Amplifier

The amplifier (see figure 3) uses an LM358 dual op amp to provide two identical broadly tuned band pass stages with gains of 100. Again, the type of op amp is not particularly critical, as long as it will work at 6V and drive the output rail to rail. The signal frequencies are boxed in by movement artefacts at the low end (generated by the peg moving and distorting the underlying tissues; light pegs are better) and at the top end by mainshum interference. The circuit runs from a single 6 Volt battery and the output zero is offset by about 1 Volt by referring everything to an internal common line at a voltage set by a pair of forwardbiased silicon diodes. This is convenient for interfaces with a 05Volt input. The potentiometer allows the overall gain to be adjusted so as to prevent clipping on large signals. Components are not critical but the two 2.2 F capacitors must be able to stand some reverse bias so they should be nonpolarized or tantalum. The circuit can easily be made up on a small piece of strip board.

Figure 3: Pulse plethysmograph amplifier circuit

Carrying out the experiment

Connect the output of the amplifier to the input of the interface and run PicoLog set to record 500 samples at 20 ms intervals. Switch on and clip the peg to an earlobe or index finger; wait for about 10 seconds to allow the circuit to settle and then start recording. Adjust the potentiometer so that the output is about 2 Volts peak, the trace should then look like that in figure 4, with each pulse wave clearly visible. This was acquired using an ADC200 but with its capability of 100Ms/s it is overkill for this circuit, which should work with DrDAQ, all of the PC oscilloscopes and all but the slowest voltage-input data loggers. Two problems are common when using a pulse plethysmograph: movement will cause the trace to swing around wildly, so persuade the subject not to move as much and if the subject is very cold (pale, pinched looking) the circulation at the extremities may be reduced to the point where there is very little signal. A useful feature of Picolog is that, if the alarm is set to trigger at about 1 Volt, there will be a beep in time with the heart beat. Having proved that everything is working, the device can be used for such investigations as comparing individual resting heart rates, following heart rate changes during and after exercise and looking at the changes in heart rate that occur as the subject breaths in and out. For example,figure 5 shows 100 seconds of deep, slow breathing. Two effects, synchronised with ventilation, are visible: variations in heart rate can be seen as changes in the spacing between the pulse waves and variations in the stroke volume of the heart can be seen as changes in the amplitudes of the pulse waves.

Calculating Heart Rate

Unlike many heart rate monitors, this set up will allow the calculation of beatbybeat (instantaneous) heart rate. Using the cursor, note the times of two adjacent peaks, subtract the first from the second to give the time between the two beats (beat to beat interval) and express this in seconds. Divide this into 60 to obtain the instantaneous heart rate in beats per minute. Thus, for the trace in figure 4, the first peak is at 1052 ms and the second is at 2190 ms. The difference is 1138 ms or 1.138 s, which gives a rate of 52.7 beats per minute. The last peak is at 9206 ms, or 8.154 s after the first and as there are seven intervals between, so the average interval is 1.165 s and the average rate is 51.5 beats per minute.

Temp sensor lm35

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC)

The LM35 - An Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor

Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature? o You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor. o The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc. o The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage be amplified. What Does An LM35 Look Like? o Here it is.

What Does an LM35 Do? How does it work? o It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature. o o The scale factor is .01V/ C o The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100oC. o Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air. The LM35 comes in many different packages, including the following.

TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, T0-46 metal can transistor-like package 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above) How Do You Use An LM35? (Electrical Connections) o Here is a commonly used circuit. For connections refer to the picture above. o In this circuit, parameter values commonly used are: Vc = 4 to 30v 5v or 12 v are typical values used. -6 Ra = Vc /10 Actually, it can range from 80 K to 600 K , but most just use 80 K.

Here is a photo of the LM 35 wired on a circuit board. The white wire in the photo goes to the power supply. Both the resistor and the black wire go to ground. The output voltage is measured from the middle pin to ground.l

What Can You Expect When You Use An LM35? o You will need to use a voltmeter to sense Vout. o The output voltage is converted to temperature by a simple conversion factor. o o The sensor has a sensitivity of 10mV / C. o o Use a conversion factor that is the reciprocal, that is 100 C/V. o The general equation used to convert output voltage to temperature is: o o Temperature ( C) = Vout * (100 C/V) o So if Vout is 1V , then, Temperature = 100 C The output voltage varies linearly with temperature. What If You Want More Data On The LM35? o Click here to get the National Semiconductor data sheet for the LM35.

