J.

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES - LECTURE

1. Non-conventional Energy Sources Non-conventional Energy Sources also referred to as renewable energy sources, these are actually energy flows which are replenished as they are used, hence, the use of the term renewable. These are characterized by a maximum theoretical rate at which energy may be extracted in a renewable mode, that is, the rate at which new energy is arriving or flowing into the reservoirs associated with many of the renewable energy flows. All forms of energy sources with the exception of geothermal energy, salinity gradient and tidal energy are indirect manifestations of solar energy. 2. Solar Energy There are many applications for the direct use of solar thermal energy, space heating and cooling, water heating, crop drying and solar cooking. Solar Constant = 1353 W/m2 Useful energy from the sun is between 10 AM 2 PM = 1000 W/m2 3. Solar Radiation Phenomena a. Atmospheric scattering by air molecules, water vapor, dust. b. Atmospheric absorption by O3 (ozone), H2O, CO2. 4. Forms of Solar Radiation a. Beam or direct radiation without having beam scattered by the atmosphere. b. Diffuse radiation direction is changed by scattering. c. Total or global solar radiation the sum of beam and diffuse radiation. 5. Pyranometer Pyranometer is the instrument used to measure the total solar radiation. 6. Photovoltaic Cell Photovoltaic cell is a device which converts solar energy to electrical energy. 7. Solar Collectors Solar Collectors whose ideal characteristics are high absorptivity and low emissivity. 7.1 Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) a. Area absorbing solar radiation is the same as the area intercepting solar radiation. b. Uses both beam and diffuse radiation. c. Does not require orientation. d. Little maintenance. e. Working fluid is either air or water. f. Measure of performance is by means of collection efficiency. Collection efficiency = useful gain / incident solar radiation. 7.2 Focusing or concentrating collectors a. Utilize optical systems, either reflectors or refractors. b. Uses beam radiation only. c. Needs tracking. 1. Total or full-tracking. 2. Fixed-reflector, tracking-receiver. 3. Fixed-reflector, tracking-reflector. 1

J. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES - LECTURE

d. Measure of performance is by means of concentration ratio. Concentration ratio = aperture area / receiver area e. Classifications 1. Plane receiver, plane reflectors 2. Parabolic concentrators. 3. Fresnel reflectors or refractors 4. Array or heliostat (reflectors) f. Concentrator types. The purpose of concentrator is to increase the flux of radiation n receiver. 1. Cylindrical: focus on a line. 2. Circular: photovoltaic cell. 8. Conversion and Applications of Solar Energy 8.1 Solar water heating systems (swsh). a. Flat plate collector, storage tank, auxiliary heating equipment. b. Classifications: 1. Natural circulation system tank is located above collector, no circulation at night, auxiliary equipment may be needed. 2. Forced circulation system requires a pump to circulate water, tank may not be located above collector, employs check valve whose purpose is to prevent reverse circulation of water and to prevent nighttime thermal losses from the collector. 8.2 Solar space heating. a. Ho t air systems b. Hot water systems 8.3 Solar space cooling. a. Continuous 1. Closed a. Absorption system b. Solar vapor-compression system. e.g. lithium bromide (LiBr) water. 2. Open a. Liquid desiccant b. Solid desiccant b. Intermittent 1. Liquid absorbent 2. Solid absorbent 8.4 Solar power conversion a. Photovoltaic (PV) devices or solar cells 1. Single crystal silicon most widely-used and technically-developed. 2. Cadmium-sulfide (CdS). 3. Gallium arsenide 4. Thermoelectric and thermionic b. Solar thermal electric power (STEP).

J. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES - LECTURE

9. Wind Power Winds are a result of air motion caused by uneven heating of the earths surface by the sun and rotation of the earth. 10. Typical uses of wind power. a. To drive water pumps. b. To drive rice and corn mills. c. To charge batteries. d. To generate power. 11. Types of windmills. a. Turbine type b. Rotor type c. Propeller type d. Dutch sail type e. Panemone type 12. Types of wind energy collectors a. Horizontal-axis rotors axis of rotation is parallel to the direction of the wind; can be either lift or drag-type; yaw-active, meaning it changes position depending on wind direction. b. Vertical-axis rotors do not have to be turned into the wind as wind stream direction changes, design is simplet. 1. Savonius rotors employ S-shaped blades and are primarily drag devices. 2. Darrieus rotors c. Cross-wind horizontal-axis rotors 13. Conversion and Applications of Wind Energy a. Water pumping which could be used directly for irrigation. b. Used to compress air for use in a variety of applications including operating electricity during peak demand periods of a public utility system. c. Used in centralized utility applications to drive synchronous AC electrical generators. d. Used for direct heat applications. e. Used in the production of hydrogen by electrolysis of seawater (in the case of off-shore winds). 14. Wind Energy Storage Systems a. Batteries in the form of chemical energy. b. Pumped-hydro storage energy. c. Compressed air storage systems. d. Hydrogen gas produced from pyrolysis of water. e. Thermal energy storage systems. f. Flywheel 15. Site selection Wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity. Factors to be considered a. Windshear. b. Turbulence, or rapid change in speed and/or direction. c. Acceleration or retardation.

J. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES - LECTURE

16. Wind Power Performance Betzs law is a theory about the maximum possible energy to be derived from a wind turbine. The ideal or maximum theoretical efficiency, also called power coefficient, of a wind turbine is the ratio of maximum power from the wind to the total power available in the wind. The factor 0.593 is known as Betzs coefficient. It is the maximum fraction of the power in a wind stream that can be extracted. Total power available from the wind 1 Ptotal = AV 3 2 Maximum available power from the windmill 1 Pmax = AV 3 c 2 where: = wind density A = swept area =

2 D 4

V = wind velocity D = blade diameter 17. Bio-Energy or Bio-mass Biogas is a good fuel. Have you thought how this is formed? Biomass like animal excreta, vegetable wastes and weeds undergo decomposition in the absence of oxygen in a biogas plant and form a mixture of gases. This mixture is the biogas. Its main constituent is methane. This is used as a fuel for cooking and Lighting. 18. Aerobic and anaerobic bio-conversion process a. Bioproducts: Converting biomass into chemicals for making products that typically are made from petroleum. b. Biofuels: Converting biomass into liquid fuels for transportation. c. Biopower: Burning biomass directly, or converting it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate electricity. 19. Bio-mass source a. Manure b. Crop residues c. Fuel wood d. Sugar crops e. Urban refuse: paper, yard and food wastes f. Municipal sewage-sewage sludge: 0.02 0.03% solids, above 99% water g. Aquatic plants: water hyacinth h. Energy farming: denthrothermal or energy crops 1. Fast-growing trees: ipil-ipil 2. Sugar and starch crops: cassava in ethanol production 3. Oil and hydrocarbon crops: coconut oil 4. Herbaceous crops

J. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES - LECTURE

20. Bio-mass Conversion Processes a. Biochemical: introduction of microorganisms 1. Ethanol fermentation 2. Anaerobic digestion b. Thermochemical 1. Pyrolysis an irreversible chemical change caused by the action of heat in the absence of oxygen. 2. Combustion/gasificiation Gasification is the conversion of a solid fuel to a combustible gas as a means of thermochemical reaction. Complete combustion takes place with excess oxygen or at least 100% theoretical oxygen, whereas gasification takes pace with an oxygen deficit. 21. Advantages a. Inexpensive b. Low sulfur content c. Reduces environmental hazard d. Convertible to gaseous/liquid fuels e. Less CO2 build-up f. Generates additional employment g. Simple to store 22. Disadvantages a. Low thermal content, only about 20 MJ/kg b. High moisture content, approximately 50% c. Low bulk density d. Transpo uneconomical e. Rarely homogeneous f. Low concentration 23. Tidal Power Tidal power is basically hydro-electric power utilizing the difference in elevation between high and low tide to produce energy. A basin is required to catch the sea water during high tide while the water drives the turbine. In the Philippines, commercialization is not full-scale since it is found that the average difference is only about 6 meters. 24. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) This is otherwise known as low thermal head plant, it utilizes the temperature difference between the ocean surface water and the water at the sea bottom. Surface water which is at relatively high temperature is pumped to an evaporator where the water evaporates into saturated steam. This steam drives a single stage turbine thereby producing electricity, and exhaust to a jet condenser maintained at the saturation pressure of the subsurface water temperature pumped from the sea bottom. 5

J. NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES - LECTURE

In the Philippines, full-scale commercialization is also not economically-viable because of the small temperature difference out waters have. 25. Magneto Hydrodynamic Plant Magneto hydrodynamic generator where combustion gases produced in a combustion chamber at high pressure and temperature and seeded with metal vapor to increase its electrical conductivity, is passed through an expansion tube lined with a strong magnetic field. This induces an electric voltage in the gas conductor and effect the flow of electrons through the electrodes along the magnetic field, thereby generating electricity. 26. Thermionic Converter Thermionic converter is a device which converts heat energy directly to electrical energy. All metals and some oxides have free electrons which are released on heating. These electrons can travel through a space and collected on a cooled metal. These electrons can return to hot metal through an external load thereby producing electrical power. 27. Fuel Cell Fuel cell is a device which converts chemical energy to electrical energy. Fuel cells produce electricity from an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. Fuel cells are efficient, environmentally benign and reliable for power production. The use of fuel cells has been demonstrated for stationary/portable power generation and other applications. End -