels, once it finds the correct group then it applies all the 8 PSC of that group to pilot bits of CPICH to get the correct PSC. Thus the overall process becomes quicker in comparison to applying all the 512 codes to find the correct PSC.

WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer Physical layer Overview -Protocol structure for radio interface -Spreading technology -Channelization Codes -Scrambling codes Physical layer key technology -Logical channels -Transport channels -Physical channel

-Cell broadcast channels -Paging channels -Random access channels -Dedicated channels -High speed downlink shared channels -Channel mapping Physical layer processing procedure -Coding and multiplexing technology -Spreading technology -Modulation technology Physical layer procedures -Cell search procedure -Random access procedure
What is a typical NodeB maximum output power?-UMTS

The maximum NodeB output power is usually 20W or 40W, that is, 43dBm or 46dBm. Also upto 100W
UMTS Interview Question:Range of Spreading Factors

Range of Spreading Factors: Downlink : 4 to 512 Uplink: 4 to 256

What is a typical maximum path loss?-UMTS

The maximum path loss is dependent on the service and vendor recommendations; typically it is in between 135 to 140dB for urban areas and between 150 to 160dB for rural areas.
What is benefit of shorter TTI in HSDPA?

1)After every TTI the resources can be redistributed among the users. Therefore, the resource usage is more efficient. 2)each UE reports about the channel quality after every TTI by sending the CQI. 3)CQI is sent after the very short period of time of 2 ms, it is possible to effectively perform link adaptation even in rapidly changing conditions.