Problem

P1. In using an LM35, you obtain an output voltage of 0.173 v. What is the temperature (in oC)?

Enter your answer in the box below, then click the button to submit your answer. You will get a grade on a 0 (completely wrong) to 100 (perfectly accurate answer) scale.

Temp sensor (from another site)

Temperature Sensor circuit LM35
10:01 PM ADMIN NO COMMENTS ELECTRICAL

LM35DZ is a small temperature sensor components such as transistors (TO-92). The components are very easy to use is able to measure the temperature to 100 degrees Celsius. With a scalable voltage output linear with measured temperature, which is 10 millivolts per 1 degree Celsius, then the component is suitable for use as a friend to our experiments, or even for applications such as digital room thermometer, pasteurization machine, or digital body thermometer.

LM35 can be supplied with voltage from 4V-30V DC with 60 mikroampere drain currents, have high levels of self-heating effects of low (0.08 degrees Celsius), and including our close relatives, our wallets. self-heating is the heating effect by the component itself as a result of the work flow through it. For the temperature sensor components, these parameters must be considered and diupakara or at-handle well because this can cause measurement error. As the temperature sensor type PT100 RTD or PT1000 for example, this component should not be excited by currents exceed 1 miliampere, if exceeded, the sensor will experience selfheating that causesthe results of measurement is always higher than the actual temperature . For more details about the characteristics of the LM35 temperature sensor, then you can download the datasheet

using Download Here

the

link

below.

Figure in addition to the right is a schematic drawing a series of basic-DZ LM35 temperature sensor. The circuit is very simple and practical. Vout is the sensor output voltage is linearly scalable to the measured temperature, which is 10 millivolts per 1 degree Celsius. So if Vout = 530mV, then the measured temperature is 53 degrees Celcius.Dan if Vout = 320mV, then the measured temperature is 32 degrees Celsius. This output voltage can be directly fed as input into such signal conditioning circuit operational amplifier circuit and filter circuit, or other circuits such as voltage comparator circuit and a series of Analog-to-Digital Converter.

Basic circuit is sufficient to simply experiment or for applications that do not require perfect accuracy of measurement. But not for a real application. Evident from the experiments I have done, the sensor output voltage is not yet stable. At relatively the same temperature conditions, if I change the supply voltage change (I raise or lower), then Vout also changes. Indeed, this logic seems correct, but for this instrumentation is not allowed. Compared with the level of precision, the accuracy rate is the primary measuring tool for measuring tool should to be standard for all its users. If the value fluctuate relative to the condition that no change, then such a measure can not be used.

To improve the performance of basic circuit above, then added a few passive components as shown in the picture below.

Two 150K resistors that diparalel diseri forming a 75K resistor with a capacitor 1uF. The series RC-Series is a recommendation from the manufacturer LM35. While the 1K5 resistor and capacitor form a series 1NF passive low-pass filter with a frequency of 1 kHz. Filter output voltage is then fed into the no-reverse voltage amplifier with amplification factor can be adjusted using variable resistors.

With this circuit, the output voltage of this circuit proved far more stable than the output voltage above basis. Thus the accuracy of measurement has to be improved. Opamp output voltage can be directly fed into the ADC circuit Tips To further improve the accuracy and precision temperature measurement, it is necessary for setting the optimal ADC reference voltage is used so if you use 8-bit ADC for example, then the range 0-255 must represent the minimum and maximum temperatures can be measured by temperature sensor circuit. Do not give the wrong reference voltage at the ADC circuit, so the range of the ADC exceeds or is less than the input voltage range. The next step, do pensamplingan at least ten data and compute the average rating. This average value is used as the measurement results. If necessary, it can also be applied to digital filter algorithm to obtain the final result of measurement is really accurate. and then the data is further processed by the microcontroller.