Whats wrong with Elisa?

- presentation Discuss how the body uses stored energy (in the form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins) 1. After 30 minutes of intensive exercise some hours after a carbohydrate rich meal 2. Early in the morning before breakfast (12 hours after last meal) 1. After intensive exercise CARBOHYDRATE DURING EXERCISE - Because theres a lack of oxygen in muscles, energy is provided by anaerobic pathways i.e. glycolysis - During glycolysis: glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is then can be converted into pyruvate, producing energy in the form of ATP - Glycogen mobilization happens in the body, where glucose gets released from the liver, all this glucose can undergo glycolysis to provide energy for the body as ATP - Glycolysis is a two phased process; during preparatory phase, for every glucose molecule (obtained from the breaking down of glycogen), 2 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P) molecules are formed, this process uses 2 ATP molecules during phosphorylation; payoff phase, for every glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P) molecule, 2 pyruvate molecules are formed as well as 4 ATP as the result. Therefore net production is 2 ATP - During exercise, oxygen is gained and aerobic pathways are utilized - Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA under the effect of enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, producing NADH and CO2 - Citric acid cycle - Each Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form acetate, resulting in production of 2 molecules of CO2, 1 molecule of GTP, sources of energy for gluconeogenesis - One Acetyl CoA molecule produces 10 ATP molecules - Elisas glucose amount in her blood is high can suggest either a failure in her body function of breaking down glucose or she just have had a meal when the test was done. If there is indeed a failure with her glucose regulation in her body, this can indicate that she might have type I diabetes mellitus, which means that her body lacks beta cells that can release insulin which triggers glucose uptake by other cells of the body - Glucose will keep accumulating a condition known as hyperglycemia FAT Body is low on glucose, hence switches to metabolism of fats Fats are stored in adipose tissue hence they need to be mobilized before undergoing further reaction Enzyme triacylglycerol lipase is activated, this enzyme catalyses the process of converting fats in adipose tissue into glycerols and fatty acids Glycerols are transported back to the liver by serum albumin, whilst fatty acid is left to undergo beta oxidation to form acetyl CoA in the mitochondria

Acetyl CoA is released and can either enter the citric acid cycle directly, or can undergo a conversion to form ketone bodies On the other hand, glycerol is converted into glycerol 3 phosphate, a process utilizing ATP Glycerol 3 phosphate can be converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which can isomerise into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, which can continue to enter the payoff phase of glycolysis PROTEINS

Exercise: Catabolism of amino acids gives rise to the intermediate compounds of citric acid cycle Alanine, serine, cysteine and asparagine are converted to oxaloacetate Glutamine, proline, arginine and histidine are converted into alpha ketoglutarate through glutamate Succinyl CoA can be turned into non polar amino acids like methione, valine and isoleucine Leucine is degraded to acetyl CoA and acetoacetate Tryptophane, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and isoleucine donate their carbons to acetyl CoA The urea and citric acid cycles are interconnected, as fumarate produced in argininosuccinate in the urea cycle is also an intermediate of the citric acid cycle After a meal: Pepsinogen an active precursor or zymogen is converted into active pepsin In the stomach, pepsin hydrolyses ingested proteins at peptide bonds on the amino terminal side of the aromatic amino acid residues Phe, Trp, and Tyr, cleaving long polypeptide chains into a mixture of smaller peptides Low pH triggers secretion of the hormone secretin into the blood Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into small intestine to neutralize the gastric HCl, abruptly increasing the pH to about 7. Arrival of amino acids in the upper part of the intestine (duodenum) causes release into the blood of the hormone cholecystokinin, stimulates secretion of several pancreatic enzymes Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases A and B, zymogens of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases Synthesis of the enzymes as inactive precursors protects the exocrine cells from destructive proteolytic attack

2. Early morning before breakfast - Similar to when it is exercising, the body will break down glucose and fatty acids in order to obtain energy

However, depending on the amount of hours its spent in starvation, the body will decide whether to break down glycogen or body fat If it senses that the amount of glycogen is running low, it will break down ketone bodies, which are formed by conversion of acetyl CoA Elisas ketone body level is high in her body, which makes sense because she hasnt had any meal recently however, her glucose level is also high. Here we can conclude that she might have problem with glucose regulation, or it might be because of her diet/incorrect techniques/the time she takes the home diagnostic tests during the day During starvation, the body will prefer to burn down fat reserves first, and only consumes glucose/proteins when they are exhausted. After a prolonged period of starvation, the body will utilize proteins as a fuel Pepsinogen an active precursor or zymogen is converted into active pepsin In the stomach, pepsin hydrolyses ingested proteins at peptide bonds on the amino terminal side of the aromatic amino acid residues Phe, Trp, and Tyr, cleaving long polypeptide chains into a mixture of smaller peptides Low pH triggers secretion of the hormone secretin into the blood Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into small intestine to neutralize the gastric HCl, abruptly increasing the pH to about 7. Arrival of amino acids in the upper part of the intestine (duodenum) causes release into the blood of the hormone cholecystokinin, stimulates secretion of several pancreatic enzymes Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases A and B, zymogens of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases Synthesis of the enzymes as inactive precursors protects the exocrine cells from destructive proteolytic attack